Psychotropic drugs

Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 288-320

  Garbis, Hanneke ^a   McElhatton, Patricia R ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b Wolfson Unit   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882877825     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-044452072-2/50015-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Abebe-Campino G, Offer D, Stahl B, et al. Cardiac arrhythmia in a newborn infant associated with fluoxetine use during pregnancy. Ann Pharmacother 2002, 36:533-534.
2. Altshuler LL, Cohen L, Szuba MP, et al. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:592-606.
3. Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen S, et al. Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and risk for birth defects. Birth Defects Res A 2005, 73:291.
4. Anderson GM, Czarkowski K, Ravski N Platelet serotonin in newborns, infants: ontogeny and heritability and effect on in utero exposure to selective serotonin reup-take inhibitors. Pediatr Res 2004, 56:418-422.
5. Arai H, Shinotoh H, Hattori T L-dopa/benserazide during pregnancy in a patient with juvenile parkinsonism. Clin Neurol 1997, 37:264-265.
6. Barnas C, Bergant A, Hummer M, et al. Clozapine concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic fluid and breast milk. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:945.
7. Biswas PN, Wilton LV, Pearce GL, et al. The pharmacovigilance of olanzapine: results of a post-marketing surveillance study on 8858 patients in England. J Psychopharmacol 2001, 15:265-271.
8. Biswas PN, Wilton LV, Shakir SAW The pharmacovigilance of mirtazapine: results of a prescription event monitoring study on 13 554 patients in England. J Psychopharmacol 2003, 17:121-126.
9. Bloem BR, Lammers GJ, Roofthooft DW, et al. Clomipramine withdrawal in new-borns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 81:F77.
10. Bonari L, Pinto N, Ahn E, et al. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during preg-nancy. Can J Psychiatry 2004, 49:726-734.
11. Bonnot O, Vollset SE, Godet PF, et al. Maternal exposure to lorazepam and anal atre-sia in newborns: results from a hypothesis-generating study of benzodiazepines and malformations. J Psychopharmacol 2001, 21:456-458.
12. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation 2005, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 7th edn.
13. Bromiker R, Kaplan M Apparent intrauterine fetal withdrawal from clomipramine hydrochloride. J Am Med Assoc 1994, 272:1722-1723.
14. Brunei P, Vial T, Roche I, et al. Suivi de 151 grossesses exposées á un traitement anti-depresseur (IMAO exclus) au cours de Porganogenése. Thérapie 1994, 49:117-122.
15. Casper RC, Fleischer BE, Lee-Ancajas JC, et al. Follow-up of children of depressed mothers exposed or not exposed to antidepressant drugs during pregnancy. J Pediatrics 2003, 142:402-408.
16. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, et al. Birth outcomes in pregnant women tak-ing fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1010-1015.
17. Chambers CD, Dick LM, Felix RJ, et al. Pregnancy outcome in women who use sertra-line. Teratology 1999, 59:6.
18. Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:579-587.
19. Chun-Fai-Chan B, Koren G, Fayez I, et al. Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to bupropion during pregnancy: a prospective comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005, 192:932-936.
20. Cohen LS, Friedman JM, Jefferson JW, et al. A re-evaluation of risk of in utero expo-sure to lithium. J Am Med Assoc 1994, 271:146-150.
21. Cohen LS, Heller VL, Bailey JW, et al. Birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:996-1000.
22. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during preg-nancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. J Am Med Assoc 2006, 295:499-507.
23. Collins KO, Comer JB Maternal haloperidol therapy associated with dyskinesia in a newborn. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2003, 60:2253-2255.
24. Costei AM, Kozer E, Ho T, et al. Perinatal outcome following third-trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002, 156:1129-1132.
25. Cott AD, Wisner KL Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Intl Rev Psychiatry 2003, 15:217-230.
26. Czeizel AE, Erös E, Rockenbauer M, et al. Short-term oral diazepam treatment during pregnancy. A population-based teratological case-control study. Clin Drug Invest 2003, 23:451-462.
27. Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sørensen HT, et al. A population-based case-control study of oral chlordiazepoxide use during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnor-malities. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2004, 26:593-598.
28. Davis JM, Chen N Dose response and dose equivalence of antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004, 24:192-208.
29. DeBooy VD, Seshia MM, Tenenbein M, et al. Intravenous pentazocine and methylphenidate abuse during pregnancy. Maternal lifestyle and infant outcome. Am J Dis Child 1993, 147:1062-1065.
30. Desmond MM, Schwanecke RP, Wilson GS, et al. Maternal barbiturate utilization and neonatal withdrawal symptomatology. J Pediatr 1972, 80:190-197.
31. Diav-Citrin O, Okotore B, Lucarelli K, et al. Pregnancy outcome following first-trimester exposure to zopiclone: a prospective controlled cohort study. Am J Perinatal 1999, 16:157-160.
32. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Aharonovich A, et al. Pregnancy outcome after gesta-tional exposure to loratadine or other antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111:1239-1243.
33. Diav-Citrin O (A), Shechtman S, Weinbaum D, et al. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a multicenter prospective, controlled study. Reprod Toxicol 2005, 20:459.
34. Diav-Citrin O (B), Shechtman S, Ornoy S, et al. Safety of haloperidol and penfluridol in pregnancy: a multicenter prospective, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:317-322.
35. di Gianantonio E, Petrella M, Andrisani A, et al. Venlafaxine in pregnancy: a prospec-tive controlled study Abstract. Reprod Toxicol 2006, 22:269.
36. Djulus J, Koren G, Einarson TR, et al. Exposure to mirtazapine during pregnancy: a prospective, comparative study of birth outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:1280-1284.
37. Dolovich LR, Addis A, Regis Vaillancourt, et al. Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control stud-ies. Br Med J 1998, 317:839-843.
38. Dorn C, Pantlen A, Rohde A Mirtazapin (Remergil®): Behandlungsoption bei thera-pieresistenter Hyperemesis gravidarum?-ein Fallbericht. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2002, 62:1-4.
39. Dubnov G, Fogelman R, Merlob P Prolonged Q interval in an infant of a fluoxetine treated mother. Arch Dis Child 2005, 90:972-973.
40. Einarson A, Bailey B, Jung G, et al. Prospective controlled study of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 78:183-186.
41. Einarson A (A), Selby P, Koren G Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs dur-ing pregnancy: fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counseling. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001, 26:44-48.
42. Einarson A (B), Fatoye B, Sarkar M, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1728-1730.
43. Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S, et al. A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 2003, 48:106-110.
44. Ellingrod VL, Perry PJ Venflaxine: a hetercyclic antidepressant. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51:3033-3046.
45. Ericsson A, Källén B, Wiholm BE Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 55:503-508.
46. Ernst LC, Goldberg JE J Clin Psychiatry 2002, 63:42-55.
47. Erös E, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, et al. A population-based case-control study of nitrazepam, medazepam tofisopam, alprazolam and clonazepam treatment dur-ing pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002, 101:147-154.
48. Frassetto F, Tourneur-Martel F, Barjhoux C-L Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. Ann Pharmacother 2002, 36:1745-1748.
49. Gentile S Clinical utilization of atypical antipsychotics in pregnancy and lactation. Ann Pharmacother 2004, 38:1265-1271.
50. GlaxoSmithKline. Bupropion Pregnancy Registry - Interim Report, 1 September 1997 through 28 February 2006. Issued: June 2006.
51. Gold LH Treatment of depression during pregnancy. J Women's Health Gender-Based Med 1999, 8:601-607.
52. Goldstein DJ Effects of third trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995, 15:417-420.
53. Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Sundell KL Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol 1997, 89:713-718.
54. Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Fung MC Olanzapine-exposed pregnancies and lactation: early experience. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000, 20:399-403.
55. Golub M, Costa L, Crofton K, et al. NTP-CERHR Expert Panel Report on the repro-ductive and developmental toxicity of methylphenidate. Birth Defects Res B 2005, 74:300-381.
56. Guclu S, Gol M, Dogan E, Saygili U Mirtazapine use in resistant hyperemesis gravi-darum: report of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005, 272:298-300.
57. Gupta N, Grover S Safety of clozapine in 2 successive pregnancies. Can J Psychiatry 2004, 49:865.
58. Haddad PM, Pal BR, Clarke P, et al. Neonatal symptoms following maternal paroxe-tine treatment: serotonin toxicity or paroxetine discontinuation syndrome?. J Psychopharmacol 2005, 19:554-557.
59. Hallberg P, Sjöblom V The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during preg-nancy and breast-feeding: a review and clinical aspects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005, 25:59-73.
60. Hansen D, Lou HC, Olsen J Serious life events and congenital malformations: a national study with complete follow-up. Lancet 2000, 356:875-880.
61. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P, et al. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 72:184-191.
62. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Palo P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxe-tine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003, 73:330-337.
63. Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy 1977, Publishing Science Group, Littleton, MA.
64. Hemels MEH, Einarson A, Koren G, et al. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the rates of spontaneous abortions: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2005, 39:803-809.
65. Hendrick V (A), Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, et al. Placental passage of antidepressant medications. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:993-996.
66. Hendrick V (B), Smith LM, Suri R, et al. Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188:812-815.
67. Henke M, Schmidt KG Aktuelle Arzneitherapie der Schizophrenie: Empfehlungen für den Allgemeinarzt. Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis 2005, 32:20-22.
68. Hostetter A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR, et al. Dose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors across pregnancy: clinical implications. Depress Anxiety 2000, 11:51-57.
69. Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatric Services 2002, 53:39-49.
70. Isbister GK, Dawson A, Whyte I, et al. Neonatal paroxetine withdrawal syndrome or actually serotonin syndrome?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001, 85:F147-F148.
71. Jablensky AV, Morgan V, Zubrick, et al. Pregnancy, delivery and neonatal complica-tions in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:79-91.
72. Jacobson SJ, Jones K, Johnson K, et al. Prospective multicentre study of pregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during first trimester. Lancet 1992, 339:530-533.
73. Jaiswal S, Coombs RC, Isbister GK Paroxetine withdrawal in a neonate with histori-cal and laboratory confirmation. Eur J Pediatr 2003, 162:723-724.
74. Källén B Neonate characteristics after maternal use of antidepressants in late preg-nancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc 2004, 158:312-316.
75. Källén B, Otterblad Olausson P Antidepressant drugs during pregnancy and infant congenital heart defect. Reprod Toxicol 2006, 21:221-222.
76. Kennedy DS, Evans N, Wang I, et al. Fetal abnormalities associated with high-dose tranylcypromine in two consecutive pregnancies Abstract. Teratology 2000, 61:441.
77. Kesim M, Yaris F, Kadioglu M, et al. Mirtazapine use in two pregnant women. Is it safe?. Teratology 2002, 66:204.
78. Kirchheiner J, Berghofer A, Bolk-Weischedel D Healthy outcome under olanzapine treatment in a pregnant woman. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000, 33:78-80.
79. Kozma C Neonatal toxicity and transient neurodevelopment deficits following pre-natal exposure to lithium: another clinical report and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 2005, 132A:441-444.
80. Kulin NA, Patuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Am Med Assoc 1998, 279:609-610.
81. Laine K, Kytölä J, Bertilsson L Severe adverse effect in a newborn with two defective CYP2D6 alleles after exposure to paroxetine during late pregnancy. Ther Drug Monit 2004, 26:685-687.
82. Levey L, Ragan K, Hower-Hartley A, et al. Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. Neurol Clin 2004, 22:863-893.
83. Levinson AJ, Zipursky RB Antipsychotics and the treatment of women with psychosis. Handbook of Female Psychopharmacology 2003, 63. Martin Dunitz, London. M. Steiner, G. Koren (Eds.).
84. Levinson-Costiel R, Merlob P, Linder N, et al. Neonatal abstinence syncrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006, 160:173-176.
85. Lieberman J, Safferman AZ Clinical profile of clozapine: adverse reactions and agranulocytosis. Clozapine in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: A Scientific Update 1992, Royal Society of Medicine, London. Y. Lapierre, B. Jones (Eds.).
86. Lieberman J, Stroup S, McEvoy J, et al. Clinical antipsychiotic trials of intervention effec-tiveness (CATIE) investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophren. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:1209-1223.
87. Lin AE, Peller AJ, Westgate M-N, et al. Clonazepam use in pregnancy and the risk of mal-formations. Birth Defects Res A 2004, 70:534-536.
88. Llewellyn A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR The use of lithium and management of women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 2):57-64.
89. Loughhead AM, Stowe ZN, Newport, et al. Placental passage of tricyclic antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:287-290.
90. MacKay FJ, Wilton LV, Pearce GL, et al. The safety of risperidone: a post-marketing study on 7684 patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1998, 12:413-418.
91. Malek-Ahmadi P Olanzapine in pregnancy. Ann Pharmacother 2001, 35:1294-1295.
92. Malm H, Klaukka T, Neuvonen P Risks associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 106:1289-1296.
93. Mattson SN, Eastvold KL, Jones JA, et al. Neurobehavioral follow-up of children prena-tally exposed to fluoxetine. Teratology 1999, 59:376.
94. Mattson SN, Calarco KE, Kao KK, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants and toddlers exposed prenatally to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Birth Defects Res A 2004, 70:261.
95. McElhatton PR The use of phenothiazines during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 1992, 6:475-490.
96. McElhatton PR The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 1994, 8:461-475.
97. McElhatton PR, Garbis HM, Eléfant E., et al. The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A Collaborative Study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Reprod Toxicol 1996, 10:285-294.
98. McKenna K, Koren G, Tetelbaum M, et al. Pregnancy outcome of women using atyp-ical antipsychotic drugs: a prospective comparative study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:444-449.
99. Mendhekar DN, War L, Sharma JB, et al. Olanzapine and Pregnancy. Pharmacopsy-chiatry 2002, 35:122-123.
100. Mendhekar DN (A), Sharma JB, Srilakshmi P Use of aripiprazole during late preg-nancy in a woman with psychotic illness. Ann Pharmacother 2006, 40:575.
101. Mendhekar DN (B), Sunder KR, Andrade C Aripiprazole use in a pregnant schizoaf-fective woman. Bipolar Disord 2006, 8:299-300.
102. Milkovich L, Van Den Berg BJ Effects of prenatal meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on human embryonic and fetal development. N Engl J Med 1974, 291:1268-1271.
103. Mohan MS, Patole SK, Whitehall JS Severe hypothermia in a neonate following antenatal exposure to haloperidol. J Paediatr Child Health 2000, 36:412.
104. Moor RA, Mourad L, Haar J, et al. Withdrawal symptoms in a neonatal infant following exposure to venlafaxine during pregnancy. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 2003, 147:1370-1372.
105. Mortola JF The use of psychotropic agents in pregnancy and lactation. Psychiatric Clin North Am 1989, 12:69-87.
106. Moses-Kolko EL, Bogen D, Perel J, et al. Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Literature review and implications for clinical applications. J Am Med Assoc 2005, 293:2372-2383.
107. Mucchiut M, Belgrado E, Cutuli D, et al. Pramipexole-treated Parkinson's disease dur-ing pregnancy. Mov Disord 2004, 19:1114-1115.
108. Hungarian. Orv Hetil 2001, 142:137-138.
109. German. Nervenarzt 2001, 72:876-878.
110. Nomoto M, Kaseda S, Iwata S, et al. Levodopa in pregnancy Letter. Mov Disord 1997, 12:261.
111. Nonacs R, Cohen LS Depression during pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment options. J Clin Psychiatry 2002, 63(Suppl 7):24-30.
112. Nordeng H, Spigset O Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the third trimester of pregnancy. Drug Saf 2005, 28:565-581.
113. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:258-262.
114. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Child development following exposure to tri-cyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:1889-1895.
115. Nulman I, Knittel-Keren D, Valo S, et al. Child neurodevelopment following exposure to venlafaxine in utero, unexposed siblings as comparison group: preliminary results Abstract. Reprod Toxicol 2006, 22:280.
116. Oberlander TF, Misri S, Fitzgerald CE, et al. Pharmacologic factors associated with tran-sient neonatal symptoms following prenatal psychotropic medication exposure. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:230-237.
117. Okotore B, Einarson A, Chambers CD, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Teratology 1999, 59:439.
118. Ornoy A, Arnon J, Shechtman S, et al. Is benzodiazepine use during pregnancy really teratogenic?. Reprod Toxicol 1998, 12:511-515.
119. Patuszak A, Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C, et al. Pregnancy outcome following first-trimester exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac). J Am Med Assoc 1993, 269:2246-2248.
120. Patuszak A, Milich V, Chan S, et al. Prospective assessment of pregnancy outcome fol-lowing first trimester exposure to benzodiazepines. Can J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 3:167-171.
121. Peinemann F, Daldrup T Severe and prolonged sedation in five neonates due to per-sistence of active diazepam metabolites. Eur J Pediatr 2001, 160:378-381.
122. Pinelli JM, Symington AF, Cunningham KA, et al. Case report and review of the peri-natal implications of maternal lithium use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 187:245-249.
123. Rampono J, Proud S, Hackett P, et al. A pilot study of newer antidepressant concen-trations in cord and maternal serum and possible effects in the neonate. Intl J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004, 7:329-334.
124. Ratnayake T, Libretto SE No complications with risperidone treatment before and throughout pregnancy and during the nursing period. J Clin Psychiatry 2002, 63:76-77.
125. Rodriguez-Pinilla E Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines: a case-control study. Presentation at the 10th Annual Conference of the European Network of Teratology Information Services 1999.
126. Rohde A, Dembinski J, Dorn C Mirtazapine (Remergil®) for treatment resistant hyperemesis gravidarum: rescue of a twin pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2003, 268:219-221.
127. Rosenheck R, Perlick D, Bingham S, et al. Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol treatment of schizophrenia. J Am Med Assoc 2003, 290:2693-2702.
128. Saks BR Mirtazapine: treatment of depression, anxiety hyperemesis gravidarum in the pregnant patient. A report of 7 cases. Arch Womens Ment Health 2001, 3:165-170.
129. Santos RP, Pergolizzi JJ Transient neonatal jitteriness due to maternal use of sertra-line. J Perinatol 2004, 24:392-394.
130. Sanz EJ, de las Cuevas C, Kiuru A, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet 2005, 365:482-487.
131. Schatz M, Petitti D Antihistamines and pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 78:157-159.
132. Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C Alprazolam exposure during early human pregnancy. Teratology 1992, 45:460.
133. Schimmell MS, Katz EZ, Shaag Y, et al. Toxic neonatal effects following clomipramine therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1991, 29:479-484.
134. Shepard TH, Brent RL, Friedman JM, et al. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology 2002, 65:153-161.
135. Simon GE, Cunningham ML, Davis RL Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:2055-2061.
136. Sivojelezova A, Shushaiber S, Sarkissian L, et al. Citalopram use in pregnancy: prospec-tive comparative evaluation of pregnancy and fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005, 193:2004-2009.
137. St Clair SM, Schirmer RG First-trimester exposure to alprazolam. Obstet Gynecol 1992, 80:843-846.
138. Stoner SC, Sommi RW, Marken PA, et al. Clozapine use in two full-term pregnancies. J. Clin Psychiatry 1997, 58:364.
139. Tabacova SA, McCloskey CA, Fisher JR Adverse developmental events reported to FDA in association with maternal citalopram treatment in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A 2004, 70:361.
140. Tabacova SA, McCloskey CA, Fisher JR Withdrawal-type adverse events reported to FDA in association with maternal citalopram treatment in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A 2005, 73:299.
141. Taylor TM, O'Toole MS, Ohlsen RI, et al. Safety of quetiapine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:588-589.
142. Tényi T, Trixler M, Keresztes Z Quetiapine and pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:674.
143. Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in preg-nant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:179-184.
144. Viguera AC, Cohen LS, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Managing bipolar disorder during preg-nancy: weighing the risks and the benefits. Can J Psychiatry 2002, 47:426-436.
145. von Graeventiz KS, Shulman LM, Revell SP Levodopa in pregnancy. Mov Disord 1996, 11:115-116.
146. Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Martin RM, et al. The outcomes of pregnancy women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998, 105:882-889.
147. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Wheeler SB Tricyclic dose requirements across pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:1541-1542.
148. Wogelius P, Norgaard M, Gislum M, et al. Maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of congenital malformations. Epidemiology 2006, 17:701-704.
149. Yaris F (A), Kadioglu M, Kesim M, et al. Newer antidepressants in pregnancy: prospective outcome of a case series. Reprod Toxicol 2004, 19:235-238.
150. Yaris F (B), Yaris E, Kadioglu M, et al. Use of polypharmacotherapy in pregnancy: a prospective outcome in a case. Progress Neuropharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004, 28:603-605.
151. Yogev Y, Ben-Haroush A, Kaplan B Maternal clozapine treatment and decreased fetal heart rate variability. Intl J Gynecol Obstet 2002, 79:259-260.
152. Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stowe, et al. Management of bipolar disorder during preg-nancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:608-620.
153. Zalzstein I, Koren G, Einarson T, et al. A case-control study on the association between first trimester exposure to lithium and Ebstein's anomaly. Amer J Cardiol 1990, 65:817-818.