Great Lakes rivermouth ecosystems: Scientific synthesis and management implications

Journal of Great Lakes Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 513-524

  Larson, James H ^a   Trebitz, Anett S ^b   Steinman, Alan D ^c   Wiley, Michael J ^d   Mazur, Martha Carlson ^e   Pebbles, Victoria ^f   Braun, Heather A ^f   Seelbach, Paul W ^g  

^a UPPER MIDWEST ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e BELLARMINE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Great Lakes Commission   (United States)

^g U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biotic diversity; Ecosystem services; Estuary; Geochemistry; Hydrology; Mixing zone

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883232504     PISSN: 03801330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2013.06.002     Document Type: Note

References (132)

1. Albert D.A., Wilcox D.A., Ingram J.W., Thompson T.A. Hydrogeomorphic classification for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(Suppl. 1):129-146.
2. Allan R.J., Mudroch A., Munawar M. Preface to JGLR special topic, the Niagara River - Lake Ontario pollution problem. J. Great Lakes Res. 1983, 9:109.
3. Allan J.D., McIntyre P.B., Smith S.D.P., Halpern B.S., Boyer G., Buchsbaum A., Burton A., Campbell L., Chadderton L., Ciborowski J., Doran P., Eder T., Infante D.M., Johnson L.B., Joseph C.G., Marino A.L., Prusevich A., Read J., Rose J., Rutherford E., Sowa S., Steinman A.D. Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystems services to enhance restoration effectiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110(1):372-377.
4. Baker D.B. The sources and transport of bioavailable phosphorus to Lake Erie final report: Part 2. U.S. EPA/GLNPO Assistance ID: GL 00E75401-1 2011, (Accessed online: http://www.heidelberg.edu/sites/default/files/jfuller/images/16%20Lagrangian%20Final%20%20Report%20part%202.pdf on 1/7/13).
5. Barbier E.B., Hacker S.D., Kennedy C., Koch E.W., Stier A.C., Silliman B.R. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol. Monogr. 2011, 81:169-193.
6. Beaumais O., Laroutis D. In search of natural resource-based economies: the case of the Seine estuary (France). Hydrobiologia 2007, 588:3-11.
7. Becker G.C. Fishes of Wisconsin 1983, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI.
8. Bedford K.W. The physical effects of the Great Lakes on tributaries and wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18:571-589.
9. Bhagat Y., Ruetz C.R. Temporal and fine-scale variation in fish assemblage structure in a drowned river mouth system of Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2011, 140:1429-1440.
10. Biddanda B.A., Cotner J.B. Love handles in aquatic ecosystems: the role of dissolved organic carbon drawdown, resuspended sediments, and terragenous inputs in the carbon balance of Lake Michigan. Ecosystems 2002, 5:431-445.
11. Bouvier L.D., Cottenie K., Doka S.E. Aquatic connectivity and fish metacommunities in wetlands of the lower Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2009, 66:933-948.
12. Braden J., Taylor L., Won D., Mays N., Cangelosi A., Patunru A.A. Economic benefits of remediating the Buffalo River, New York area of concern. J. Great Lakes Res. 2008, 34:631-648.
13. Breffle W.S., Muralidharan D., Donovan R.P., Liu F., Mukherjee A., Jin Y. Socioeconomic evaluation of the impact of natural resource stressors on human-use services in the Great Lakes environment: a Lake Michigan case study. Resour. Policy 2012, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.10.004.
14. Bridgeman T.B., Chaffin J.D., Kane D.D., Conroy J.D., Panek S.E., Armenio P.M. From river to lake: phosphorus partitioning and algal community compositional changes in Western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:90-97.
15. Burtner A.M., McIntyre P.B., Allan J.D., Kashian D.R. The influence of land use and potamodromous fish on ecosystem function in Lake Superior tributaries. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37:521-527.
16. Chen Z., Driscoll C.T. Watershed land use controls on chemical inputs to Lake Ontario embayments. J. Environ. Qual. 2009, 38:2084-2095.
17. Chubb S.L., Liston C.R. Density and distribution of larval fishes in Pentwater Marsh, a coastal wetland on Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 1986, 12:332-343.
18. Costanza R., d'Arge R., de Groot R., Farber S., Grasso M., Hannon B., Limburg K., Naeem S., O'Neill R.V., Paruelo J., Raskin R.G., Sutton P., van Den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387:253-260.
19. Daily G.C., Ehrlich P.R., Goulder L.H., Lubchenco J., Matson P.A., Mooney H.A., Schneider S.H., Woodwell G.M., Tilman D. Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues Ecol. 1997, 2:1-16.
20. Daily G.C., Polasky S., Goldstein J., Kareiva P.M., Mooney H.A., Pejchar L., Ricketts T.H., Salzman J., Shallenberger R. Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7:21-28.
21. de Brauwere A., de Brye B., Blaise S., Deleersnijder E. Residence time, exposure time and connectivity in the Scheldt Estuary. J. Mar. Syst. 2011, 84:85-95.
22. DeCatanzaro R., Chow-Fraser P. Effects of landscape variables and season on reference water chemistry of coastal marshes in eastern Georgian Bay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2011, 68:1009-1023.
23. Edsall T.A., Manny B.A., Raphael C.N. The St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan: an ecological profile. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 1988, 85(7.3).
24. Elliott M., McLusky D.S. The need for definitions in understanding estuaries. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2002, 55:815-827.
25. Elliott M., Whitfield A.K. Challenging paradigms in estuarine ecology and management. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2011, 94:306-314.
26. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AoCs): Remedial Action Plans (RAP) 2011, (http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/ (Accessed on September 22, 2011)).
27. Evans M.A., Fahnenstiel G., Scavia D. Incidental oligotrophication of North American Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:3297-3302.
28. Fahnenstiel G., Nalepa T., Pothoven S., Carrick H., Scavia D. Lake Michigan lower food web: long-term observations and Dreissena impact. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:1-4.
29. Finlay J.C., Sterner R.W., Kumar S. Isotopic evidence for in-lake production of accumulating nitrate in Lake Superior. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:2323-2332.
30. Frost P.C., Larson J.H., Johnston C.A., Young K.C., Maurice P.A., Lamberti G.A., Bridgham S.D. Landscape predictors of stream dissolved organic matter concentration and physicochemistry in a Lake Superior river watershed. Aquat. Sci. 2006, 68:40-51.
31. Geis J.W. Environmental influences on the distribution and composition of wetlands in the Great Lakes basin. Coastal Wetlands 1985, 15-26. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. H.H. Prince, F.M. D'Itri (Eds.).
32. Grytnes J., McCain C.M. Elevational trends in biodiversity. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2007, 1-8. Elsevier, Inc. S. Levin (Ed.).
33. Guo Y. Modeling Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport at a River-Coastal Confluence 2002, Ohio State University, (Ph.D. Dissertation. 441pp.).
34. Heal G. Nature and the Marketplace: Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services 2000, Island Press, Washington, DC.
35. Herdendorf C.E. Lake Erie coastal wetlands: an overview. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18:533-551.
36. Higgins S.N., Pennuto C.M., Howell E.T., Lewis T.W., Makarewicz J.C. Urban influences on Cladophora blooms in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(Suppl. 4):116-123.
37. Hoffman J.C., Peterson G.S., Cotter A.M., Kelly J.R. Using stable isotope mixing in a Great Lakes coastal tributary to determine food web linkages in young fishes. Estuar. Coasts 2010, 33:1391-1405.
38. Hollenhorst T., Brown T.N., Johnson L.B., Ciborowski J.J.H., Host G.E. Methods for generating multi-scale watershed delineations for indicator development in Great Lake coastal ecosystems. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33(Special Issue 3):13-26.
39. Holtgren M.J., Auer N.A. Movement and habitat use of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Sturgeon River/Portage Lake system, Michigan. J. Freshw. Ecol. 2004, 19:419-432.
40. Hong Y., Steinman A., Biddanda B., Rediske R., Fahnenstiel G. Occurrence of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Mona and Muskegon Lakes, Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32:645-652.
41. Höök T.O., Rutherford E.S., Croley T.E., Mason D.M., Madenjian C.P. Annual variation in habitat-specific recruitment success: implications from an individual-based model of Lake Michigan alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 65:1402-1412.
42. Howell E.T., Chomicki K.M., Kaltenecker G. Tributary discharge, lake circulation and lake biology as drivers of water quality in the Canadian nearshore of Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:47-61.
43. Jackson P.R., Garcia C.M., Oberg K.A., Johnson K.K., Garcia M.H. Density currents in the Chicago River: characterization, effects on water quality, and potential sources. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 401:130-143.
44. Janetski D.J., Ruetz C.R., Bhagat Y., Clapp D.F. Recruitment dynamics of age-0 yellow perch in a drowned river mouth lake: assessing synchrony with nearshore Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2013, 142:505-514.
45. Januchowski-Hartley S.R., McIntyre P.G., Diebel M., Doran P.J., Infante D.M., Joseph C., Allan J.D. Restoring aquatic ecosystem connectivity requires expanding inventories of both dams and road crossings. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2013, 11:211-217.
46. Johengen T.H., Biddanda B.A., Cotner J.B. Stimulation of Lake Michigan plankton metabolism by sediment resuspension and river runoff. J. Great Lakes Res. 2008, 34:213-227.
47. Johnson L., Richards C., Host G., Arthur J. Landscape influences on water chemistry in Midwestern stream ecosystems. Freshw. Biol. 1997, 37:193-208.
48. Johnston C.A., Shmagin B.A. Regionalization, seasonality, and trends of streamflow in the US Great Lakes basin. J. Hydrol. 2008, 362:69-88.
49. Johnston C.A., Bridgham S.D., Schubauer-Berigan J.P. Nutrient dynamics in relation to geomorphology of riverine wetlands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2001, 65:557-577.
50. Jude D.J., Pappas J. Fish utilization of Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18:651-672.
51. Jude D., Albert D., Uzarski D.G., Brazner J. Lake Michigan's coastal wetlands: distribution, biological components with emphasis on fish, and threats. State of Lake Michigan: Ecology, Health, and Management 2005, 439-477. Backhuys Pubs., the Netherlands. T. Edsall, M. Munawar (Eds.).
52. Kaur J., Jaligama G., Atkinson J.F., DePinto J.V., Nemura A.D. Modeling dissolved oxygen in a dredged Lake Erie tributary. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32:62-82.
53. Keough J.R. The Mink River - a freshwater estuary. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 1986, 74:1-11.
54. Keough J.R., Thompson T.A., Guntenspergen G.R., Wilcox D.A. Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. Wetlands 1999, 19:821-834.
55. Kerfoot W.C., Budd J.W., Green S.A., Cotner J.B., Biddanda B.A., Schwab D.J., Vanderploeg H.A. Doughnut in the desert: late-winter production pulse in southern Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53:589-604.
56. Knighton D. Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective 1998, Arnold, UK. second edition.
57. Kowalski K.P., Wilcox D.A. Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh. Wetlands 1999, 19:858-868.
58. Krieger K.A. Effectiveness of a coastal wetland in reducing pollution of a Laurentian Great Lake: hydrology, sediment, and nutrients. Wetlands 2003, 23:778-791.
59. Krieger K.A., Klarer D.M., Heath R.T., Herdendorf C.E. Coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: current knowledge and research needs. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18:525-528.
60. Lamberti G.A., Chaloner D.T., Hershey A.E. Linkages among aquatic ecosystems. J. N. Am. Benthol.l Soc. 2010, 29:245-263.
61. Larson J.H., Richardson W.B., Vallazza J.M., Nelson J.C. An exploratory investigation of the landscape-lake interface: land cover controls over consumer N and C isotopic composition in Lake Michigan rivermouths. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:610-619.
62. Loneragan N.R. River flows and estuarine ecosystems: implications for coastal fisheries from a review and a case study of the Logan River, southeast Queensland. Austral Ecol. 1999, 24:431-440.
63. Lougheed V.L., Crosbie B., Chow-Fraser P. Primary determinants of macrophyte community structure in 62 marshes across the Great Lakes basin: latitude, land use, and water quality effects. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58:1603-1612.
64. Ludsin S.A. Exploration of Spatiotemporal Patterns in Recruitment and Community Organization of Lake Erie Fishes: A Multiscale, Mechanistic Approach 2000, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, (Ph.D. Dissertation).
65. MacKenzie R.A., Kaster J.L., Klump J.V. The ecological patterns of benthic invertebrates in a Great Lakes coastal wetland. J. Great Lakes Res. 2004, 30:58-69.
66. Makarewicz J.C., Booty W.G., Bowen G.S. Tributary phosphorus loading to Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(Suppl. 4):14-20.
67. Makarewicz J.C., Lewis T.W., Boyer G.L., Edwards W.J. The influence of streams on nearshore water chemistry, Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(Suppl. 4):62-71.
68. Masse A.K., Murthy C.R. Observations of the Niagara River plume (Lake Ontario, North America). J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1990, 95:16097-16109.
69. Maynard L., Wilcox D.A. Coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA 905-R-97-015b 1997.
70. McCarthy M., Gardner W., Lavrentyev P., Moats K.M., Jochem F.J., Klarer D.M. Effects of hydrological flow regime on sediment-water interface and water column nitrogen dynamics in a Great Lakes coastal wetland (Old Woman Creek, Lake Erie). J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:219-231.
71. MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment 2003, Island Press, Washington, DC.
72. Minns C.K., Wichert G.A. A framework for defining fish habitat domains in Lake Ontario and its drainages. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(Suppl. 1):6-27.
73. Moerke A., Werner R. Ecological status of the St. Marys River: foreword. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37(Suppl. 2):1-4.
74. Morrice J.M., Kelly J.R., Trebitz A.S., Cotter A., Knuth M. Temporal dynamics of nutrients and hydrology in a Lake Superior coastal wetland. J. Great Lakes Res. 2004, 30(Suppl. 1):82-96.
75. Morrice J.A., Trebitz A.S., Kelly J.R., Cotter A.M., Knuth M.L. Nutrient variability in Lake Superior coastal wetlands: the role of land use and hydrology. Ecosystem World Monograph Series, Aquat. Ecosys. Health Manage. Soc., Canada 2009, 217-238. M. Munawar, I.F. Munawar (Eds.).
76. Morrice J.A., Trebitz A.S., Kelly J.R., Sierszen M.E., Cotter A.M., Hollenhorst T. Determining sources of water to Great Lakes coastal wetlands: a classification approach. Wetlands 2011, 31:1199-1213.
77. Mortimer C.H. Lake Michigan in Motion: Responses of an Inland Sea to Weather, Earth-spin, and Human Activities 2004, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI.
78. Mortsch L., Ingram J., Hebb A., Doka S. Great Lakes coastal wetland communities: vulnerability to climate change and response to adaptation strategies. Report to Environment Canada and Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Toronto, Ontario 2006.
79. MPCA, WDNR The St. Louis River System remedial action plan: Stage One 1992, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI.
80. Odum W.E. The lacustrine estuary might be a useful concept. Estuaries 1990, 13:506-507.
81. Ogdahl M., Lougheed V.L., Stevenson R.J., Steinman A.D. Influences of multi-scale habitat on metabolism in a coastal Great Lakes watershed. Ecosystems 2010, 11:222-238.
82. Ozersky T., Malkin S.Y., Barton D.R., Hecky R.E. Dreissenid phosphorus excretion can sustain C. glomerata growth along a portion of Lake Ontario shoreline. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:321-328.
83. Peterson M. A conceptual view of environment-habitat-production linkages in tidal river estuaries. Rev. Fish. Sci. 2003, 11:291-313.
84. Peterson G.S., Sierszen M.E., Yurista P.M., Kelly J.R. Stable nitrogen isotopes of plankton and benthos reflect a landscape-level influence on Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:27-41.
85. Poff N.L., Allan J.D., Bain M.B., Karr J.R., Prestegaard K.L., Richter B.D., Sparks R.E., Stromberg J.C. The natural flow regime. BioScience 1997, 47:769-784.
86. Praskievicz S., Chang H. A review of hydrological modelling of basin-scale climate change and urban development impacts. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2009, 33:650-671.
87. Rabalais N.N., Turner R.E., Wiseman J., Dortch Q. Consequences of the 1993 Mississippi River flood in the Gulf of Mexico. Regul. Rivers Res. Manag. 1998, 14:161-177.
88. Rao Y.R., Schwab D.J. Transport and mixing between the coastal and offshore waters in the Great Lakes: a review. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:202-218.
89. Raphael C.N., Jaworski E. Economic value of fish, wildlife and recreation in Michigan's coastal wetlands. Coast. Zone Manage. J. 1979, 5:181-194.
90. Reichert J.M., Fryer B.J., Pangle K.L., Johnson T.B., Tyson J.T., Drelich A.B., Ludsin S.A. River-plume use during the pelagic larval stage benefits recruitment of a lentic fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2010, 67:987-1004.
91. Richards R.P. Measures of flow variability and a new flow-based classification of Great Lakes tributaries. J. Great Lakes Res. 1990, 16:53-70.
92. Richards R.P., Baker D.B. Pesticide concentration patterns in agricultural drainage networks in the Lake Erie Basin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1993, 12:13-26.
93. Richter B.D., Baumgartner J.V., Powell J., Braun D.P. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems. Conserv. Biol. 1996, 10:1163-1174.
94. Rothlisberger J.D., Finnoff D.C., Cooke R.M., Lodge D.M. Ship-borne nonindigenous species diminish Great Lakes ecosystem services. Ecosystems 2012, 15:462-476.
95. Ruetz C.R., Strouse D.L., Pothoven S.A. Energy density of introduced round goby compared with four native fishes in a Lake Michigan tributary. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2009, 138:938-947.
96. Schelske C.L., Feld L.E., Simmons M.S. Phytoplankton and physical-chemical conditions in selected rivers and the coastal zone of Lake Michigan, 1972 1980, Great Lakes Research Division Publication No. 19, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
97. Seelbach P.W., Hinz L.C., Wiley M.J., Cooper A.R. Use of multiple linear regression to estimate flow regimes for all rivers across Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Research Report 2095 2011, State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI.
98. Sierszen M.E., Brazner J.C., Cotter A.M., Morrice J.A., Peterson G.S., Trebitz A.S. Watershed and lake influences on the energetic base of coastal wetland food webs across the Great Lakes basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:418-428.
99. Silliman B.R., Bertness M.D. Shoreline development drives invasion of Phragmites australis and the loss of plant diversity on New England salt marshes. Conserv. Biol. 2004, 18:1424-1434.
100. Slattery M.C., Phillips J.D. Controls on sediment delivery in coastal plain rivers. J. Environ. Manag. 2011, 92:284-289.
101. SLRCAC (St. Louis River Citizens Action Committee) Lower St. Louis River Habitat Plan 2002, St. Louis River Citizens Action Committee, Duluth, MN.
102. Steinman A.D., Rediske R., Reddy K.R. The importance of internal phosphorus loading to Spring Lake, Michigan. J. Environ. Qual. 2004, 33:2040-2048.
103. Steinman A.D., Rediske R., Chu X., Denning R., Nemeth L., Uzarski D., Biddanda B., Luttenton M. An environmental assessment of an impacted, urbanized watershed: the Mona Lake Watershed, Michigan. Arch. Hydrobiol. 2006, 166:117-144.
104. Steinman A.D., Ogdahl M., Rediske R., Ruetz C.R., Biddanda B.A., Nemeth L. Current status and trends in Muskegon Lake, Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 2008, 34:169-188.
105. Steinman A., Chu X., Ogdahl M. Spatial and temporal variability of internal and external phosphorus loads in Mona Lake, Michigan. Aquat. Ecol. 2009, 43:1-18.
106. Stephens B.M., Minor E.C. DOM characteristics along the continuum from river to receiving basin: a comparison of freshwater and saline transects. Aquat. Sci. 2010, 72:403-417.
107. Stephenson T.D. Fish reproductive utilization of coastal marshes of Lake Ontario near Toronto. J. Great Lakes Res. 1990, 16:71-81.
108. Taylor J.C., Roach J.L., Boshnakova Z. The cost-benefits of ocean vessel shipping in the Great Lakes: value to industry vs. environmental damage 2006, 18-20. Seidman Business Review, (Winter 2006).
109. Thiel R., Sepulveda A., Kafeman R., Nellen W. Environmental factors as forces structuring the fish community of the Elbe Estuary. J. Fish Biol. 1995, 46:47-69.
110. Thomas R.L., Christensen M.D., Szalinska E., Scarlat M. Formation of the St. Clair River Delta in the Laurentian Great Lakes System. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32:738-748.
111. Trautman M.B. The Fishes of Ohio 1986, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH.
112. Trebitz A.S. Characterizing seiche and tide-driven daily water level fluctuations affecting coastal ecosystems of the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32:102-116.
113. Trebitz A.S., Morrice J.A., Cotter A.M. Relative role of Lake and tributary in hydrology of Lake Superior coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 2002, 28:212-227.
114. Trebitz A.S., Morrice J.A., Taylor D.L., Anderson R.L., West C.W., Kelly J.R. Hydromorphic determinants of aquatic habitat variability in Lake Superior coastal wetlands. Wetlands 2005, 25:505-519.
115. Trebitz A.S., Brazner J.C., Danz N.P., Pearson M.S., Peterson G.S., Tanner D.K., Taylor D.L., West C.W., Hollenhorst T.P. Geographic, anthropogenic, and habitat influences on Great Lakes coastal wetland fish assemblages. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2009, 66:1328-1342.
116. Turner R.E., Lewis R.R. Hydrologic restoration of coastal wetlands. Wetlands Ecol. Manag. 1996, 4:65-72.
117. Twiss M.R., Macleod I.R. Phytoplankton community assessment in eight Lake Ontario tributaries made using fluorimetric methods. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag. 2008, 11:422-431.
118. Uzarski D.G., Burton T.M., Cooper M.J., Ingram J.W., Timmermans S.T.A. Fish habitat use within and across wetland classes in coastal wetlands of the five Great Lakes: development of a fish-based Index of Biotic Integrity. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(Suppl. 1):171-187.
119. Vadeboncoeur Y., McIntyre P., Vander Zanden M.J. Borders of biodiversity: life at the edge of the world's large lakes. BioScience 2011, 61:526-537.
120. Verry E.S. Forest harvesting and water: the Lake States experience. Water Res. Bull. 1986, 22:1039-1047.
121. Walsh C.J., Roy A.H., Feminella J.W., Cottingham P.D., Groffman P.M., Morgan R.P. The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 2005, 24:706-723.
122. Wehrly K., Wiley M., Seelbach P., Hughes R., Wang L. Influence of landscape features on summer water temperatures in lower Michigan streams. American Fisheries Society Symposium 2006, 113-127. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
123. Wei A., Chow-Fraser P., Albert D. Influence of shoreline features on fish distribution in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61:1113-1123.
124. Wilcox D.A., Xie Y. Predicting wetland plant community responses to proposed water-level regulation plans for Lake Ontario: GIS-based modeling. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:751-773.
125. Wiley M.J., Hyndman D.W., Pijanowski B.C., Kendall A.D., Riseng C., Rutherford E.S., Cheng S.T., Carlson M.L., Tyler J.A., Stevenson R.J., Steen P.J., Richards P.L., Seelbach P.W., Koches J.M., Rediske R.R. A multi-modeling approach to evaluating climate and land use change impacts in a Great Lakes River Basin. Hydrobiologia 2010, 657:243-262.
126. Wilson C.G., Matisoff H., Whiting P.J., Klarer D.M. Transport of fine sediment through a wetland using radionuclide tracers: Old Woman Creek, OH. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31:56-67.
127. Wilson K.A., Howell E.T., Jackson D.A. Replacement of zebra mussels by quagga mussels in the Canadian nearshore of Lake Ontario: the importance of substrate, round goby abundance, and upwelling frequency. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32:11-28.
128. WLSSD (Western Lake Superior Sanitary District) History of WLSSD (Retrieved September 22, 2011). http://www.wlssd.duluth.mn.us/about_history.php.
129. Wolanski E., Boorman L.A., Chicharo L., Langlois-Saliou E., Lara R., Plater A.J., Uncles R.J., Zalewski M. Ecohydrology as a new tool for sustainable management of estuaries and coastal waters. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2004, 12:453-473.
130. Xie L., Hagar J., Rediske R.R., O'Keefe J., Dyble J., Steinman A.D. The influence of environmental conditions and hydrologic connectivity on cyanobacteria assemblages in two drowned river mouth lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37:470-479.
131. Yurista P.M., Kelly J.R., Miller S.E. Lake Superior: nearshore variability and a landscape driver concept. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag. 2011, 14:345-355.
132. Yurista P.M., Kelly J.R., Miller S.E., Van Alstine J. Lake Ontario: nearshore variability in water quality parameters. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(spec. issue 4):133-145.