Specializations of the cortical microstructure of humans

Evolution of Nervous Systems

Volumn 4, Issue , 2007, Pages 167-190

  DeFelipe, J ^a   Alonso Nanclares, L ^a   Arellano, J ^a   Ballesteros Yanez I ^a   Benavides Piccione, R ^a   Munoz A ^a  

^a INSTITUTO CAJAL   (Spain)

Author keywords

Interneurons; Macrocolumns; Minicolumns; Neocortex; Pyramidal cells; Synapses

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882814848     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00043-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (178)

1. Agnati L.F., Fuxe K. Volume transmission as a key feature of information handling in the central nervous system possible new interpretative value of the Turing's B-type machine. Prog. Brain Res. 2000, 125:3-19.
2. Amitai Y. Thalamocortical synaptic connections: Efficacy, modulation, inhibition and plasticity. Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 12:159-173.
3. Anderson S., Mione M., Yun K., Rubenstein J.L. Differential origins of neocortical projection and local circuit neurons: Role of Dlx genes in neocortical interneuronogenesis. Cereb. Cortex 1999, 9:646-654.
4. Anderson S.A., Kaznowski C.E., Horn C., Rubenstein J.L., McConnell S.K. Distinct origins of neocortical projection neurons and interneurons in vivo. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:702-709.
5. Arellano J.I., DeFelipe J., Muñoz A. PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity in chandelier cell axon terminals of the human temporal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:617-624.
6. Arellano J.I., Muñoz A., Ballesteros-Yáñez I., Sola R.G., DeFelipe J. Histopathology and reorganization of chandelier cells in the human epileptic sclerotic hippocampus. Brain 2004, 127:45-64.
7. Bailey P., von Bonin G. The Isocortex of Man 1951, University of Illinois Press.
8. Ballesteros-Yáñez I., Muñoz A., Contreras J., Gonzalez J., Rodriguez-Veiga E., DeFelipe J. The double bouquet cell in the human cerebral cortex and a comparison with other mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 486:344-360.
9. Beaulieu C. Numerical data on neocortical neurons in adult rat, with special reference to the GABA population. Brain Res. 1993, 609:284-292.
10. Beaulieu C., Colonnier M. A laminar analysis of the number of round-asymmetrical and flat-symmetrical synapses on spines, dendritic trunks, and cell bodies in area 17 of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1985, 231:180-189.
11. Beaulieu C., Colonnier M. Number and size of neurons and synapses in the motor cortex of cats raised in different environmental complexities. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 289:178-181.
12. Beaulieu C., Kisvarday Z., Somogyi P., Cynader M., Cowey A. Quantitative distribution of GABA-immunopositive and -immunonegative neurons and synapses in the monkey striate cortex (area 17). Cereb. Cortex 1992, 2:295-309.
13. Beaulieu C., Campistron G., Crevier C. Quantitative aspects of the GABA circuitry in the primary visual cortex of the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 339:559-572.
14. Benavides-Piccione R., DeFelipe J. Different populations of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons defined by differential expression of nitric oxide synthase in the human temporal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2003, 13:297-307.
15. Blue M.E., Parnavelas J.G. The formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. II: Quantitative analysis. J. Neurocytol. 1983, 12:697-712.
16. Bourgeois J.P., Goldman-Rakic P.S., Rakic P. Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 1994, 4:78-96.
17. Buxhoeveden D.P., Casanova M.F. The minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience. Brain 2002, 125:935-951.
18. Cajal S.R. The Croonian Lecture: La fine structure des centres nerveux. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1894, 55:444-468. Translated in DeFelipe, J. and Jones, E.G. 1988. Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.
19. Cajal S.R. Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. I: Corteza visual. Rev. Trimest. Micrográf. (Madrid) 1899, 4:1-63. Translated in DeFelipe, J. and Jones, E. G. 1988. Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.
20. Cajal S.R. Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. II: Estructura de la corteza motriz del hombre y mamíferos superiores. Rev. Trimest. Micrográf. (Madrid) 1899, 4:117-200. Translated in DeFelipe, J. and Jones, E. G. 1988. Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.
21. Cajal S.R. Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. III: Estructura de la corteza acústica. Rev. Trimest. Micrográf. (Madrid) 1900, 5:129-183. Translated in DeFelipe, J. and Jones, E. G. 1988. Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.
22. Cajal S.R. Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. IV: Estructura de la corteza cerebral olfativa del hombre y mamíferos. Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. (Univ. Madrid) 1901, 1:1-140. Translated in DeFelipe, J. and Jones, E. G. 1988. Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.
23. Cajal S.R. Histologie du systéme nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés. vol. 2 (transl., L. Azoulay), Maloine. English translations: 1995, Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates (Engl. transl. N. Swanson and L. W. Swanson) 1911, Oxford University Press, 1995, Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (an annotated and edited translation of the original Spanish text with the additions of the French version by P. Pasik and T. Pasik), Wien. Springer,2000-2001.
24. Cajal, S. R. 1917. Recuerdos de mi vida, vol. 2. Historia de mi labor científica. Moya.
25. Campbell M.J., Morrison J.H. Monoclonal antibody to neurofilament protein (SMI-32) labels a subpopulation of pyramidal neurons in the human and monkey neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 282:191-205.
26. Colonnier M. Synaptic patterns on different cell types in the different laminae of the cat visual cortex. An electron microscope study. Brain Res. 1968, 9:268-287.
27. Colonnier M. The electron microscopic analysis of the neuronal organization of the cerebral cortex. Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 1981, 125-152. MIT Press. F.O. Schmitt, F.G. Worden, G. Adelman, S.G. Dennis (Eds.).
28. Conti F., Weinberg R.J. Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses. Trends Neurosci. 1999, 22:451-458.
29. Cragg B.G. The density of synapses and neurones in the motor and visual areas of the cerebral cortex. J. Anat. 1967, 101:639-654.
30. DeFelipe J. Neocortical neuronal diversity: Chemical heterogeneity revealed by colocalization studies of classic neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, calcium-binding proteins, and cell surface molecules. Cereb. Cortex 1993, 3:273-289.
31. DeFelipe J. Types of neurons, synaptic connections and chemical characteristics of cells immunoreactive for calbindin-D28K, parvalbumin and calretinin in the neocortex. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1997, 14:1-19.
32. DeFelipe J. Chandelier cells and epilepsy. Brain 1999, 122:1807-1822.
33. DeFelipe J. Cortical interneurons: From Cajal to 2001. Prog. Brain Res. 2002, 136:215-238.
34. DeFelipe J. Reflections on the structure of the cortical minicolumn. Neocortical Modularity and the Cell Minicolumn 2005, 57-91. Nova Science Publishers. M.F. Casanova (Ed.).
35. DeFelipe J., Fairén A. Synaptic connections of an interneuron with axonal arcades in the cat visual cortex. J. Neurocytol. 1988, 17:313-323.
36. DeFelipe J., Fariñas I. The pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex: Morphological and chemical characteristics of the synaptic inputs. Prog. Neurobiol. 1992, 39:563-607.
37. DeFelipe J., González-Albo M.C. Chandelier cell axons are immunoreactive for GAT-1 in the human neocortex. Neuroreport 1998, 9:467-470.
38. DeFelipe J., Jones E.G. High-resolution light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of colocalized GABA and Calbindin D-28k in somata and double bouquet cell axons of monkey somatosensory cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1992, 4:46-60.
39. DeFelipe J., Hendry S.H., Jones E.G., Schmechel D. Variability in the terminations of GABAergic chandelier cell axons on initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in the monkey sensory-motor cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1985, 231:364-384.
40. DeFelipe J., Hendry S.H., Jones E.G. Visualization of chandelier cell axons by parvalbumin immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:2093-2097.
41. DeFelipe J., Hendry S.H., Jones E.G. Synapses of double bouquet cells in monkey cerebral cortex visualized by calbindin immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 1989, 503:49-54.
42. DeFelipe J., Hendry S.H., Hashikawa T., Molinari M., Jones E.G. A microcolumnar structure of monkey cerebral cortex revealed by immunocytochemical studies of double bouquet cell axons. Neuroscience 1990, 37:655-673.
43. DeFelipe J, Hendry S.H.C., Hashikawa T., Jones E.G. Synaptic relationships of serotonin-immunoreactive terminal baskets on GABA neurons in the cat auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1991, 1:117-133.
44. DeFelipe J., Marco P., Fairén A., Jones E.G. Inhibitory synaptogenesis in mouse somatosensory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1997, 7:619-634.
45. DeFelipe J., Marco P., Busturia I., Merchan-Perez A. Estimation of the number of synapses in the cerebral cortex: Methodological considerations. Cereb. Cortex 1999, 9:722-732.
46. DeFelipe J., González-Albo M.C., del Rio M.R., Elston G.N. Distribution and patterns of connectivity of interneurons containing calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in visual areas of the occipital and temporal lobes of the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 412:515-526.
47. DeFelipe J., Alonso-Nanclares L., Arellano J.I. Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects. J. Neurocytol. 2002, 31:299-316.
48. DeFelipe J., Arellano J.I., Merchan-Perez A., Gonzalez-Albo M.C., Walton K., Llinas R. Spaceflight induces changes in the synaptic circuitry of the postnatal developing neocortex. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:883-891.
49. DeFelipe J., Alonso-Nanclares L., Blatow M., Caputi A., Monyer H. Anatomical and molecular heterogeneity of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Microcircuits: The Interface between Neurons and Global Brain Function. Dahlem Workshop Report 93 2005, The MIT Press. S. Grillner (Ed.).
50. de Lima A.D., Morrison J.H. Ultrastructural analysis of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the temporal and occipital cortex of the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 283:212-227.
51. del Río M.R., DeFelipe J. A study of SMI 32-stained pyramidal cells, parvalbumin-immunoreactive chandelier cells, and presumptive thalamocortical axons in the human temporal neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 342:389-408.
52. del Río M.R., DeFelipe J. A light and electron microscopic study of calbindin D-28k immunoreactive double bouquet cells in the human temporal cortex. Brain Res. 1995, 690:133-140.
53. del Río M.R., DeFelipe J. Colocalization of calbindin D-28k, calretinin, and GABA immunoreactivities in neurons of the human temporal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 369:472-482.
54. del Río M.R., DeFelipe J. Colocalization of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k in neurons including chandelier cells of the human temporal neocortex. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1997, 12:165-173.
55. del Río M.R., DeFelipe J. Double bouquet cell axons in the human temporal neocortex: Relationship to bundles of myelinated axons and colocalization of calretinin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivities. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1997, 13:243-251.
56. Dexler H. Das Hirn von Halicore dugong Erxl. Gegenbaurs Morphol. Jahrb. 1913, 45:97-190.
57. Dombrowski S.M., Hilgetag C.C., Barbas H. Quantitative architecture distinguishes prefrontal cortical systems in the rhesus monkey. Cereb. Cortex 2001, 11:975-988.
58. Douglas R.J., Martin K.A. Neuronal circuits of the neocortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 27:419-451.
59. Elston G.N. Cortex, cognition and the cell: New insights into the pyramidal neuron and prefrontal function. Cereb. Cortex 2003, 13:1124-1138.
60. Elston G.N. Comparative studies of pyramidal neurons in visual cortex of monkeys. The Primate Visual System 2003, 365-385. CRC Press. J.H. Kaas, C. Collins (Eds.).
61. Elston G.N., Tweedale R., Rosa M.G. Cellular heterogeneity in cerebral cortex: A study of the morphology of pyramidal neurones in visual areas of the marmoset monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 415:33-51.
62. Elston G.N., Tweedale R., Rosa M.G. Cortical integration in the visual system of the macaque monkey: Large-scale morphological differences in the pyramidal neurons in the occipital, parietal and temporal lobes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1999, 266:1367-1374.
63. Elston G.N., Benavides-Piccione R., DeFelipe J. The pyramidal cell in cognition: A comparative study in human and monkey. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:RC163. (161-165).
64. Elston G.N., Elston A., Casagrande V., Kaas J.H. Areal specialization of pyramidal cell structure in the visual cortex of the tree shrew: A new twist revealed in the evolution of cortical circuitry. Exp. Brain Res. 2005, 163:13-20.
65. Elston G.N., Elston A., Kaas J., Casagrande V.A. Regional specialization in pyramidal cell structure in the visual cortex of the galago: An intracellular injection study with comparative notes on New World and Old World monkeys. Brain Behav. Evol. 2005, 66:10-21.
66. Fairén A., Valverde F. A specialized type of neuron in the visual cortex of cat: A Golgi and electron microscope study of chandelier cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 194:761-779.
67. Fairén A., DeFelipe J., Regidor J. Nonpyramidal neurons, general account. Cerebral Cortex. Components of the Cerebral Cortex 1984, 201-253. Plenum. A. Peters, E.G. Jones (Eds.).
68. Fariñas I., DeFelipe J. Patterns of synaptic input on corticocortical and corticothalamic cells in the cat visual cortex. II: The axon initial segment. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 304:70-77.
69. Favorov O.V., Kelly D.G. Minicolumnar organization within somatosensory cortical segregates. I: Development of afferent connections. Cereb. Cortex 1994, 4:408-427.
70. Favorov O.V., Kelly D.G. Minicolumnar organization within somatosensory cortical segregates. II: Emergent functional properties. Cereb. Cortex 1994, 4:428-442.
71. Freund T.F., Gulyás A.I. GABAergic interneurons containing calbindin D28k or somatostatin are major targets of GABAergic basal forebrain afferents in the rat neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 314:187-199.
72. Freund T.F., Martin K.A., Smith A.D., Somogyi P. Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive terminals of Golgi-impregnated axoaxonic cells and of presumed basket cells in synaptic contact with pyramidal neurons of the cat's visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1983, 221:263-278.
73. Freund T.F., Martin K.A., Soltesz I., Somogyi P., Whitteridge D. Arborisation pattern and postsynaptic targets of physiologically identified thalamocortical afferents in striate cortex of the macaque monkey. J. Comp Neurol. 1989, 289:315-336.
74. Gabbott P.L., Bacon S.J. Local circuit neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (areas 24a,b,c, 25 and 32) in the monkey. II: Quantitative areal and laminar distributions. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 364:609-636.
75. Gabbott P.L., Dickie B.G., Vaid R.R., Headlam A.J., Bacon S.J. Local-circuit neurones in the medial prefrontal cortex (areas 25, 32 and 24b) in the rat: Morphology and quantitative distribution. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997, 377:465-499.
76. Gaspar P., Berger B., Febvret A., Vigny A., Krieger-Poulet M., Borri-Voltattorni C. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex: A novel catecholaminergic group?. Neurosci. Lett. 1987, 80:257-262.
77. Glezer I.I., Morgane P.J. Ultrastructure of synapses and golgi analysis of neurons in neocortex of the lateral gyrus (visual cortex) of the dolphin and pilot whale. Brain Res. Bull. 1990, 24:401-427.
78. Glezer I.I., Jacobs M.S., Morgane P.J. Implications of the 'initial brain' concept for brain evolution in Cetacea. Behav. Brain Sci. 1988, 11:75-116.
79. Glezer I.I., Hof P.R., Leranth C., Morgane P.J. Calcium-binding protein-containing neuronal populations in mammalian visual cortex: A comparative study in whales, insectivores, bats, rodents, and primates. Cereb. Cortex 1993, 3:249-272.
80. Glezer I.I., Hof P.R., Morgane P.J. Comparative analysis of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neuronal populations in the auditory and visual systems of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1998, 15:203-237.
81. Gonchar Y., Turney S., Price J.L., Burkhalter A. Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons in rat and monkey visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 443:1-14.
82. Gray E.G. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses of the cerebral cortex: An electron microscope study. J. Anat. 1959, 93:420-433.
83. Gupta A., Wang Y., Markram H. Organizing principles for a diversity of GABAergic interneurones and synapses in the neocortex. Science 2000, 287:273-278.
84. Haug H. Brain sizes, surfaces, and neuronal sizes of the cortex cerebri: A stereological investigation of man and his variability and a comparison with some mammals (primates, whales, marsupials, insectivores, and one elephant). Am. J. Anat. 1987, 180:126-142.
85. Hendry S.H., Schwark H.D., Jones E.G., Yan J. Numbers and proportions of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in different areas of monkey cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 1987, 7:1503-1519.
86. Hendry S.H., Jones E.G., Emson P.C., Lawson D.E., Heizmann C.W., Streit P. Two classes of cortical GABA neurons defined by differential calcium binding protein immunoreactivities. Exp. Brain Res. 1989, 76:467-472.
87. Hof P.R., Glezer I.I., Revishchin A.V., Bouras C., Charnay Y., Morgane P.J. Distribution of dopaminergic fibers and neurons in visual and auditory cortices of the harbor porpoise and pilot whale. Brain Res. Bull. 1995, 36:275-284.
88. Hof P.R., Glezer I.I., Conde F., et al. Cellular distribution of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in the neocortex of mammals: Phylogenetic and developmental patterns. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1999, 16:77-116.
89. Hof P.R., Glezer I.I., Nimchinsky E.A., Erwin J.M. Neurochemical and cellular specializations in the mammalian neocortex reflect phylogenetic relationships: Evidence from primates, cetaceans, and artiodactyls. Brain Behav. Evol. 2000, 55:300-310.
90. Hornung J.P., Tork I., De Tribolet N. Morphology of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 1989, 76:12-20.
91. Houser C.R., Vaughn D.E., Hendry S.H., Jones E.G., Peters A. GABA neurons in the cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 2: Functional Properties of the Cortical Cells 1984, 63-89. Plenum. E.G. Jones, A. Peters (Eds.).
92. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N. Functional architecture of macaque monkey cortex. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1977, 198:1-59.
93. Huttenlocher P.R., Dabholkar A.S. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997, 387:167-178.
94. Johnson J.I., Kirsch J.A., Reep R.L., Switzer R.C. Phylogeny through brain traits: More characters for the analysis of mammalian evolution. Brain Behav. Evol. 1994, 43:319-347.
95. Jones E.G. Varieties and distribution of non-pyramidal cells in the somatic sensory cortex of the squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1975, 160:205-267.
96. Jones E.G. The columnar basis of cortical circuitry. The Clinical Neurosciences 1983, 357-383. Churchill Livingstone. W.D. Willis (Ed.).
97. Jones E.G. Microcolumns in the cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:5019-5021.
98. Jones E.G. Cortical and subcortical contributions to activity-dependent plasticity in primate somatosensory cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:1-37.
99. Jones E.G., DeFelipe J., Hendry S.H., Maggio J.E. A study of tachykinin-immunoreactive neurons in monkey cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:1206-1224.
100. Kawaguchi Y., Kubota Y. GABAergic cell subtypes and their synaptic connections in rat frontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1997, 7:476-486.
101. Keller A., White E.L., Cipolloni P.B. The identification of thalamocortical axon terminals in barrels of mouse Sml cortex using immunohistochemistry of anterogradely transported lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin). Brain Res. 1985, 343:159-165.
102. Kisvarday Z.F., Martin K.A., Whitteridge D., Somogyi P. Synaptic connections of intracellularly filled clutch cells: A type of small basket cell in the visual cortex of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1985, 241:111-137.
103. Kohler C., Everitt B.J., Pearson J., Goldstein M. Immunohistochemical evidence for a new group of catecholamine-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of the monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 1983, 37:161-166.
104. Kosaka T., Kosaka K., Hataguchi Y., et al. Catecholaminergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 1987, 66:191-210.
105. Kubota Y., Kawaguchi Y. Dependence of GABAergic synaptic areas on the interneuron type and target size. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:375-386.
106. Kuljis R.O., Martin-Vasallo P., Peress N.S. Lewy bodies in tyrosine hydroxylase-synthesizing neurons of the human cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 106:49-54.
107. Letinic K., Zoncu R., Rakic P. Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature 2002, 417:645-649.
108. LeVay S., Gilbert C.D. Laminar patterns of geniculocortical projection in the cat. Brain Res. 1976, 113:1-19.
109. Lewis D.A., Lund J.S. Heterogeneity of chandelier neurons in monkey neocortex: Corticotropin-releasing factor- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 293:599-615.
110. Lewis D.A., Foote S.L., Goldstein M., Morrison J.H. The dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 1988, 449:225-243.
111. Lewis D.A., Foote S.L., Cha C.I. Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in monkey neocortex: An immunohistochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 290:599-613.
112. Lorente de Nó R. La corteza cerebral del ratón (Primera contribución-La corteza acústica). Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. (Univ. Madrid) 1922, 20:41-78. Translated in Fairén, A., Regidor, J., and Kruger, L. 1992. The cerebral cortex of the mouse (A first contribution-The acoustic cortex) Somatosens. Mot. Res. 9, 3-36.
113. Lorente de Nó P. Architectonics and structure of the cerebral cortex. Physiology of the Nervous System 1938, 291-330. Oxford University Press. J.F. Fulton (Ed.).
114. Lowenstein P.R., Somogyi P. Synaptic organization of cortico-cortical connections from the primary visual cortex to the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 310:253-266.
115. Lund J.S., Yoshioka T., Levitt J.B. Substrates for interlaminar connections in area V1 of the macaque monkey cerebral cortex. Primary Visual Cortex in Primates 1994, vol. 10:37-60. Plenum. A. Peters, K.S. Rockland (Eds.).
116. Lüscher C., Nicoll R.A., Malenka R.C., Muller D. Synaptic plasticity and dynamic modulation of the postsynaptic membrane. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:545-550.
117. Mackenzie P.J., Kenner G.S., Prange O., Shayan H., Umemiya M., Murphy T.H. Ultrastructural correlates of quantal synaptic function at single CNS synapses. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:RC13. (1-7).
118. Marco P., DeFelipe J. Altered synaptic circuitry in the human temporal neocortex removed from epileptic patients. Exp. Brain Res. 1997, 114:1-10.
119. Marin O., Rubenstein J.L. Cell migration in the forebrain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 26:441-483.
120. Marin-Padilla M. The chandelier cell of the human visual cortex: A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 256:61-70.
121. Markram H., Toledo-Rodriguez M., Wang Y., Gupta A., Silberberg G, Wu C. Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:793-807.
122. Meinecke D.L., Peters A. GABA immunoreactive neurons in rat visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 261:388-404.
123. Micheva K.D., Beaulieu C. Postnatal development of GABA neurons in the rat somatosensory barrel cortex: A quantitative study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1995, 7:419-430.
124. Micheva K.D., Beaulieu C. Quantitative aspects of synaptogenesis in the rat barrel field cortex with special reference to GABA circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 373:340-354.
125. Mountcastle V.B. Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 1957, 20:408-434.
126. Mountcastle V.B. An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system. The Mindful Brain 1978, 7-50. MIT Press. V.B. Mountcastle, G.M. Edelman (Eds.).
127. Mountcastle V.B. The columnar organization of the neocortex. Brain 1997, 120:701-722.
128. Nimchinski E.A., Gilissen E., Allman J.M., Perl D.P., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R. A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:5268-5273.
129. O'Kusky J., Colonnier M. A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia, and synapses in the adult cortex (area 17) of adult macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 210:278-290.
130. Peters A. Synaptic specificity in the cerebral cortex. Synaptic Function 1987, 373-397. Wiley. G.M. Edelman, W.E. Gall, W.M. Cowan (Eds.).
131. Peters A. Examining neocortical circuits: Some background and facts. J. Neurocytol. 2002, 31:183-193.
132. Cerebral Cortex: Vol. 1, Cellular Components of the Cerebral Cortex 1984, Plenum. A. Peters, E.G. Jones (Eds.).
133. Peters A., Palay S.L. The morphology of synapses. J. Neurocytol. 1996, 25:687-700.
134. Peters A., Sethares C. The organization of double bouquet cells in monkey striate cortex. J. Neurocytol. 1997, 26:779-797.
135. Peters A., Proskauer C.C., Ribak C.E. Chandelier cells in rat visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 206:397-416.
136. Peters A., Palay S.L., Webster H.deF The Fine Structure of the Nervous System. Neurons and Their Supporting Cells 1991, vol. 3. Oxford University Press.
137. Poe B.H., Linville C., Brunso-Bechtold J. Age-related decline of presumptive inhibitory synapses in the sensorimotor cortex as revealed by the physical disector. J. Comp Neurol. 2001, 439:65-72.
138. Powell T.P., Mountcastle V.B. Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: A correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1959, 105:133-162.
139. Preuss T.M. Taking the measure of diversity: Comparative alternatives to the model-animal paradigm in cortical neuroscience. Brain Behav. Evol. 2000, 55:287-299.
140. Preuss T.M. The discovery of cerebral diversity: An unwelcome scientific revolution. Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex 2001, 138-164. Cambridge University Press. D. Falk, K. Gibson (Eds.).
141. Preuss T.M., Coleman G.Q. Human-specific organization of primary visual cortex: Alternating compartments of dense Cat-301 and calbindin immunoreactivity in layer 4A. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:671-691.
142. Rakic P. Evolving concepts of cortical radial and areal specification. Prog. Brain Res. 2002, 136:265-280.
143. Rakic P., Bourgeois J.P., Eckenhoff M.F., Zecevic N., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science 1986, 232:232-235.
144. Rakic P., Bourgeois J.P., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Synaptic development of the cerebral cortex: Implications for learning, memory, and mental illness. Prog. Brain Res. 1994, 102:227-243.
145. Reep R.L., Johnson J.I., Switzer R.C., Welker W.I. Manatee cerebral cortex: Cytoarchitecture of the frontal region in Trichechus manatus latirostris. Brain Behav. Evol. 1989, 34:365-386.
146. Rockel A.J., Hiorns R.W., Powell T.P. The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 1980, 103:221-244.
147. Schikorski T., Stevens C.F. Quantitative fine-structural analysis of olfactory cortical synapses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:4107-4112.
148. Schüz A., Palm G. Density of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex of the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 286:442-455.
149. Skoglund T.S., Pascher R., Berthold C.H. Heterogeneity in the columnar number of neurons in different neocortical areas in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 208:97-100.
150. Sloper J.J. An electron microscope study of the neurons of the primate motor and somatic sensory cortices. J. Neurocytol. 1973, 2:351-359.
151. Sloper J.J., Hiorns R.W., Powell T.P.S. A qualitative and quantitative electron microscopic study of the neurons in the primate motor and somatic sensory cortices. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1979, 285:141-171.
152. Smeets W.J., Gonzalez A. Catecholamine systems in the brain of vertebrates: New perspectives through a comparative approach. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2000, 33:308-379.
153. Somogyi P. A specific 'axo-axonal' interneuron in the visual cortex of the rat. Brain Res. 1977, 136:345-350.
154. Somogyi P., Cowey A. Combined Golgi and electron microscopic study on the synapses formed by double bouquet cells in the visual cortex of the cat and monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1981, 195:547-566.
155. Somogyi P., Cowey A., Halasz N., Freund T.F. Vertical organization of neurones accumulating 3H-GABA in visual cortex of rhesus monkey. Nature 1981, 294:761-763.
156. Somogyi P., Freund T.F., Cowey A. The axo-axonic interneuron in the cerebral cortex of the rat, cat and monkey. Neuroscience 1982, 7:2577-2607.
157. Somogyi P., Kisvarday Z.F., Martin K.A., Whitteridge D. Synaptic connections of morphologically identified and physiologically characterized large basket cells in the striate cortex of cat. Neuroscience 1983, 10:261-294.
158. Somogyi P., Tamás G., Lujan R., Buhl E.H. Salient features of synaptic organisation in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 26:113-135.
159. Sterio D.C. The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the disector. J. Microsc. 1984, 134:127-136.
160. Stolzenburg J.U., Reichenbach A., Neumann M. Size and density of glial and neuronal cells within the cerebral neocortex of various insectivorian species. Glia 1989, 2:78-84.
161. Szentágothai J. Synaptology of the visual cortex. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1973, vol. VII/3:269-324. Springer. R. Jung (Ed.).
162. Szentágothai J. The 'module-concept' in cerebral cortex architecture. Brain Res. 1975, 95:475-496.
163. Szentágothai J., Arbib M.A. Conceptual models of neural organization. Neurosci. Res. Program. Bull. 1974, 12:305-510.
164. Takumi Y., Ramírez-León V., Laake P., Rinvik E., Ottersen O.P. Different modes of expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors in hippocampal synapses. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:618-624.
165. Tan S.S., Kalloniatis M., Sturm K., Tam P.P., Reese B.E., Faulkner-Jones B. Separate progenitors for radial and tangential cell dispersion during development of the cerebral neocortex. Neuron 1998, 21:295-304.
166. Tömböl T. An electron microscopic study of the neurons of the visual cortex. J. Neurocytol. 1974, 3:525-531.
167. Trottier S., Geffard M., Evrard B. Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA immunoreactivities in human cortical neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 106:76-82.
168. Valverde F. The organization of area 18 in the monkey. A Golgi study. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 1978, 154:305-334.
169. Valverde F. The organizing principles of the primary visual cortex in the monkey. Visual Cortex 1985, 207-257. Plenum. E.G. Jones, A. Peters (Eds.).
170. White E.L. Identified neurons in mouse Sml cortex which are postsynaptic to thalamocortical axon terminals: A combined Golgi-electron microscopic and degeneration study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1978, 181:627-661.
171. White E.L. Cortical Circuits: Synaptic Organization of the Cerebral Cortex. Birkhäuser 1989.
172. White E.L., Weinfeld L., Lev D.L. A survey of morphogenesis during the early postnatal period in PMBSF barrels of mouse SmI cortex with emphasis on barrel D4. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 1997, 14:34-55.
173. Winfield D.A., Gatter K.C., Powell T.P.S. A electron microscopic study of the types and proportions of neurons in the cortex of the motor and visual areas of the cat and rat. Brain 1980, 103:245-258.
174. Woo T.U., Whitehead R.E., Melchitzky D.S., Lewis D.A. A subclass of prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid axon terminals are selectively altered in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:5341-5346.
175. Xu Q., de la C.E., Anderson S.A. Cortical interneuron fate determination: Diverse sources for distinct subtypes?. Cereb. Cortex 2003, 13:670-676.
176. Xu Q., Cobos I., de la C.E., Rubenstein J.L., Anderson S.A. Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:2612-2622.
177. Zecevic N., Rakic P. Synaptogenesis in monkey somatosensory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1991, 1:510-523.
178. Zecevic N., Bourgeois J.P., Rakic P. Changes in synaptic density in motor cortex of rhesus monkey during fetal and postnatal life. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1989, 50:11-32.