Indoor formaldehyde in real buildings: Emission source identification, overall emission rate estimation, concentration increase and decay patterns

Building and Environment

Volumn 69, Issue , 2013, Pages 114-120

  Liang, Weihui ^a   Yang, Xudong ^a  

^a TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Emission rate; Formaldehyde; Indoor air quality control; Residential building

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION DECAY; CONTROL STRATEGIES; EMISSION RATES; FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATIONS; INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS; INDOOR AIR QUALITY; NATURAL VENTILATION; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING;

ESTIMATION; IMPURITIES; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; VENTILATION;

FORMALDEHYDE;

AIR QUALITY; BUILDING; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION; FORMALDEHYDE; GUIDELINE; INDOOR AIR; RESIDENTIAL LOCATION; VENTILATION;

EID: 84883290917     PISSN: 03601323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Tang X., Bai Y., Duong A., Smith M.T., Li L., Zhang L. Formaldehyde in China: production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects. Environment International 2009, 35:1210-1224.
2. Main D.M., Hogan T.J. Health effects of low-level exposure to formaldehyde. Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1983, 25:896-900.
3. Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol 2006, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization.
4. Danzon M.A., Van Leeuwen R., Krzyzanowski M. Air quality guidelines for Europe 2000, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
5. GB/T 18883-2002 Indoor air quality standard 2002, Ministry of Health, Beijing, [Chinese].
6. Yu C.W.F., Kim J.T. Long-term impact of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based products on indoor environments; and issues with recycled products. Indoor and Built Environment 2012, 21:137-149.
7. ETB-Richtlinie Germany guideline for the application of chipboard with regards to avoiding build-up of formaldehyde concentration in indoor air. Harausgegeben vom Ausschuss für Einheitliche Technische Baubestimmungen (ETB) 1981, Beuth-Verlag, Berlin.
8. GB 50325-2001 Code for indoor environmental pollution control of civil building engineering 2001, Standardization Administration of China (SAC), Beijing, [Chinese].
9. CARB Surface area, population, and average daily vehicle miles traveled. 1st February 2005. The California Almanac of emissions and air quality-2006 edition (appendix D) 2005, Available on website:, [accessed 09.05.07]. http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqd/almanac/almanac05/pdf/appd05.pdf.
10. Aoki F., lizuka K., Wakae M., Higashiura A. Development of low VOC-emission products and analyses of emitted VOCs and aldehyde. Furukawa Review 2009, 35:23-30.
11. Liu X., Zhai Z. Probability-based inverse modeling algorithm for indoor pollutant source tracing. Proceedings: Building Simulation 2007, 810-817.
12. Liu X., Zhai Z. Location identification for indoor instantaneous point contaminant source by probability-based inverse computational fluid dynamics modeling. Indoor Air 2008, 18:2-11.
13. Zhai Z., Liu X., Wang H., Li Y., Liu J. Experimental verification of tracking algorithm for dynamically-releasing single indoor contaminant. Building Simulation 2012, 5:5-14.
14. Zhang T., Chen Q. Identification of contaminant sources in enclosed spaces by a single sensor. Indoor Air 2007, 17:439-449.
15. Han K.H., Zhang J.S., Knudsen H.N., Wargocki P., Chen H., Varshney P.K., et al. Development of a novel methodology for indoor emission source identification. Atmospheric Environment 2011, 45:3034-3045.
16. ASTM Standard guide for small-scale environmental chamber determinations of organic emissions from indoor materials/products 1990, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
17. Molhave L., Sparks L.E., Wolkoff P., Clausen P.A., Nielsen P.A., Bergso N.C. The Danish twin apartment study - part II: mathematical modeling of the relative strength of sources of indoor air pollution. Indoor Air 1996, 6:18-30.
18. Kim S., Kim J.A., Kim H.J., Kim S.D. Determination of formaldehyde and TVOC emission factor from wood-based composites by small chamber method. Polymer Testing 2006, 25:605-614.
19. Liang W., Gao P., Guan J., Yang X. Modeling volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations due to material emissions in real residential unit. Part I: methodology and a preliminary case study. Building and Simulation 2012, 5:351-357.
20. Little J.C., Hodgson A.T., Gadgil A.J. Modeling emissions of volatile organic compounds from new carpets. Atmospheric Environment 1994, 28:227-234.
21. Kelly T.J., Smith D.L., Satola J. Emission rate of formaldehyde from materials and consumer products found in California homes. Environment Science and Technology 1999, 33:81-88.
22. Yang X. Study of building material emissions and indoor air quality 1999, PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
23. Yang X., Chen Q. Acoupled airflow and source/sink model for simulating indoor VOC exposures. Indoor Air 2001, 11:257-269.
24. Salthammer T., Fuhrmann F., Kaufhold S., Meyer B., Schwarz A. Effects of climatic parameters on formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air. Indoor Air 1995, 5:120-128.
25. Gilbert N.L., Gauvin D., Guay M., Heroux M.E., Dupuis G., Legris M., et al. Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of nitrogendioxide and formaldehyde in Quebec City, Canada. Environmental Research 2006, 102:1-8.
26. Jian Y., Guo Y., Liu J., Bai Z., Li Q. Case study of window opening behavior using filed measurement results. Building Simulation 2011, 4:107-116.
27. Rastogi N.K., Raghavarao K.S.M.S., Niranjan K. Mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of banana: Fickian diffusion in cylindrical configuration. Journal of Food Engineering 1997, 31:423-432.
28. Rastogi N.K., Raghavarao K.S.M.S. Mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of pineapple: considering Fickian diffusion in cubical configuration. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2004, 37:43-47.
29. Huang H., Haghighat F. Modelling of volatile organic compounds emission from dry building materials. Building and Environment 2002, 37:1349-1360.
30. Xu Y., Zhang Y. An improved mass transfer based model for analyzing VOC emission from building materials. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:2497-2505.
31. Wolkoff P., Clausen P.A., Nielsen P.A. Application of the field and laboratory emission cell "FLEC"-performance study, intercomparison study, and case study of damaged linoleum in an office. Indoor Air 1995, 5:196-203.
32. Lu Z., Li C.M., Qiao Y., Yan Y., Yang X. Effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory of mice. Indoor Air 2008, 18:77-83.
33. Wang F., Li C., Liu W., Jin Y. Modulation of microrna expression by volatile organic compounds in mouse lung. Environmental Toxicology 2012, 1-11.
34. Ghiaus C., Allard F., Santamouris M., Georgakis C., Nicol F. Urban environment influence on natural ventilation potential. Building and Environment 2006, 41:395-406.
35. Roetzel A., Tsangrassoulis A., Dietrich U., Busching S. Areview of occupant control on natural ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:1001-1013.
36. Park J.H., Spengler D.J., Yoon D.W., Dumyahn T., Lee K., Ozkaynak H. Measurement of air exchange rate of stationary vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle exposure. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 1998, 8:65-78.
37. Wallace L.A., Emmerich S.J., Howard-Reed C. Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: the effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2002, 12:296-306.
38. Sherman M.H. Tracer-gas techniques for measuring ventilation in a single zone. Building and Environment 1990, 25:365-374.
39. Brief R.S. Simple way to determine air contaminants. Air Engineering 1960, 2:39-41.
40. Wang L., Chen Q. Evaluation of some assumptions used in multizone airflow network models. Building and Environment 2008, 43:1671-1677.
41. Baughman A.V., Gadgil A.J., Nazaroff W.W. Mixing of a point source pollutant by natural convection flow within a room. Indoor Air 1994, 4:114-122.
42. Mage D.T., Ott W.R. Accounting for nonuniform mixing and human exposure in indoor environments. Characterizing sources of indoor air pollution and related sink effects 1996, ASTM, Washington, D.C. B.A. Tichenor (Ed.).
43. Gadgil A.J., Lobscheid C., Abadie M.O., Finlayson E.U. Indoor pollutant mixing time in an isothermal closed room: an investigation using CFD. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:5577-5586.
44. Richmond-Bryant J., Eisner A.D., Brixey L.A., Wiener R.W. Short-term dispersion of indoor aerosols: can it be assumed the room is well mixed?. Building and Environment 2006, 41:156-163.