메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 193, Issue , 2013, Pages 149-157

Chronically raised glucocorticoids reduce innate immune function in Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) after an immune challenge

Author keywords

Bacteria killing ability; Glucocorticoids; Ground squirrels; Innate immune function; Stress

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE;

EID: 84882986877     PISSN: 00166480     EISSN: 10956840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 9944231020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should behavioural ecologists interpret measurements of immunity?
    • Adamo S.A. How should behavioural ecologists interpret measurements of immunity?. Anim. Behav. 2004, 68:1443-1449.
    • (2004) Anim. Behav. , vol.68 , pp. 1443-1449
    • Adamo, S.A.1
  • 2
    • 33745282713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergency life-history stage and immunity in the cricket, Gryllus texensis
    • Adamo S.A., Parsons N.M. The emergency life-history stage and immunity in the cricket, Gryllus texensis. Anim. Behav. 2006, 72:235-244.
    • (2006) Anim. Behav. , vol.72 , pp. 235-244
    • Adamo, S.A.1    Parsons, N.M.2
  • 3
    • 85029641423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes, R package version 0.999375-32
    • Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., 2011. lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes, R package version 0.999375-32. <>. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4.
    • (2011)
    • Bates, D.1    Maechler, M.2    Bolker, B.3
  • 4
    • 84859736702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer): associations with parasite infection and white blood cell counts
    • Beechler B.R., Broughton H., Bell A., Ezenwa V.O., Jolles A.E. Innate immunity in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer): associations with parasite infection and white blood cell counts. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2012, 85:255-264.
    • (2012) Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , vol.85 , pp. 255-264
    • Beechler, B.R.1    Broughton, H.2    Bell, A.3    Ezenwa, V.O.4    Jolles, A.E.5
  • 5
    • 42649139914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-specific effects of handling time on an index of immune activity in zebra finches
    • Berzins L.L., Tilman-Schindel E., Burness G. Sex-specific effects of handling time on an index of immune activity in zebra finches. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2008, 81:383-387.
    • (2008) Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , vol.81 , pp. 383-387
    • Berzins, L.L.1    Tilman-Schindel, E.2    Burness, G.3
  • 6
    • 0037133604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short day lengths augment stress-induced leukocyte trafficking and stress-induced enhancement of skin immune function
    • Bilbo S.D., Dhabhar F.S., Viswanathan K., Saul A., Yellon S.M., Nelson R.J. Short day lengths augment stress-induced leukocyte trafficking and stress-induced enhancement of skin immune function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:4067-4072.
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 4067-4072
    • Bilbo, S.D.1    Dhabhar, F.S.2    Viswanathan, K.3    Saul, A.4    Yellon, S.M.5    Nelson, R.J.6
  • 9
    • 17644406387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equipped for life: the adaptive role of the stress axis in male mammals
    • Boonstra R. Equipped for life: the adaptive role of the stress axis in male mammals. J. Mammal. 2005, 86:236-247.
    • (2005) J. Mammal. , vol.86 , pp. 236-247
    • Boonstra, R.1
  • 10
    • 84873100075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reality as the leading cause of stress: rethinking the impact of chronic stress in nature
    • Boonstra R. Reality as the leading cause of stress: rethinking the impact of chronic stress in nature. Funct. Ecol. 2013, 27:11-23.
    • (2013) Funct. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 11-23
    • Boonstra, R.1
  • 11
    • 78751689676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outdoor immunology: methodological considerations for ecologists
    • Boughton R.K., Joop G., Armitage S.A.O. Outdoor immunology: methodological considerations for ecologists. Funct. Ecol. 2011, 25:81-100.
    • (2011) Funct. Ecol. , vol.25 , pp. 81-100
    • Boughton, R.K.1    Joop, G.2    Armitage, S.A.O.3
  • 12
    • 0031853688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive corticosterone treatment rapidly increases activity in Gambel's White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrysgambelii)
    • Breuner C.W., Greenberg A.L., Wingfield J.C. Noninvasive corticosterone treatment rapidly increases activity in Gambel's White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrysgambelii). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1998, 394:386-394.
    • (1998) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , vol.394 , pp. 386-394
    • Breuner, C.W.1    Greenberg, A.L.2    Wingfield, J.C.3
  • 13
    • 77953912899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social defeat differentially affects immune responses in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
    • Chester E.M., Bonu T., Demas G.E. Social defeat differentially affects immune responses in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Physiol. Behav. 2010, 101:53-58.
    • (2010) Physiol. Behav. , vol.101 , pp. 53-58
    • Chester, E.M.1    Bonu, T.2    Demas, G.E.3
  • 14
    • 84883033568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysing interactions of fitted models
    • .
    • De Rosario-Martinez, H., 2012. Analysing interactions of fitted models. .
    • (2012)
    • De Rosario-Martinez, H.1
  • 15
    • 58149149607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of live trapping on stress profiles of Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii)
    • Delehanty B., Boonstra R. Impact of live trapping on stress profiles of Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2009, 160:176-182.
    • (2009) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , vol.160 , pp. 176-182
    • Delehanty, B.1    Boonstra, R.2
  • 16
    • 85029631352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. <>.
    • R Development Core Team, 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. <>. http://www.r-project.org.
    • (2012)
  • 17
    • 76149120109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hassle a day may keep the pathogens away: the fight-or-flight stress response and the augmentation of immune function
    • Dhabhar F.S. A hassle a day may keep the pathogens away: the fight-or-flight stress response and the augmentation of immune function. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2009, 49:215-236.
    • (2009) Integr. Comp. Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 215-236
    • Dhabhar, F.S.1
  • 18
    • 0031415757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking
    • Dhabhar F.S., McEwen B.S. Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking. Brain Behav. Immun. 1997, 11:286-306.
    • (1997) Brain Behav. Immun. , vol.11 , pp. 286-306
    • Dhabhar, F.S.1    McEwen, B.S.2
  • 19
    • 0033514465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin
    • Dhabhar F.S., McEwen B.S. Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:1059-1064.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 1059-1064
    • Dhabhar, F.S.1    McEwen, B.S.2
  • 21
    • 84856004455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unravelling complex associations between testosterone and parasite infection in the wild
    • Ezenwa V.O., Stefan Ekernas L., Creel S. Unravelling complex associations between testosterone and parasite infection in the wild. Funct. Ecol. 2012, 26:123-133.
    • (2012) Funct. Ecol. , vol.26 , pp. 123-133
    • Ezenwa, V.O.1    Stefan Ekernas, L.2    Creel, S.3
  • 23
    • 34548624880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosterone modulation of reproductive and immune systems trade-offs in female tree lizards: long-term corticosterone manipulations via injectable gelling material
    • French S.S., McLemore R., Vernon B., Johnston G.I.H., Moore M.C. Corticosterone modulation of reproductive and immune systems trade-offs in female tree lizards: long-term corticosterone manipulations via injectable gelling material. J. Exp. Biol. 2007, 210:2859-2865.
    • (2007) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.210 , pp. 2859-2865
    • French, S.S.1    McLemore, R.2    Vernon, B.3    Johnston, G.I.H.4    Moore, M.C.5
  • 24
  • 27
    • 80054096736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity and stress physiology of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from two stream reaches with differing habitat quality
    • Hopkins W.A., Durant S.E. Innate immunity and stress physiology of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from two stream reaches with differing habitat quality. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2011, 174:107-115.
    • (2011) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , vol.174 , pp. 107-115
    • Hopkins, W.A.1    Durant, S.E.2
  • 28
    • 0001831262 scopus 로고
    • Spermophilus beldingi. Mammalian Species No. 221, Mammalian Species
    • Jenkins S.H., Eshelman B.D. Spermophilus beldingi. Mammalian Species No. 221, Mammalian Species. Am. Soc. Mammal. 1984, 1-8.
    • (1984) Am. Soc. Mammal. , pp. 1-8
    • Jenkins, S.H.1    Eshelman, B.D.2
  • 29
    • 0038824039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a direct link between stress and immunity in the mollusc Haliotis tuberculata
    • Malham S.K., Lacoste A., Gélébart F., Cueff A., Poulet S.A. Evidence for a direct link between stress and immunity in the mollusc Haliotis tuberculata. J. Exp. Zool. 2003, 295:136-144.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.295 , pp. 136-144
    • Malham, S.K.1    Lacoste, A.2    Gélébart, F.3    Cueff, A.4    Poulet, S.A.5
  • 30
    • 33750938627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining approaches and diversifying directions in ecoimmunology
    • Martin L.B., Weil Z.M., Nelson R.J. Refining approaches and diversifying directions in ecoimmunology. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2006, 46:1030-1039.
    • (2006) Integr. Comp. Biol. , vol.46 , pp. 1030-1039
    • Martin, L.B.1    Weil, Z.M.2    Nelson, R.J.3
  • 31
    • 35248888498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and hormonal correlates of antipredator behavior in adult Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi)
    • Mateo J.M. Ecological and hormonal correlates of antipredator behavior in adult Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2007, 62:37-49.
    • (2007) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.62 , pp. 37-49
    • Mateo, J.M.1
  • 32
    • 41649099731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverted-U shape relationship between cortisol and learning in ground squirrels
    • Mateo J.M. Inverted-U shape relationship between cortisol and learning in ground squirrels. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2008, 89:582-590.
    • (2008) Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. , vol.89 , pp. 582-590
    • Mateo, J.M.1
  • 33
    • 77958497281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alarm calls elicit predator-specific physiological responses
    • Mateo J.M. Alarm calls elicit predator-specific physiological responses. Biol. Lett. 2010, 6:623-625.
    • (2010) Biol. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 623-625
    • Mateo, J.M.1
  • 34
    • 27744474954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validation of extraction methods for noninvasive sampling of glucocorticoids in free-living ground squirrels
    • Mateo J.M., Cavigelli S.A. A validation of extraction methods for noninvasive sampling of glucocorticoids in free-living ground squirrels. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2005, 78:1069-1084.
    • (2005) Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , vol.78 , pp. 1069-1084
    • Mateo, J.M.1    Cavigelli, S.A.2
  • 36
    • 33745249520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No simple answers for ecological immunology: relationships among immune indices at the individual level break down at the species level in waterfowl
    • Matson K.D., Cohen A.A., Klasing K.C., Ricklefs R.E., Scheuerlein A. No simple answers for ecological immunology: relationships among immune indices at the individual level break down at the species level in waterfowl. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2006, 273:815-822.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , vol.273 , pp. 815-822
    • Matson, K.D.1    Cohen, A.A.2    Klasing, K.C.3    Ricklefs, R.E.4    Scheuerlein, A.5
  • 37
    • 33744903433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capture stress and the bactericidal competence of blood and plasma in five species of tropical birds
    • Matson K.D., Tieleman B.I., Klasing K.C. Capture stress and the bactericidal competence of blood and plasma in five species of tropical birds. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2006, 79:556-564.
    • (2006) Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , vol.79 , pp. 556-564
    • Matson, K.D.1    Tieleman, B.I.2    Klasing, K.C.3
  • 39
    • 84865601888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-specific variation in brown-headed cowbird immunity following acute stress: a mechanistic approach
    • Merrill L., Angelier F., O'Loghlen A.L., Rothstein S.I., Wingfield J.C. Sex-specific variation in brown-headed cowbird immunity following acute stress: a mechanistic approach. Oecologia 2012, 170:25-38.
    • (2012) Oecologia , vol.170 , pp. 25-38
    • Merrill, L.1    Angelier, F.2    O'Loghlen, A.L.3    Rothstein, S.I.4    Wingfield, J.C.5
  • 41
    • 33748935731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying and comparing constitutive immunity across avian species
    • Millet S., Bennett J., Lee K.A., Hau M., Klasing K.C. Quantifying and comparing constitutive immunity across avian species. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2007, 31:188-201.
    • (2007) Dev. Comp. Immunol. , vol.31 , pp. 188-201
    • Millet, S.1    Bennett, J.2    Lee, K.A.3    Hau, M.4    Klasing, K.C.5
  • 42
    • 82355181904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific alterations in complement protein activity of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) hibernating in white-nose syndrome affected sites
    • Moore M.S., Reichard J.D., Murtha T.D., Zahedi B., Fallier R.M., Thomas H. Specific alterations in complement protein activity of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) hibernating in white-nose syndrome affected sites. PLOS ONE 2011, 6:1-11.
    • (2011) PLOS ONE , vol.6 , pp. 1-11
    • Moore, M.S.1    Reichard, J.D.2    Murtha, T.D.3    Zahedi, B.4    Fallier, R.M.5    Thomas, H.6
  • 44
    • 33646922129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma glucocorticoid concentrations and body mass in ground squirrels: seasonal variation and circannual organization
    • Nunes S., Pelz K.M., Muecke E.M., Holekamp K.E., Zucker I. Plasma glucocorticoid concentrations and body mass in ground squirrels: seasonal variation and circannual organization. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2006, 146:136-143.
    • (2006) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , vol.146 , pp. 136-143
    • Nunes, S.1    Pelz, K.M.2    Muecke, E.M.3    Holekamp, K.E.4    Zucker, I.5
  • 45
    • 47249155637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between energetic condition and indicators of immune function in thrushes during spring migration
    • Owen J.C., Moore F.R. Relationship between energetic condition and indicators of immune function in thrushes during spring migration. Can. J. Zool. 2008, 86:638-647.
    • (2008) Can. J. Zool. , vol.86 , pp. 638-647
    • Owen, J.C.1    Moore, F.R.2
  • 46
    • 84855829434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrelations among immune defense indexes reflect major components of the immune system in a free-living vertebrate
    • Palacios M.G., Cunnick J.E., Winkler D.W., Vleck C.M. Interrelations among immune defense indexes reflect major components of the immune system in a free-living vertebrate. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2012, 85:1-10.
    • (2012) Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , vol.85 , pp. 1-10
    • Palacios, M.G.1    Cunnick, J.E.2    Winkler, D.W.3    Vleck, C.M.4
  • 47
    • 0018640439 scopus 로고
    • Generation time statistics of Escherichia coli B measured by synchronous culture techniques
    • Plank L.D., Harvey J.D. Generation time statistics of Escherichia coli B measured by synchronous culture techniques. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1979, 115:69-77.
    • (1979) J. Gen. Microbiol. , vol.115 , pp. 69-77
    • Plank, L.D.1    Harvey, J.D.2
  • 48
    • 38949101606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gonadal hormone-dependent and independent regulation of immune function by photoperiod in Siberian hamsters
    • Prendergast B.J., Baillie S.R., Dhabhar F.S. Gonadal hormone-dependent and independent regulation of immune function by photoperiod in Siberian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008, 294:R384-R392.
    • (2008) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. , vol.294
    • Prendergast, B.J.1    Baillie, S.R.2    Dhabhar, F.S.3
  • 51
    • 53149108929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental and hormonal correlates of immune activity in a cooperatively breeding tropical bird
    • Rubenstein D.R., Parlow A.F., Hutch C.R., Martin L.B. Environmental and hormonal correlates of immune activity in a cooperatively breeding tropical bird. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2008, 159:10-15.
    • (2008) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , vol.159 , pp. 10-15
    • Rubenstein, D.R.1    Parlow, A.F.2    Hutch, C.R.3    Martin, L.B.4
  • 52
    • 0030834399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons
    • Sapolsky R.M., Alberts S.C., Altmann J. Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997, 54:1137-1143.
    • (1997) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 1137-1143
    • Sapolsky, R.M.1    Alberts, S.C.2    Altmann, J.3
  • 53
    • 0034454682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppresive, stimulatory, and preparative actions
    • Sapolsky R.M., Romero L.M., Munck A.U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppresive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21:55-89.
    • (2000) Endocr. Rev. , vol.21 , pp. 55-89
    • Sapolsky, R.M.1    Romero, L.M.2    Munck, A.U.3
  • 54
    • 0000832707 scopus 로고
    • Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls
    • Sherman P.W. Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls. Science 1977, 197:1246-1253.
    • (1977) Science , vol.197 , pp. 1246-1253
    • Sherman, P.W.1
  • 55
    • 0021556758 scopus 로고
    • Demography of Belding's ground squirrels
    • Sherman P.W., Morton M.L. Demography of Belding's ground squirrels. Ecology 1984, 65:1617-1628.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1617-1628
    • Sherman, P.W.1    Morton, M.L.2
  • 56
    • 70349909511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A test of life-history theories of immune defence in two ecotypes of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans
    • Sparkman A.M., Palacios M.G. A test of life-history theories of immune defence in two ecotypes of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans. J. Anim. Ecol. 2009, 78:1242-1248.
    • (2009) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.78 , pp. 1242-1248
    • Sparkman, A.M.1    Palacios, M.G.2
  • 58
    • 26244439669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive innate immunity is a component of the pace-of-life syndrome in tropical birds
    • Tieleman B.I., Williams J.B., Ricklefs R.E., Klasing K.C. Constitutive innate immunity is a component of the pace-of-life syndrome in tropical birds. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2005, 272:1715-1720.
    • (2005) Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , vol.272 , pp. 1715-1720
    • Tieleman, B.I.1    Williams, J.B.2    Ricklefs, R.E.3    Klasing, K.C.4
  • 60
    • 58849162652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal glucocorticoids reflect socio-ecological and anthropogenic stressors in the lives of wild spotted hyenas
    • Van Meter P.E., French J.A., Dloniak S.M., Watts H.E., Kolowski J.M., Holekamp K.E. Fecal glucocorticoids reflect socio-ecological and anthropogenic stressors in the lives of wild spotted hyenas. Horm. Behav. 2009, 55:329-337.
    • (2009) Horm. Behav. , vol.55 , pp. 329-337
    • Van Meter, P.E.1    French, J.A.2    Dloniak, S.M.3    Watts, H.E.4    Kolowski, J.M.5    Holekamp, K.E.6
  • 61
    • 84865159296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do immunological, endocrine and metabolic traits fall on a single pace-of-life axis? Covariation and constraints among physiological systems
    • Versteegh M.A., Schwabl I., Jaquier S., Tieleman B.I. Do immunological, endocrine and metabolic traits fall on a single pace-of-life axis? Covariation and constraints among physiological systems. J. Evol. Biol. 2012, 25:1864-1876.
    • (2012) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.25 , pp. 1864-1876
    • Versteegh, M.A.1    Schwabl, I.2    Jaquier, S.3    Tieleman, B.I.4
  • 62
    • 79955546353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The arcsine is asinine: the analysis of proportions in ecology
    • Warton D.I., Hui F.K. The arcsine is asinine: the analysis of proportions in ecology. Ecology 2011, 92:3-10.
    • (2011) Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 3-10
    • Warton, D.I.1    Hui, F.K.2
  • 64
    • 70349321504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photoperiod and food restriction differentially affect reproductive and immune responses in Siberian hamsters Phodopus sungorus
    • Zysling D.A., Garst A.D., Demas G.E. Photoperiod and food restriction differentially affect reproductive and immune responses in Siberian hamsters Phodopus sungorus. Funct. Ecol. 2009, 23:979-988.
    • (2009) Funct. Ecol. , vol.23 , pp. 979-988
    • Zysling, D.A.1    Garst, A.D.2    Demas, G.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.