The clinical anatomy of the coronary arteries

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 197-207

  Loukas, Marios ^a   Sharma, Amit ^a   Blaak, Christa ^a   Sorenson, Edward ^a   Mian, Asma ^a  

^a ST GEORGE S UNIVERSITY   (Grenada)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Coronary; Coronary anomalies; Coronary variations; Vasculogenesis

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANGIOGENESIS; AORTA SINUS; ARTICLE; CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALY; CORONARY ARTERY CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH; CORONARY ARTERY FISTULA; FALLOT TETRALOGY; HUMAN; LEFT CORONARY ARTERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY; ANIMAL; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; CORONARY VESSEL MALFORMATION; HISTOLOGY; MORPHOGENESIS; NOMENCLATURE; PATHOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CORONARY VESSEL ANOMALIES; CORONARY VESSELS; HUMANS; MORPHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84883045596     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9452-5     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Loukas, M.; Groat, C.; Khangura, R.; et al. (2009). The normal and abnormal anatomy of the coronary arteries. Clin Anat, 22, 114-128.
2. Alexander, R. W.; Griffith, G. C. (1956). Anomalies of the coronary arteries and their clinical significance. Circulation, 14, 800-805.
3. Hauser, M. (2005). Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. Heart, 91, 1240-1245.
4. Koşar, P.; Ergun, E.; Oztürk, C.; et al. (2009). Anatomic variations and anomalies of the coronary arteries: 64-slice CT angiographic appearance. Diagn Interv Radiol, 15, 275-283.
5. Patel, S. (2008). Normal and anomalous anatomy of the coronary arteries. Semin Roentgenol, 43, 100-112.
6. Aydar, Y.; Yazici, H. U.; Birdane, A.; Nasifov, M.; Nadir, A.; Ulus, T.; et al. (2011). Gender differences in the types and frequency of coronary artery anomalies. Tohoku J Exp Med, 225, 239-247.
7. Shi, H.; Aschoff, A. J.; Brambs, H. J.; et al. (2004). Multislice CT imaging of anomalous coronary arteries. Eur Radiol, 12, 2172-2181.
8. Schmitt, R.; Froehner, S.; Brunn, J.; et al. (2005). Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries: imaging with contrast-enhanced, multidetector computed tomography. Eur Radiol, 15, 1110-1121.
9. Kramer, C. M.; Budoff, M. J.; Fayad, Z. A.; et al. (2007). ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical competence statement on vascular imaging with computer tomography and magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol, 50, 1097-1114.
10. von Kodolitsch, Y.; Franzen, O.; Lund, G. K.; et al. (2005). Coronary artery anomalies Part II: recent insights from clinical investigations. Z Kardiol, 94, 113.
11. Munoz-Chapuli, R.; Gonzalez-Iriarte, M.; Carmona, R.; et al. (2002). Cellular precursors of the coronary arteries. Tex Heart Inst J, 29, 243-249.
12. Angelini, P. (1999). Coronary artery anomalies. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13. Bogers, A. J.; Gittenberger-de Groot, A. C.; Poelmann, R. E.; et al. (1989). Development of the origin of the coronary arteries, a matter of ingrowth or outgrowth? Anat Embryol (Berl), 180, 437-441.
14. Manasek, F. (1969). Embryonic development of the heart II. Formation of the epicardium. J Embryol Exp Morph, 22, 333-348.
15. Bernanke, D. H.; Velkey, J. M. (2002). Development of the coronary blood supply: changing concepts and current ideas. Anat Rec, 269, 198-208.
16. Tomanek, R. J. (2005). Formation of the coronary vasculature during development. Angiogenesis, 8, 273-284.
17. Reese, D. E.; Mikawa, T.; Bader, D. M. (2002). Development of the coronary vessel system. Circ Res, 91, 761-768.
18. Majesky, M. W. (2004). Development of coronary vessels. Curr Top Dev Biol, 62, 225-259.
19. Risau, W.; Flamme, I. (1995). Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 11, 73-91.
20. Risau, W. (1997). Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature, 386, 671-674.
21. Ferrara, N.; Gerber, H. P.; LeCouter, J. (2003). The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med, 9, 669-676.
22. Pugh, C. W.; Ratcliffe, P. J. (2003). Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat Med, 9, 677-684.
23. Schaper, W.; Piek, J. J.; Munoz-Chapuli, R.; et al. (1999). Collateral circulation of the heart. In J. A. Ware & M. Simons (Eds.), Angiogenesis and cardiovascular disease (pp. 159-198). New York: University Press.
24. Velkey, J. M.; Bernanke, D. H. (2001). Apoptosis during coronary artery orifice development in the chick embryo. Anat Rec, 262, 310-317.
25. Mu, H.; Ohashi, R.; Lin, P.; et al. (2005). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel development. Vasc Med, 10, 37-44.
26. Loukas, M.; Anderson, R. H. (2009). The importance of attitudinally appropriate description of cardiac anatomy. Clin Anat, 22, 47-51.
27. James, T. N. (1961). Anatomy of the coronary arteries. New York: Paul B. Hoeber.
28. James, T. N. (1965). Anatomy of the coronary arteries in health and disease. Circulation, 32, 1020-1033.
29. Manghat, N. E.; Morgan-Hughes, G. J.; Marshall, A. J.; et al. (2005). Multidetector row computed tomography: imaging congenital coronary artery anomalies in adults. Heart, 91, 1515-1522.
30. Frescura, C.; Basso, C.; Thiene, G.; et al. (1998). Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease. Hum Pathol, 29, 689-695.
31. Angelini, P. (2007). Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity. Circulation, 115, 1296-1305.
32. Vlodaver, Z.; Neufeld, H. N.; Edwards, J. E. (1975). Coronary arterial variations in the normal heart and in congenital heart disease. New York: Academic Press.
33. Williams, P. L.; Warwick, R.; Dyson, M.; et al. (1989). Gray's anatomy (37th ed.; pp. 727-732). London: Churchill Livingstone.
34. Loukas, M.; Clarke, P.; Tubbs, R. S.; et al. (2007). Raymond de Vieussens. Anat Sci Int, 82, 233-236.
35. Zimmermann, E.; Schnapauff, D.; Dewey, M. (2008). Cardiac and coronary anatomy in computed tomography. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 29, 176-181.
36. Ludinghausen, M. V. (2003). The clinical anatomy of coronary arteries. New York: Springer.
37. Estes, E. H.; Entman, M. L.; Dixon, H. B.; II, et al. (1966). The vascular supply of the left ventricular wall. Anatomic observations, plus a hypothesis regarding acute events in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J, 71, 58-67.
38. Muresian, H. (2006). The Ross procedure: new insights into the surgical anatomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 81, 495-501.
39. Yamanaka, O.; Hobbs, R. E. (1990). Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 21, 28-40.
40. Walker, F.; Webb, G. (2001). Congenital coronary artery anomalies: the adult perspective. Coron Artery Dis, 12, 599-604.
41. Danias, P. G.; Stuber, M.; McConnell, M. V.; et al. (2001). The diagnosis of congenital coronary anomalies with magnetic resonance imaging. Coron Artery Dis, 12, 621-626.
42. Welker, M.; Salanitri, J.; Deshpande, V. S.; et al. (2006). Coronary artery anomalies diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography. Australas Radiol, 50, 114-121.
43. Earls, J. P. (2006). Coronary artery anomalies. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 9, 210-217.
44. Loukas, M.; Bilinsky, S.; Bilinsky, E.; et al. (2009). The clinical anatomy of the coronary collateral circulation. Clin Anat, 22, 146-160.
45. Pelliccia, A. (2001). Congenital coronary artery anomalies in young patients: new perspectives for timely identification. J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 598-600.
46. Liberthson, R. R.; Dinsmore, R. E.; Fallon, J. T. (1979). Aberrant coronary artery origin from the aorta. Report of 18 patients, review of the literature and delineation of the natural history and management. Circulation, 59, 748-754.
47. Basso, C.; Maron, B. J.; Corrado, D.; et al. (2000). Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 1493-1501.
48. Rapp, A. H.; Hillis, D. L. (2001). Clinical consequences of anomalous coronary arteries. Coron Artery Dis, 12, 617-620.
49. Koizumi, M.; Kawai, K.; Honma, S.; et al. (2002). Anatomical study of the left single coronary artery with special reference to the various distribution patterns of bilateral coronary arteries. Ann Ant, 182, 549-557.
50. Cheitlin, M. D.; DeCastro, C. M.; McAllister, H. A. (1974). Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva: a not so minor congenital anomaly. Circulation, 50, 780-787.
51. Chaitman, B. R.; Lespérance, J.; Saltiel, J.; et al. (1976). Clinical, angiographic and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation, 53, 122-131.
52. Page, H. L.; Jr.; Engel, H. J.; Campbell, W. B.; et al. (1974). Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery: recognition, angiographic demonstration and clinical significance. Circulation, 50, 768-773.
53. Samarendra, P.; Kumari, S.; Hafeez, M.; et al. (2001). Anomalous circumflex coronary artery: benign or predisposed to selective atherosclerosis. Angiology, 52, 521-526.
54. Dabizzi, R. P.; Teodori, G.; Barletta, G. A.; et al. (1990). Associated coronary and cardiac anomalies in the tetralogy of Fallot. An angiographic study. Eur Heart J, 11, 692-704.
55. Montaudon, M.; Latrabe, V.; Iriart, X.; et al. (2007). Congenital coronary arteries anomalies: review of the literature and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT)-appearance. Surg Radiol Anat, 29, 343-355.
56. Duran, C.; Kantarci, M.; Durur Subasi, I.; et al. (2006). Remarkable anatomic anomalies of coronary arteries and their clinical importance: a multidetector computed tomography angiographic study. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 30, 939-948.
57. Pfannschmidt, J.; Ruskowski, H.; de Vivie, E. R. (1992). Bland-White-Garland syndrome. Clinical aspects, diagnosis, therapy. Klin Padiatr, 204, 328-334.
58. Frommelt, P. C.; Frommelt, M. A. (2004). Congenital coronary artery anomalies. Pediatr Clin N Am, 51, 1273-1288.
59. Loukas, M.; Curry, B.; Bowers, M.; et al. (2006). The relationship of myocardial bridges to coronary artery dominance in the adult human heart. J Anat, 209, 43-50.
60. Loukas, M.; Von Kriegenbergh, K.; Gilkes, M.; et al. (2011). Myocardial bridges: a review. Clin Anat, 24, 675-683.
61. Basso, C.; Corrado, D.; Thiene, G. (2001). Congenital coronary artery anomalies as an important cause of sudden death in the young. Cardiol Rev, 9, 312-317.
62. Tekin, G.; Erbay, A. R.; Turhan, H. (2012). A rare localization of muscular bridge causing myocardial ischemia. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg, 12, E29.
63. Morales, A. R.; Romanelli, R.; Boucek, R. J. (1980). The mural left anterior descending coronary artery, strenuous exercise and sudden death. Circulation, 62, 230-237.
64. Ferreira, A. G.; Jr.; Trotter, S. E.; Konig, B.; Jr.; et al. (1991). Myocardial bridges: morphological and functional aspects. Br Heart J, 66, 364-367.
65. Corrado, D.; Thiene, G.; Cocco, P.; et al. (1992). Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and sudden death in the young. Br Heart J, 68, 601-607.
66. Spindola-Franco, H.; Grose, R.; Solomon, N. (1983). Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: angiographic description of important variants and surgical implications. Am Heart J, 105, 445-455.
67. Lowe, J. E.; Oldham, H. N.; Jr.; Sabiston, D. C.; Jr. (1981). Surgical management of congenital coronary artery fistulas. Ann Surg, 194, 373-380.
68. Ghaffari, S.; Akbarzadeh, F.; Pourafkari, L. (2011). Aneurysmal coronary arteriovenous fistula closing with covered stent deployment: a case report and review of literature. Cardiol J, 18, 556-559.
69. Jung, Y.; Kim, H. J.; Yoon, C. H. (2012). Severe form of persistent thebesian veins presenting as ischemic heart disease. Korean Circ J, 42, 714-717.
70. Lee, W. S.; Lee, S. A.; Chee, H. K.; et al. (2012). Coronary-bronchial artery fistula manifested by hemoptysis and myocardial ischemia in a patient with bronchiectasis. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 45, 49-52.
71. Loukas, M.; Hanna, M.; Chen, J.; et al. (2011). Extracardiac coronary arterial anastomoses. Clin Anat, 24, 137-142.
72. Bjork, L. (1966). Angiographic demonstration of extracardial anastomoses to the coronary arteries. Radiology, 87, 274-277.
73. Moberg, A. (1967). Anastomoses between extracardiac vessels and coronary arteries. I. Via bronchial arteries. Post-mortem angiographic study in adults and newborn infants. Acta Radiol Diagn, 6, 177-192.
74. Singh, R. N.; Varat, M. A. (1982). Acquired internal mammary-to-coronary artery communication. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 8, 281-285.
75. Salachas, A.; Antonellis, I.; Margaris, N.; et al. (1997). Communication between a nongrafted left internal mammary artery and left anterior descending coronary artery following saphenous vein bypass grafting. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 40, 170-172.
76. Green, C. E.; Kelley, M. J.; Higgins, C. B.; et al. (1981). Acquired coronary-to-bronchial artery communication: a possible cause of coronary steal. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 7, 191-196.
77. Gould, K. L. (1989). Coronary steal. Is it clinically important? Chest, 96, 227-228.