The National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Program: The early years

Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 421-437

  Rees, Colin J ^a,b,c   Bevan, Roisin ^a,b  

^a SOUTH TYNESIDE DISTRICT HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b Northern Region Endoscopy Group   (United Kingdom)

^c DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

colonoscopy quality; colorectal cancer; population based screening

Indexed keywords

ACCREDITATION; AGE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLON PERFORATION; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTESTINAL BLEEDING; INTESTINE CANCER; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; OCCULT BLOOD TEST; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED KINGDOM; VILLOUS ADENOMA;

EID: 84883251877     PISSN: 17474124     EISSN: 17474132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2013.811045     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ et al.; British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut 59(5), 666-689 (2010).
2. Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, Steele RJ. The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Br. J. Surg. 89(7), 845-860 (2002).
3. Finan PJ, Smith J, Walker K et al. National Bowel Cancer Audit Report 2011. (IC14110111) (2011).
4. Aravani A, Thomas J, Day M, Forman D, Morris EJA, Tatarek-Gintowt R. Survival by stage of colorectal cancer in England. (2009).
5. Wilson JM. The evaluation of the worth of early disease detection. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract. 16(Suppl. 2), 48-57 (1968).
6. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 348(9040), 1472-1477 (1996).
7. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 348(9040), 1467-1471 (1996).
8. Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH. Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 91(5), 434-437 (1999).
9. Scholefield JH, Moss S, Sufi F, Mangham CM, Hardcastle JD. Effect of faecal occult blood screening on mortality from colorectal cancer: results from a randomised controlled trial. Gut 50(6), 840-844 (2002).
10. Faivre J, Dancourt V, Lejeune C et al. Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study. Gastroenterology 126(7), 1674-1680 (2004).
11. Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Kewenter J, Weller D, Silagy C. A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult. BMJ 317(7158), 559-565 (1998).
12. Atkin WS, Cuzick J, Northover JM, Whynes DK. Prevention of colorectal cancer by once-only sigmoidoscopy. Lancet 341(8847), 736-740 (1993).
13. Müller AD, Sonnenberg A. Prevention of colorectal cancer by flexible endoscopy and polypectomy. A case-control study of 32,702 veterans. Ann. Intern. Med. 123(12), 904-910 (1995).
14. Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 326(10), 653-657 (1992).
15. Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I et al.; UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375(9726), 1624-1633 (2010).
16. Tappenden P, Chilcott J, Eggington S, Patnick J, Sakai H, Karnon J. Option appraisal of population-based colorectal cancer screening programmes in England. Gut 56(5), 677-684 (2007).
17. Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(23), 2191-2200 (2003).
18. NHS Executive. Guidance on commissioning cancer services: improving outcomes in colorectal cancer. (1997).
19. Department of Health. Saving lives: Our Healthier Nation (CM 4386) (1999).
20. Winawer SJ, Flehinger BJ, Schottenfeld D, Miller DG. Screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 85(16), 1311-1318 (1993).
21. Steele RJ, Parker R, Patnick J et al.; United Kingdom Colorectal Screening Pilot Group. A demonstration pilot trial for colorectal cancer screening in the United Kingdom: a new concept in the introduction of healthcare strategies. J. Med. Screen. 8(4), 197-202 (2001).
22. Tappenden P, Eggington S, Nixon R, Chilcott J, Sakai H, Karnon J. Colorectal cancer screening options appraisal. Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and resourse impact of alternative screening options for colorectal cancer. Report to the English Bowel Cancer Screening Working Group. (2004).
23. UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot Group. Results of the first round of a demonstration pilot of screening for colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. BMJ 329, 133-135 (2004).
24. Weller D, Coleman D, Robertson R et al. The UK colorectal cancer screening pilot: results of the second round of screening in England. Br. J. Cancer 97(12), 1601-1605 (2007).
25. Weller D, Moss S, Melia J, Coleman D, Worth A, Campbell C. Evaluation of the 3rd round of the English bowel cancer screening pilot. Report to the NHS Cancer Screening Programmes. (2009).
26. Steele RJ, McClements PL, Libby G et al. Results from the first three rounds of the Scottish demonstration pilot of FOBT screening for colorectal cancer. Gut 58(4), 530-535 (2009).
27. Department of Health. Cancer Reform Strategy. (2007).
28. Department of Health. Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer. (2011).
29. Logan RF, Patnick J, Nickerson C, Coleman L, Rutter MD, von Wagner C; English Bowel Cancer Screening Evaluation Committee. Outcomes of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England after the first 1 million tests. Gut 61(10), 1439-1446 (2012).
30. Rajasekhar PT, Clifford GM, Lee TWJ et al. Bowel cancer screening is safe, detects earlier stage cancer and adenomas in 50% of cases: experience of the prevalent round of screening from two first wave centres in the North East of England. Frontline Gastroenterol. 3, 10-15 (2012).
31. Pignone M, Campbell MK, Carr C, Phillips C. Meta-Analysis of dietary restriction during fecal occult blood testing. Eff. Clin. Pract. 4(4), 150-156 (2001).
32. Guidelines for the use of imaging in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Second Edition. (2012).
33. Atkin WS, Saunders BP; British Society for Gastroenterology; Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Surveillance guidelines after removal of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Gut 51(Suppl. 5), V6-V9 (2002).
34. Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Pathology Group. Reporting lesions in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Guidelines from the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Pathology Group. (2007).
35. Barton R. Accrediting competence in colonoscopy: validity and reliability of the UK Joint Advisory Group/NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Accreditation Assessment. Gastrointest. Endosc. 67, AB77 (2008).
36. Beard L. Accreditation of screening colonoscopists. (2011).
37. Gondal G, Grotmol T, Hofstad B, Bretthauer M, Eide TJ, Hoff G. The Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) screening study: baseline findings and implementations for clinical work-up in age groups 50-64 years. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 38(6), 635-642 (2003).
38. Chilton A, Rutter MD. Quality Assurance Guidelines for Colonoscopy (2011).
39. Nickerson C. NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Summary Statistics, start of programme to December (end) 2012. Personal correspondance, January 2013.
40. Bevan R, Lee TWJ, Atkin WS, Nickerson C, Rubin GP, Rees CJ. Non-neoplastic diagnoses within the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Endoscopy 44(Suppl. 1), A84 (2012).
41. Forrest P. Breast Cancer Screening. Report to the Health Ministers of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. (1998).
42. Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet 364(9430), 249-256 (2004).
43. Galdas PM, Cheater F, Marshall P. Men and health help-seeking behaviour: literature review. J. Adv. Nurs. 49(6), 616-623 (2005).
44. Macintyre S, Hunt K, Sweeting H. Gender differences in health: are things really as simple as they seem Soc. Sci. Med. 42(4), 617-624 (1996).
45. Morris EJ, Whitehouse LE, Farrell T et al. A retrospective observational study examining the characteristics and outcomes of tumours diagnosed within and without of the English NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Br. J. Cancer 107(5), 757-764 (2012).
46. Gill MD, Bramble MG, Rees CJ, Lee TJ, Bradburn DM, Mills SJ. Comparison of screen-detected and interval colorectal cancers in the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Br. J. Cancer 107(3), 417-421 (2012).
47. Steele RJ, McClements P, Watling C et al. Interval cancers in a FOBT-based colorectal cancer population screening programme: implications for stage, gender and tumour site. Gut 61(4), 576-581 (2012).
48. Lee TJ, Nickerson C, Goddard AF, Rees CJ, McNally RJ, Rutter MD. Outcome of 12 month surveillance colonoscopy in high risk patients in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Colorectal Dis. doi: 10.1111/codi.12278 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
49. Brenner H, Haug U, Hundt S. Sex differences in performance of fecal occult blood testing. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(11), 2457-2464 (2010).
50. Sadik R, Abrahamsson H, Stotzer PO. Gender differences in gut transit shown with a newly developed radiological procedure. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 38(1), 36-42 (2003).
51. Purchasing and Supply Agency. Evaluation report. Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests. (2009).
52. Rex DK, Bond JH, Winawer S et al.; U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Quality in the technical performance of colonoscopy and the continuous quality improvement process for colonoscopy: recommendations of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97(6), 1296-1308 (2002).
53. Kaminski MF, Regula J, Kraszewska E et al. Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(19), 1795-1803 (2010).
54. Bowles CJ, Leicester R, Romaya C, Swarbrick E, Williams CB, Epstein O. A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow Gut 53(2), 277-283 (2004).
55. Lee TJ, Rutter MD, Blanks RG et al. Colonoscopy quality measures: experience from the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Gut 61(7), 1050-1057 (2012).
56. Rex DK. Colonoscopy: a review of its yield for cancers and adenomas by indication. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90(3), 353-365 (1995).
57. Johnson DA, Gurney MS, Volpe RJ et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of colonic neoplasms in asymptomatic patients with an age-related risk. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 85(8), 969-974 (1990).
58. Barclay RL, Vicari JJ, Doughty AS, Johanson JF, Greenlaw RL. Colonoscopic withdrawal times and adenoma detection during screening colonoscopy. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(24), 2533-2541 (2006).
59. Lee TJ, Blanks RG, Rees CJ et al. Longer mean colonoscopy withdrawal time is associated with increased adenoma detection: evidence from the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in England. Endoscopy 45(1), 20-26 (2013).
60. Lord DA, Bell GD, Gray A et al. Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in the eldery: getting safer but still not nearly safe enough. (2006).
61. Valori R, Barton R. BSG quality and safety indicators for endoscopy. (2007).
62. The UK CRC Screening Pilot Evaluation Team. Evaluation of the UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot. (2003).
63. Rajasekhar PT, Rutter MD, Bramble MG et al. Achieving high quality colonoscopy: using graphical representation to measure performance and reset standards. Colorectal Dis. 14(12), 1538-1545 (2012).
64. Gavin DR, Valori RM, Anderson JT, Donnelly MT, Williams JG, Swarbrick ET. The national colonoscopy audit: a nationwide assessment of the quality and safety of colonoscopy in the UK. Gut 62(2), 242-249 (2013).
65. Weller D, Moss S, Butler P et al. English Pilot of Bowel Cancer Screening: an evaluation of the second round. (2006).
66. Hall NJ, Rubin GP, Weller D et al. Understanding non-participation in bowel cancer screening: a qualitative study. Gut 61, A335 (2012).
67. Lee TWJ, Hull MA, Rajasekhar PT et al. Aspirin users attending for NHS Bowel Cancer Screening have less colorectal neoplasia: chemoprevention or false-positive faecal occult blood testing Digestion 85, 278-281 (2012).
68. Walther A, Johnstone E, Swanton C, Midgley R, Tomlinson I, Kerr D. Genetic prognostic and predictive markers in colorectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 9, 489-499 (2009).
69. The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Information for Primary Care.