High-altitude dust layers on Mars: Observations with the Thermal Emission Spectrometer

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 118, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1177-1194

  Guzewich, Scott D ^a   Talaat, Elsayed R ^b   Toigo, Anthony D ^b   Waugh, Darryn W ^a   McConnochie, Timothy H ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

^c Bldg 142   (United States)

Author keywords

Dust Layers; Mars Atmosphere

Indexed keywords

DUST; DUST STORM; EMISSION; ICE; MARS; MIXING RATIO; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; PARTICLE SIZE; SPECTROMETER; VERTICAL PROFILE;

EID: 84882784637     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21699100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgre.20076     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Anderson, E., and, C. Leovy, (1978), Mariner 9 television limb observations of dust and ice hazes on Mars, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 723-734, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0723:MTLOOD>2.0.CO;2.
2. Basu, S., M. I. Richardson, and, R. J. Wilson, (2004), Simulation of the Martian dust cycle with the GFDL Mars GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E11006, doi: 10.1029/2004JE002243.
3. Basu, S., J. Wilson, M. Richardson, and, A. Ingersoll, (2006), Simulation of spontaneous and variable global dust storms with the GFDL Mars GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E09004, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002660.
4. Cantor, B. A., K. M. Kanak, and, K. S. Edgett, (2006), Mars Orbiter Camera observations of Martian dust devils and their tracks (September 1997 to January 2006) and evaluation of theoretical vortex models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E12002, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002700.
5. Cantor, B. A., (2007), MOC observations of the 2001 Mars planet-encircling dust storm, Icarus, 186, 60-96, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08. 019. (Pubitemid 44856497)
6. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2001), Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (E10), 23, 823-23, 871.
7. Christensen, P. R., (2006), Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer Data Processing User's Guide, version 1.6, http://tes.asu.edu/mgst/ document/process.pdf.
8. Clancy, R. T., and, S. W. Lee, (1991), A new look at dust and clouds in the Mars atmosphere: Analysis of emission-phase-function sequences from global Viking IRTM observations, Icarus, 93, 135-158, doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90169- T.
9. Clancy, R. T., M. J. Wolff, and, P. R. Christensen, (2003), Mars aerosol studies with the MGS TES emission phase function observations: Optical depths, particle sizes, and ice cloud types versus latitude and solar longitude, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (E9), 5098, doi: 10.1029/2003JE002058.
10. Clancy, R. T., M. J. Wolff, B. A. Whitney, B. A. Cantor, and, M. D. Smith, (2007), Mars equatorial mesospheric clouds: Global occurrence and physical properties from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer and Mars Orbiter Camera limb observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E04004, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002805.
11. Clancy, R. T., M. J. Wolff, B. A. Whitney, B. A. Cantor, M. D. Smith, and, T. H. McConnochie, (2010), Extension of atmospheric dust loading to high altitudes during the 2001 Mars dust storm: MGS TES limb observations, Icarus, 207, 98-109.
12. Conrath, B. J., (1975), Thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere during the dissipation of the dust storm of 1971, Icarus, 24, 36-46.
13. Conrath, B. J., J. C. Pearl, M. D. Smith, W. C. Maguire, P. R. Christensen, S. Dason, and, M. S. Kaelberer, (2000), Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations: Atmospheric temperatures during aerobraking and science phasing, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (E4), 9509-9519, doi: 10.1029/1999JE001095.
14. Cushing, G. E., T. N. Titus, and, P. R. Christensen, (2005), THEMIS VIS and IR observations of a high-altitude Martian dust devil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23202, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024478.
15. Deirmendjian, D., (1964), Scattering and polarization properties of water clouds and hazes in the visible and infrared, Appl. Opt., 3 (2), 187-196, doi: 10.1364/AO.3.000187.
16. Fedorova, A. A., O. I. Korablev, J.-L. Bertaux, A. V. Rodin, F. Montmessin, D. A. Belyaev, and, A. Reberac, (2009), Solar infrared occultation observations by SPICAM experiment on Mars-Express: Simultaneous measurements of the vertical distributions of H2O, CO2 and aerosol, Icarus, 200, 96-117, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.11.006.
17. Fisher, J. A., M. I. Richardson, C. E. Newman, M. A. Szwast, C. Graf, S. Basu, S. P. Ewald, A. D. Toigo, and, R. J. Wilson, (2005), A survey of Martian dust devil activity using Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera images, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E03004, doi: 10.1029/2003JE002165.
18. Fuerstenau, S. D., (2006), Solar heating of suspended particles and the dynamics of Martian dust devils, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19S03, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026798.
19. Haberle, R. M., C. B. Leovy, and, J. M. Pollack, (1982), Some effects of global dust storms on the atmospheric circulation of Mars, Icarus, 50, 322-367, doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(82)90129-4.
20. Heavens, N. G., M. I. Richardson, A. Kleinböhl, D. M. Kass, D. J. McCleese, W. Abdou, J. L. Benson, J. T. Schofield, J. H. Shirley, and, P. M. Wolkenberg, (2011a), Vertical distribution of dust in the Martian atmosphere during northern spring and summer: High-altitude tropical dust maximum at northern summer solstice, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E01007, doi: 10.1029/2010JE003692.
21. Heavens, N. G., M. I. Richardson, A. Kleinböhl, D. M. Kass, D. J. McCleese, W. Abdou, J. L. Benson, J. T. Schofield, J. H. Shirley, and, P. M. Wolkenberg, (2011b), The vertical distribution of dust in the Martian atmosphere during northern spring and summer: Observations by the Mars Climate Sounder and analysis of zonal average vertical dust profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E04003, doi: 10.1029/2010JE003691.
22. Hinson, D. P., and, R. J. Wilson, (2004), Temperature inversions, thermal tides, and water ice clouds in the Martian tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E01002, doi: 10.1029/2003JE002129.
23. Jaquin, F., P. Gierasch, and, R. Kahn, (1986), The vertical structure of limb hazes in the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, 68 (3), 442-461, doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(86)90050-3.
24. Kahre, M. A., J. R. Murphy, R. M. Haberle, F. Montmessin, and, J. Schaeffer, (2005), Simulating the Martian dust cycle with a finite surface dust reservoir, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20204, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023495.
25. Kahre, M. A., J. R. Murphy, and, R. M. Haberle, (2006), Modeling the Martian dust cycle and surface dust reservoirs with the NASA Ames general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E06008, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002588.
26. Kahre, M. A., J. L. Hollingsworth, R. M. Haberle, and, J. R. Murphy, (2008), Investigations of the variability of dust particle sizes in the Martian atmosphere using the NASA Ames general circulation model, Icarus, 195, 576-597, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.023.
27. Kass, D. M., W. A. Abdou, D. J. McCleese, J. T. Schofield, and, A. Määttänen, (2011), MCS Climatology of Detached, Localized Haze Layers, presented at the Fourth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, Paris, France.
28. Kleinböhl, A., et al. (2009), Mars Climate Sounder limb profile retrieval of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and dust and water ice opacity, J. Geophys. Res., 114, E10006, doi: 10.1029/2009JE003358.
29. Korablev, O. I., V. A. Krasnopolsky, A. V. Rodin, and, E. Chassefiere, (1993), Vertical structure of the Martian dust measured by the solar infrared occultations from the Phobos spacecraft, Icarus, 102, 76-87, doi: 10.1006/icar.1993.1033.
30. Lee, C., et al. (2009), Thermal tides in the Martian middle atmosphere as seen by the Mars Climate Sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 114, E03005, doi: 10.1029/2008JE003285.
31. Lemmon, M. T., et al. (2004), Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and opportunity, Science, 306, 1753-1756. (Pubitemid 39601387)
32. Leovy, C. B., and, R. W. Zurek, (1979), Thermal tides and Martian dust storms: Direct evidence for coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 84 (B6), 2956-2968, doi: 10.1029/JB084iB06p02956.
33. Määttänen, A., et al. (2010), Mapping the mesospheric CO2 clouds on Mars: MEx/OMEGA and MEx/HRSC observations and challenges for atmospheric models, Icarus, 209, 452-469, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.017.
34. Määttänen, A., C. Listowski, F. Montmessin, L. Maltagliati, A. Reberac, L. Joly, and, J.-L. Bertaux, (2012), A complete climatology of the aerosol vertical distribution on Mars from MEx/SPICAM UV solar occultations, Icarus, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.001.
35. Martin, T. Z., and, H. H. Kieffer, (1979), Thermal infrared properties of the Martian atmosphere 2. The 15-μm band measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 84 (B6), 2843-2852, doi: 10.1029/JB084iB06p02843.
36. McCleese, D. J., et al. (2010), Structure and dynamics of the Martian lower and middle atmosphere as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder: Seasonal variations in zonal mean temperature, dust, and water ice aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 115, E12016, doi: 10.1029/2010JE003677.
37. McConnochie, T. H., J. F. III Bell, D. Savransky, M. J. Wolff, A. D. Toigo, H. Wang, M. I. Richardson, and, P. R. Christensen, (2010), THEMIS-VIS observations of clouds in the Martian mesosphere: Altitudes, wind speeds, and decameter-scale morphology, Icarus, 210, 545-565, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.07. 021.
38. McConnochie, T. H., and, M. D. Smith, (2009), Vertically Resolved Aerosol Climatology from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS-TES) Limb Sounding, in Third International Workshop on The Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations (LPI Contribution No. 1447), 10-13 Nov. 2008; Williamsburg, VA, USA.
39. McConnochie, T. H., R. J. Wilson, and, M. D. Smith, (2009), Dust in the MGS-TES limb sounding data set: Dust advection by thermal tides, and the dust-free winter pole, in Final Conference Proceeding of the Mars Dust Cycle Workshop, pp. 152-155, NASA Ames Research Center, CA. Available from: http://humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/MarsDustWorkshop/FinalCP.pdf.
40. Michaels, T. I., A. Colaprete, and, S. C. R. Rafkin, (2006), Significant vertical water transport by mountain-induced circulations on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16201, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026562.
41. Montmessin, F., P. Rannou, and, M. Cabane, (2002), New insights into Martian dust distribution and water-ice cloud microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (E6), 5037, doi: 10.1029/2001JE001520.
42. Montmessin, F., E. Quémerais, J. L. Bertaux, O. Korablev, P. Rannou, and, S. Lebonnois, (2006), Stellar occultations at UV wavelengths by the SPICAM instrument: Retrieval and analysis of Martian haze profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E09S09, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002662.
43. 2 ice clouds in the equatorial mesosphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E11S90, doi: 10.1029/2007JE002944.
44. Newman, C. E., S. R. Lewis, P. L. Read, and, F. Forget, (2002a), Modeling the Martian dust cycle: 1. Representations of dust transport processes, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (E12), 5123, doi: 10.1029/2002JE001910.
45. Newman, C. E., S. R. Lewis, P. L. Read, and, F. Forget, (2002b), Modeling the Martian dust cycle: 2. Multiannual radiatively active dust transport simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (E12), 5124, doi: 10.1029/2002JE001920.
46. Rafkin, S. C. R., M. R. V. Sta. Maria, and, T. I. Michaels, (2002), Simulation of the atmospheric thermal circulation of a Martian volcano using a mesoscale numerical model, Nature, 419, 697-699, doi: 10.1038/nature01114. (Pubitemid 35177949)
47. Rafkin, S. C. R., (2012), The potential importance of non-local, deep transport on the energetics, momentum, chemistry, and aerosol distributions in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Titan, Planet. Space Sci., 60, 147-154, doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.015.
48. Rannou, P., S. Perrier, J.-L. Bertaux, F. Montmessin, O. Korablev, and, A. Rébérac, (2006), Dust and cloud detection at the Mars limb with UV scattered sunlight with SPICAM, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E09S10, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002693.
49. Richardson, M. I., A. D. Toigo, and, C. E. Newman, (2007), PlanetWRF: A general purpose, local to global numerical model for planetary atmospheric and climate dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E09001, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002825.
50. Richardson, M. I., and, R. J. Wilson, (2002), A topographically forced asymmetry in the Martian circulation and climate, Nature, 416, 98-301.
51. Riehl, H., and, J. S. Malkus, (1958), On the heat balance of the equatorial trough zone, Geophysica, 6, 503-537.
52. Smith, D. E., et al. (2001), Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (E10), 23689-23722, doi: 10.1029/2000JE001364.
53. Smith, M. D., J. C. Pearl, B. J. Conrath, and, P. R. Christensen, (2001), Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure and aerosol distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (E10), 23,929-23,945, doi: 10.1029/2000JE001321.
54. Smith, M. D., J. C. Pearl, B. J. Conrath, and, P. R. Christensen, (2002), Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations of a planet-encircling dust storm, Icarus, 157, 250-263.
55. Smith, M. D., (2004), Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999-2003, Icarus, 167, 148-165, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.010. (Pubitemid 38117724)
56. Spiga, A., J. Faure, J.-B. Madeleine, A. Määttänen, and, F. Forget, (2013), Rocket dust storms and detached dust layers in the Martian atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 118, doi: 10.1002/jgre.20046, in press.
57. Strausberg, M. J., H. Wang, M. I. Richardson, S. P. Ewald, and, A. D. Toigo, (2005), Observations of the initiation and evolution of the 2001 Mars global dust storm, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E02006, doi: 10.1029/2004JE002361.
58. Toigo, A. D., C. Lee, C. E. Newman, and, M. I. Richardson, (2012), The impact of resolution on the dynamics of the Martian global atmosphere: Varying resolution studies with the MarsWRF GCM, Icarus, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07. 020.
59. 2O clouds on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E00J02, doi: 10.1029/2011JE003827.
60. Ward, W. E., (1999), A simple model of diurnal variations in the mesospheric oxygen nightglow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (23), 3565-3568, doi: 10.1029/1999GL003661. (Pubitemid 30137354)
61. Wang, H., and, A. P. Ingersoll, (2002), Martian clouds observed by Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (E10), 5078, doi: 10.1029/2001JE001815.
62. Wang, H., M. I. Richardson, R. J. Wilson, A. P. Ingersoll, and, A. D. Toigo, (2003) Cyclones, tides, and the origin of cross-equatorial dust storms on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (9), 1488, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016828.
63. Warren, S. G., (1984), Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave, Appl. Opt., 23, 1206-1225.
64. Whelley, P. L., and, R. Greeley, (2008), The distribution of dust devil activity on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E07002, doi: 10.1029/2007JE002966.
65. Wilson, R. J., (1997), A general circulation model simulation of the Martian polar warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24 (2), 123-126, doi: 10.1029/96GL03814. (Pubitemid 127551519)
66. Wolff, M. J., and, R. T. Clancy, (2003), Constraints on the size of Martian aerosols from Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (E9), 5097, doi: 10.1029/2003JE002057.
67. Wolff, M. J., et al. (2006), Constraints on dust aerosols from the Mars Exploration Rovers using MGS overflights and Mini-TES, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E12S17, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002786.
68. Zhu, X., J.-H. Yee, and, E. R. Talaat, (2007), Effect of dynamical-photochemical coupling on oxygen airglow emission and implications for daytime ozone retrieved from 1.27 μm emission, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20304, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008447.