The stable and radio-isotope chemistry of southeastern Utah Basketmaker II burials: Dietary analysis using the linear mixing model SISUS, age and sex patterning, geolocation and temporal patterning

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 40, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 4711-4730

  Coltrain, Joan Brenner ^a   Janetski, Joel C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Basketmaker II; Cedar Mesa; Dietary reconstruction; Grand Gulch; Maize agriculture; SISUS; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

BURIAL (GEOLOGY); CARBON ISOTOPE; DIET; MAIZE; MODELING; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; RADIONUCLIDE; RECONSTRUCTION; STABLE ISOTOPE;

UNITED STATES; UTAH;

ANIMALIA; ARTIODACTYLA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84883415353     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Aasen D.K. Pollen, Macrofossil, and Charcoal Analysis of Basketmaker Coprolites from Turkey Pen Ruin, Cedar Mesa 1984, (unpublished Master's thesis), Washington State University, Pullman.
2. Adams K.R., Fish S. Subsistence through time in the greater Southwest. The Subsistence Economies of Indigenous North American Societies 2011, 147-184. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C. B. Smith (Ed.).
3. Albee B.J., Schultz L.M., Goodrich S. Atlas of Vascular Plants of Utah 1988, Utah Museum of Natural History Occasional Publication No. 7, Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City.
4. Ambrose S.H. Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1990, 17:431-451.
5. Ambrose S.H., Norr L. Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbohydrate. Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level 1993, 1-37. Springer-Verlag, New York. J. Lambert, G. Grupe (Eds.).
6. Androy J. Agriculture and Mobility During the Basketmaker II Period: the Coprolite Evidence 2003, (unpublished Master's thesis), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
7. Antoine S.E., Child A.M., Nicholson R.A., Pollard A.M. The biochemistry and microbiology of buried human bone in relation to dietary reconstruction. Circaea 1992, 9:65-79.
8. Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers from the 1990 Wetherill-Grand Gulch Symposium 1993, Cultural Series No. 24. Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City. V.M. Atkins (Ed.).
9. Badenhorst S., Driver J. Faunal changes in farming communities from Basketmaker II to Pueblo III (A.D. 1-1300) in the San Juan Basin of the American Southwest. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:1832-1841.
10. Blackburn F.M., Williamson R.A. Cowboys and Cave Dwellers 1997, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.
11. Blaxter K.L., Rook J.A. The heat of combustion of the tissues of cattle in relation to their chemical composition. Brit. J. Nutr. 1953, 7:83-91.
12. Brand M., Matson R.G. Cedar Mesa fauna remains. Exploring Anasazi Origins; The Cedar Mesa Basketmaker II, Report on the 1991/2 Fieldwork 1995, 92-107. Laboratory of Archaeology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. R.G. Matson, M. Brand (Eds.).
13. Bressani R., de Villarreal E.M. Nitrogen balance of dogs fed lime-treated corn supplemented with proteins and amino acids. J.Food Sci. 1963, 28:611-615.
14. Bressani R., Braham J.E., Elias L.G., Rubio M. Further studies on the enrichment of lime-treated corn with whole soybeans. J.Food Sci. 1979, 44:1707-1710.
15. Broughton J.M., Grayson D.K. Diet breath, adaptive change and the White Mountain faunas. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1993, 20:331-336.
16. Bryant J.D., Froelich P.N. Amodel of oxygen isotope fractionation in body water of large mammals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4523-4537.
17. Castetter E.G., Bell W.H. Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture 1942, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
18. Castetter E.F., Opler M.E. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, A. The Use of Plants for Foods, Beverages and Narcotics. Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest 1936, vol. III. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, Albuquerque, Biological Series, vol. 4, No., 5.
19. Castetter E.F., Underhill R.M. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest 1935, vol. II. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, Albuquerque, Biological Series, vol. 4, No., 3.
20. Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., MacFadden B.J., Leakey M.G., Quade J., Elsenmann V., Ehleringer J.R. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 1997, 389:153-158.
21. 4 ecosystems and mammalian evolution. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lon. B 1998, 353:159-171.
22. Chamberlin R.V. The ethnobotany of the Gosiute Indians. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1911, 63:24-99.
23. Chisholm B., Matson R.G. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence on Basketmaker II diet at Cedar Mesa, Utah. Kiva 1994, 60:239-255.
24. Cleland T.P., Voegele K., Schweitzer M.H. Empirical evaluation of bone extraction protocols. PloS One 2012, 7:e31443.
25. Codron D., Sponheimer M., Codron J., Newton I., Lanham J.L., Clauss M. The confounding effects of source isotopic heterogeneity on consumer-diet and tissue-tissue stable isotope relationships. Oecologia 2012, 169:939-953.
26. Coltrain J.B. Basketmaker in review: what stable isotope chemistry and accelerator radiocarbon dating reveal about BM II economies. Janetski: Festschrift. Museum of Peoples and Cultures Occasional Papers 2013, Brigham Young University, Provo, (In review.). J. Allison, B. Loosle, C. Thompson, R.K. Talbot (Eds.).
27. Coltrain J.B., Leavitt S.W. Climate and diet in Fremont prehistory: economic variability and abandonment of maize agriculture in the Great Salt Lake Basin. Am. Antiquity 2002, 67:453-485.
28. Coltrain J.B., Janetski J.C., Carlyle S.W. The stable and radio-isotope chemistry of eastern Basketmaker and Pueblo groups in the Four Corners Region of the American Southwest: implications for Anasazi diets, origins and abandonments. Stories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize (Zea mays L.) 2006, 275-287. Elsevier, San Diego. J.E. Staller, R.H. Tykot, B.F. Benze (Eds.).
29. Coltrain J.B., Janetski J.C., Carlyle S.W. Stable and radio-isotope chemistry of western Basketmaker burials: implications for early Puebloan diets and origins. Am. Antiquity 2007, 72:301-321.
30. Coltrain J.B., Janetski J.C., Lewis M.D. Are-assessment of Basketmaker II Cave 7: massacre site or cemetery context. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:2220-2230.
31. Coplen T.B., Kendall C. Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Ratios for Selected Sites in the U.S. Geological Survey's NASQAN and Benchmark Surface-water Networks 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-160, USGS, Reston.
32. Cordell L.S. Prehistory of the American Southwest 1984, Academic Press, San Diego.
33. Crowley B.E., Carter M.L., Karpanty S.M., Zihlman A.L., Koch P.L., Dominy N.J. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope enrichment in primate tissues. Oecologia 2010, 164:611-626.
34. Daux V., Lécuyer C., Adam F., Martineau F., Vimeux F. Oxygen isotope composition of human teeth and the record of climate change in France (Lorraine) during the last 1700 years. Clim. Change 2005, 70:445-464.
35. D'Angela C., Longinelli A. Oxygen isotopes in living mammal's bone phosphate: further results. Chem. Geol. 1990, 86:75-82.
36. 2, and climate. Oecologia 1997, 112:285-299.
37. Ellwood E.C., Scott M.P., Lipe W.D., Matson R.G., Jones J.G. Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:35-44.
38. Erhardt E.B. SISUS: Stable Isotope Sourcing Using Sampling, Getting Started 2007, http://statacumen.com/sw/sisus/doc/SISUS_Getting_Started_v0_08.pdf.
39. Erhardt E.B. SISUS: Stable Isotope Sourcing Using Sampling 2010, (last accessed May 2013). http://statacumen.com/sisus/.
40. Evans J., Stoodley N., Chenery C. Astrontium and oxygen isotope assessment of a possible fourth century immigrant population in a Hampshire cemetery, southern England. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2006, 33:265-272.
41. Ezzo J.A. Human Adaptations at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona 1993, International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series No. 4, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
42. FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Maize in Human Nutrition 1992, FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No. 25, Rome.
43. FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Food Energy-methods of Analysis and Conversion Factors 2002, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 77, Rome.
44. Farquhar G.D., Ehleringer J.R., Hubick K.T. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Phys. 1989, 40:503-537.
45. Fernandes R., Nadeau M., Grootes P.M. Macronutrient-based model for dietary carbon routing in bone collagen and bioapatite. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2012, 4:291-301.
46. Fleming T.H., Nuñez R.A., Sternberg L. Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis. Oecologia 1993, 94:72-75.
47. Fogel M.L., Tuross N., Owsley D.W. Nitrogen Isotope Tracers of Human Lactation in Modern and Archeological Populations 1989, 111-117. Papers from the Geophysical Laboratory No. 2150, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C.
48. Fowler C.S. In the Shadow of Fox Peak: an Ethnography of the Cattail-eater Northern Paiute People of Stillwater Marsh 1992, Culture Resource Series No. 5, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fallon.
49. Fricke H.C., O'Neil J.R. Inter- and intra-tooth variation in the oxygen isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate: implications for palaeoclimatological and palaeobiological research. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 1996, 126:91-99.
50. 16O ratios of meteoric water and surface temperature: its use in investigating terrestrial climatic change over geologic time. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 170:181-196.
51. Fricke H.C., O'Neil J.R., Lynnerup N. Oxygen isotope composition of human tooth enamel from medieval Greenland: linking climate and society. Geology 1995, 23:869-872.
52. Froehle A.W., Kellner C.M., Schoeninger M.J. FOCUS: effect of diet and protein source on carbon isotope rations in collagen: follow up to Warinner and Tuross (2009). J.Archaeol. Sci. 2010, 37:2662-2670.
53. Fry B. Stable Isotope Ecology 2006, Springer Science+Business Media, New York.
54. Geib P.R. Foragers and Farmers of the Northern Kayenta Region 2011, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
55. Geib P.R., Hurst W.B. Should dates trump context? Evaluation of the Cave 7 skeletal assemblage radiocarbon dates. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:2754-2770.
56. Geib P.R., Spurr K. The forager to farmer transition on the Rainbow Plateau. Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology 2002, 224-244. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. S.H. Schlanger (Ed.).
57. Grimstead D.N. Applications of Evolutionary Ecology and Isotope Geochemistry Shed Light on North American Prehistoric Human Behavior and Regional Procurement Systems 2011, (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), University of Arizona, Tucson.
58. Guernsey S.J. Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 1931, vol. 12. Harvard University, Cambridge.
59. Guernsey S.J., Kidder A.V. Basket-maker caves on northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 1921, vol. 8 (2). Harvard University, Cambridge.
60. Haas W.R. The Basketmaker II fiber industry of Boomerang Shelter, southeastern Utah: a synthesis of cordage morphology analysis and experimentation. Kiva 2001, 67:167-185.
61. Hames R.B., Vickers W.T. Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in Amazonian hunting. Am. Ethnol. 1982, 9:358-378.
62. Hard R.J., Mauldin R.P., Raymond G.R. Mano size, stable carbon isotope ratios, and macrobotanical remains as multiple lines of evidence of maize dependence in the American Southwest. J.Archaeol. Meth. Theor. 1996, 3:253-318.
63. Harrington H.D. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains 1967, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
64. Hedges R.E.M. On bone collagen-apatite-carbonate isotopic relationships. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 2003, 13:66-79.
65. Hedges R.E.M., Clement J.G., Thomas C.D.L., O'Connell T. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2007, 133:808-816.
66. Hobson K.A., Clark R.G. Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes II: factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation. Condor 1992, 94:189-197.
67. Hobson K.A., Schell D.M., Renouf D., Noseworthy E. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissues of captive seals: implications for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53:528-533.
68. Holstad E. Basketmaker II Stone-boiling Technology at Cedar Mesa, UT: anExperimental Study 2010, (unpublished Master's thesis), Washington State University, Pullman.
69. Hoppe K.A. Correlation between the oxygen isotope ratio of North American bison teeth and local waters: implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 244:408-417.
70. Huckell B.B., Huckell L.W., Benedict K.K. Maize agriculture and the rise of mixed farming-foraging economies in southwestern Arizona during the second millennium BC. Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology 2002, 137-159. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. S.H. Schlanger (Ed.).
71. Hurst W.B., Turner C.G. Rediscovering the "Great Discovery:" Wetherill's first Cave 7 and its record of Basketmaker violence. Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers from the 1990 Wetherill-Grand Gulch Symposium 1993, 143-191. Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City, Cultural Series No. 24. V.M. Atkins (Ed.).
72. Iacumin P., Bocherens H., Mariotti A., Longinelli A. Oxygen isotope analysis of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1996, 142:1-6.
73. Jenkins S.G., Partridge S.T., Stephenson T.R., Farley S.D., Robbins C.T. Nitrogen and carbon isotope fractionation between mothers, neonates, and nursing offspring. Oecologia 2001, 129:336-341.
74. Jim S., Ambrose S.H., Evershed R.P. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for differences in the dietary origin of bone cholesterol, collagen and apatite: implications for their use in palaeodietary reconstruction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:61-72.
75. Jim S., Jones V., Ambrose S.H., Evershed R.P. Quantifying dietary macronutrient sources of carbon for bone collagen biosynthesis using natural abundance stable carbon isotope analysis. Brit. J. Nutr. 2006, 95:1055-1062.
76. Juliano B.O. Rice in Human Nutrition 1993, International Rice Research Institute Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
77. Kellner C.M., Schoeninger M.J. Asimple carbon isotope model for reconstructing prehistoric human diet. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2007, 133:1112-1127.
78. Kelly I.T. Southern Paiute Ethnography 1964, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 69, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
79. Kent J.C., Mitoulas L.R., Cregan M.D., Ramsay D.T., Doherty D.A., Hartmann P.E. Volume and frequency of breastfeeding and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Pediatrics 2006, 117:387-395.
80. Kidder A.V. An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology 1924, Yale University Press, New Haven.
81. Kidder A.V., Guernsey S.J. Archaeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona 1919, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 65, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
82. Kirkpatrick D.T., Ford R.I. Basketmaker food plants from the Cimarron district, northeastern New Mexico. Kiva 1977, 42:257-269.
83. Krueger H.W., Sullivan C.H. Models for carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone. Stable Isotopes in Nutrition 1984, 205-220. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C, ACS Symposium Series No. 258. J.R. Turnlund, P.E. Johnson (Eds.).
84. Leach J.D., Sobolik K.D. High dietary intake of prebiotic inulin-type fructans in the prehistoric Chihuahuan desert. Brit. J. Nutr. 2010, 103:1558-1561.
85. Lee J.S. Stomatal opening mechanism of CAM plants. J.Plant Biol. 2010, 53:19-23.
86. Lepofsky D. Preliminary Analysis of Flotation Samples Form the Turkey Pen Ruin, Cedar Mesa, Utah 1986, Paper on File, Laboratory of Archaeology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
87. Libby W.F., Berger R., Mead J.F., Alexander G.V., Ross J.F. Replacement rates for human tissues from atmospheric radiocarbon. Science 1964, 146:1170-1172.
88. Lipe W.D. The Basketmaker II period in the Four Corners Area. Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers from the 1990 Wetherill-Grand Gulch Symposium 1993, 1-13. Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City, Cultural Series No. 24. V.M. Atkins (Ed.).
89. Logan J.M., Jardine T.D., Miller T.J., Bunn S.E., Cunjak R.A., Lutcavage M.E. Lipid corrections in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses: comparison of chemical extraction and modeling methods. J.Anim. Ecol. 2008, 77:838-846.
90. Madsen D.B., Schmitt D.N. Mass collecting and the diet breadth model: a Great Basin example. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1998, 25:445-455.
91. Martin S.L. Virgin Anasazi diet as demonstrated through the analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Kiva 1999, 64:495-514.
92. Martinez del Rio C., Wolf N., Carleton S.A., Gannes L.Z. Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments. Biol. Rev. 2009, 84:91-111.
93. Matson R.G. The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture 1991, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
94. Matson R.G. Anomalous Basketmaker II sites on Cedar Mesa, not so anomalous after all. Kiva 1994, 60:219-238.
95. Matson R.G. What is Basketmaker II?. Kiva 2006, 72:149-165.
96. Matson R.G. Basketmaker II and Cedar Mesa. Tracking Ancient Footsteps: William D. Lipe's Contribution to Southwestern Prehistory and Public Archaeology 2006, 45-62. Washington State University Press, Pullman. R.G. Matson, T.A. Kohler (Eds.).
97. Matson R.G., Chisolm B. Basketmaker II subsistence: carbon isotopes and other dietary indicators from Cedar Mesa, Utah. Am. Antiquity 1991, 56:444-459.
98. Mauldin R.P., Hard R.J., Munoz C.M., Rice J.L.Z., Verostick K., Potter D.R., Dollar N. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of hunter-gatherers from the Coleman site, a Late Prehistoric cemetery in central Texas. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:1369-1381.
99. Minnis P.E. Prehistoric diet in the northern Southwest: macroplant remains from Four Corners feces. Am. Antiquity 1989, 54:543-563.
100. Nassar J.M., Beck H., Sternberg L., Fleming T.H. Dependence on cacti and agaves in nectar-feeding bats from Venezuelan arid zones. J.Mammal. 2003, 84:106-116.
101. 2 in a CAM plant using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22:1017-1022.
102. Osmond C.B., Allaway W.G., Sutton B.G. Carbon isotope discrimination in photosynthesis of CAM plants. Nature 1973, 246:41-42.
103. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. BioScience 1988, 38:328-336.
104. Palmer E. Plants used by Indians of the United States. Am. Nat. 1878, 12:593-653.
105. Palmer J.W. ABasketmaker II massacre revisited. N.Am. Archaeol. 2001, 22:117-141.
106. Pate F.D. Bone chemistry and paleodiet. J.Archaeol. Meth. Theor. 1994, 1:331-342.
107. Plog S. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest 2008, Thames and Hudson, London.
108. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., et al. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curve, 0-50,000 years cal B.P. Radiocarbon 2009, 51:1111-1150.
109. Reinhard K.J., Johnson K.L., LeRoy-Toren S., Wieseman K., Teixeira-Santos I., Vieira M. Understanding the pathoecological relationship between ancient diet and modern diabetes through coprolite analysis: a case example from Antelope Cave, Mojave County, Arizona. Curr. Anthropol. 2012, 53:506-512.
110. Reynolds C.R. Meat at the Origins of Agriculture: Fauna Use and Resource Pressure at the Origins of Agriculture in the Northern US Southwest 2012, (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), University of Iowa, Iowa City. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3373.
111. Richards M.P., Fuller B.T., Molleson T.I. Stable isotope palaeodietary study of humans and fauna from the multi-period (Iron Age, Viking and Late Medieval) site of Newark Bay, Orkney. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2006, 33:122-131.
112. Riley T. Assessing diet and seasonality in the Lower Pecos canyonlands: an evaluation of coprolite specimens as records of individual dietary decisions. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:145-162.
113. Russell F. The Pima Indians 1908, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C, 26th Annual Report.
114. Russell C.E., Felker P. The prickly-pears (Opuntia spp., Cactaceae): a source of human and animal food in semiarid regions. Econ. Bot. 1987, 41:433-445.
115. 4 plant lineage of plant earth. J.Exp. Bot. 2011, 62:3155-3169.
116. Sala-Vila A., Castellote A., Rodriguez-Palmero M., Campoy C., López-Sabater M. Lipid composition of human breast milk from Granada (Spain): changes during lactation. Nutrition 2005, 21:467-473.
117. Schoeller D.A. Isotope fractionation: why aren't we what we eat?. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1999, 26:667-674.
118. Schoeller D.A., Leitch C.A., Brown C. Doubly labeled water method: invivo oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation. Am. J. Physiol.-Reg. I 1986, 251:1137-1143.
119. Seifert M.F., Watkins B.A. Role of dietary lipid and antioxidants in bone metabolism. Nutr. Res. 1997, 17:1209-1228.
120. Simms S.R. Ancient Peoples of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau 2008, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.
121. Smiley F.E. The agricultural transition in the northern Southwest: patterns in the current chronometric data. Kiva 1994, 60:165-189.
122. Smiley F.E. The first Black Mesa farmers: the White Dog and Lolomai phases. Prehistoric Culture Change on the Colorado Plateau: Ten Thousand Years on Black Mesa 2002, 37-65. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S. Powell, F.E. Smiley (Eds.).
123. 14C as a biological tracer. Nature 1977, 287:828-832.
124. 14C in humans. Radiocarbon Dating 1979, 324-341. University of California Press, Berkeley. R. Berger, H.E. Suess (Eds.).
125. 4, and CAM plants growing near one another. Science 1983, 220:947-949.
126. Sutton B.G., Ting I.P., Troughton J.H. Seasonal effects on carbon isotope composition of cactus in desert environments. Nature 1976, 261:41-42.
127. 2, bone collagen, bioapatite, and soft tissue. Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level 1993, 121-156. Springer-Verlag, New York. J. Lambert, G. Grupe (Eds.).
128. Tieszen L.L., Fagre T. Carbon isotope variability in modern and archaeological maize. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1993, 20:25-40.
129. Turner C.G., Turner J.A. Man Corn: Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest 1999, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
130. Tykot R.H., Falabella F., Planella M.T., Aspillaga E., Sanhueza L., Becker C. Stable isotopes and archaeology in central Chile: methodological insights and interpretive problems for dietary reconstruction. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 2009, 19:156-170.
131. Ugan A., Coltrain J. Variation in collagen stable nitrogen values in black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) in relation to small-scale differences in climate, soil, and topography. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2011, 38:1417-1429.
132. Ugan A., Coltrain J. Stable isotopes, diet, and taphonomy: a look atusing isotope-based dietary reconstructions to infer differential survivorship in zooarchaeological assemblages. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:1401-1411.
133. 18O values in Mendoza, Argentina, and their relationship to prehistoric economy and settlement. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:2752-2763.
134. van der Merwe N.J. Carbon isotopes, photosynthesis, and archaeology. Am. Sci. 1982, 70:209-215.
135. 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in woodland North America. Nature 1978, 276:815-816.
136. Warinner C., Tuross N. Alkaline cooking and stable isotope tissue-diet spacing in swine: archaeological implications. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:1690-1697.
137. Warinner C., Garcia N.R., Tuross N. Maize, beans and the floral diversity of highland Oaxaca, Mexico. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:868-873.
138. Waters-Rist A.L., Bazaliiskii V.I., Weber A.J., Katzenberg M.A. Infant and child diet in Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers from Cis-Baikal, Siberia: intra-long bone stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 146:225-241.
139. White C., Longstaffe F.J., Law K.R. Exploring the effects of environment, physiology and diet on oxygen isotope ratios in ancient Nubian bones and teeth. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2004, 31:233-250.
140. WHO: World Health Organization Energy and Protein Requirements 1985, WHO Technical Report Series 724. Geneva.
141. WHO: World Health Organization Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition 2002, WHO Technical Report Series 935, Geneva.
142. Williams J.S., White C.D., Longstaffe F.J. Trophic level and macronutrient shift effects associated with the weaning process in the Postclassic Maya. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2005, 128:781-790.
143. Williams-Dean G.J. Ethnobotany and Cultural Ecology of Prehistoric Man in the Southwest Texas 1978, (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), Texas A&M University, College Station.
144. Wolf B.O., Martínez del Rio C. How important are columnar cacti as sources of water and nutrients for desert consumers? A review. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 2003, 39:53-67.
145. Wright L.E., Schwarcz H.P. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1998, 106:1-18.