Explorations of object and location memory using fMRI

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue JUL, 2013, Pages

  Passaro, Antony D ^a   CaitlinElmore, L ^b   Ellmore, Timothy M ^c   Leising, Kenneth J ^d   Papanicolaou, Andrew C ^e   Wright, Anthony A ^f  

^a DCS CORPORATION   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Domainspecificity; FMRI; Location; Object; Workingmemory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; BRODMANN AREA 6; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUNEUS; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUSIFORM GYRUS; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INSULA; LINGUAL GYRUS; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCIPITAL GYRUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; POSTCENTRAL GYRUS; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PUTAMEN; SUPERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE; SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA; TASK PERFORMANCE; THALAMUS; VISUAL INFORMATION; VISUAL WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84882593516     PISSN: 16625153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00105     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Alivisatos, B., and Petrides, M. (1997). Functional activation of the human brain during mental rotation. Neuropsychologia 35, 111-118. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00083-8
2. Amaro, E. Jr., and Barker, G. J. (2006). Study design in fMRI: basic principles. Brain Cogn. 60, 220-232. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.009
3. Antal, A., Baudewig, J., Paulus, W., and Dechent, P. (2008). The posterior cingulate cortex and planum temporale/parietal operculum are activated by coherent visual motion. Vis. Neurosci. 25, 17-26. doi: 10.1017/S0952523808080024
4. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Baier, B., Karnath, H. O., Dieterich, M., Birklein, F., Heinze, C., and Müller, N. G. (2010). Keeping memory clear and stable-the contribution of human basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex to working memory. J. Neurosci. 30, 9788-9792. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1513-10.2010
6. Beck, D. M., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., and Lavie, N. (2001). Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 645-650. doi: 10.1038/88477
7. Belger, A., Puce, A., Krystal, J. H., Gore, J. C., Goldman-Rakic, P., and McCarthy, G. (1998). Dissociation of mnemonic and perceptual processes during spatial and nonspatial working memory using fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 6, 14-32.
8. Bellgowan, P. S., Buffalo, E. A., Bodurka, J., and Martin, A. (2009). Lateralized spatial and object memory encoding in entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Learn. Mem. 16, 433-438. doi: 10.1101/lm.1357309
9. Borowsky, R., Loehr, J., Kelland Friesen, C., Kraushaar, G., Kingstone, A., and Sarty, G. (2005). Modularity and intersection of "what", "where" and "how" processing of visual stimuli: a new method of FMRI localization. Brain Topogr. 18, 67-75. doi: 10.1007/s10548-005-0276-8
10. Bressler, S. L., Tang, W., Sylvester, C. M., Shulman, G. L., and Corbetta, M. (2008). Top-down control of human visual cortex by frontal and parietal cortex in anticipatory visual spatial attention. J. Neurosci. 28, 10056-10061. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1776-08.2008
11. Brown, J. W. (2009). Confl{ligature}ict effects without confl{ligature}ict in anterior cingulate cortex: multiple response effects and context specifi{ligature}c representations. Neuroimage 47, 334-341. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.034
12. Buffalo, E. A., Bellgowan, P. S., and Martin, A. (2006). Distinct roles for medial temporal lobe structures in memory for objects and their locations. Learn. Mem.13, 638-643. doi: 10.1101/lm.251906
13. Cabeza, R., and Nyberg, L. (2000). Neural bases of learning and memory: functional neuroimaging evidence. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 13, 415-421. doi: 10.1097/00019052-200008000-00008
14. Campbell, Z., Zakzanis, K. K., Jovanovski, D., Joordens, S., Mraz, R., and Graham, S. J. (2009). Utilizing virtual reality to improve the ecological validity of clinical neuropsychology: an FMRI case study elucidating the neural basis of planning by comparing the Tower of London with a threedimensional navigation task. Appl. Neuropsychol. 16, 295-306. doi: 10.1080/09084280903297891
15. Ciaramelli, E., Grady, C., Levine, B., Ween, J., and Moscovitch, M. (2010). Top-down and bottomup attention to memory are dissociated in posterior parietal cortex: neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence. J. Neurosci. 30, 4943-4956. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1209-09.2010
16. Cichy, R. M., Chen, Y., and Haynes, J. D. (2011). Encoding the identity and location of objects inhuman LOC. Neuroimage 54, 2297-2307. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.044
17. Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., et al. (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386, 604-608. doi: 10.1038/386604a0
18. Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., and Haxby, J. V. (1998). An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279, 1347-1351. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5355.1347
19. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., and Haxby, J. V. (1996). Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cereb. Cortex 6, 39-49. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.39
20. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., and Haxby, J. V. (1997). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386, 608-611. doi: 10.1038/386608a0
21. Cox, R. W. (1996). AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162-173. doi: 10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014
22. Crucian, G. P., Barrett, A. M., Burks, D. W., Riestra, A. R., Roth, H. L., Schwartz, R. L., et al. (2003). Mental object rotation in Parkinson's disease. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 9, 1078-1087. doi: 10.1017/S1355617703970111
23. Curtis, C. E., and D'Esposito, M. (2003). Success and failure suppressing refl{ligature}exive behavior. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 409-418. doi: 10.1162/089892903321593126
24. Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M., et al. (2006). Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13848-13853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601417103
25. Delgado, M. R., Miller, M. M., Inati, S., and Phelps, E. A. (2005). An fMRI study of rewardrelated probability learning. Neuroimage 24, 862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.002
26. D'Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K., and Lease, J. (1998a). Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 7, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00004-4
27. D'Esposito, M., Ballard, D., Aguirre, G. K., and Zarahn, E. (1998b). Human prefrontal cortex is not specifi{ligature}c for working memory: a functional MRI study. Neuroimage 8, 274-282. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1998.0364
28. Elliott, R., and Dolan, R. J. (1999). Differential neural responses during performance of matching and nonmatching to sample tasks at two delay intervals. J. Neurosci. 19, 5066-5073.
29. Francois-Brosseau, F. E., Martinu, K., Štrafella, A. P., Petrides, M., Simard, F., and Monchi, O. (2009). Basal ganglia and frontal involvement in self-generated and externallytriggered fi{ligature}nger movements in the dominant and non-dominant hand. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 1277-1286. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06671.x
30. Gabrieli, J. D., Brewer, J. B., Desmond, J. E., and Glover, G. H. (1997). Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe. Science 276, 264-266. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5310.264
31. Ghaem, O., Mellet, E., Crivello, F., Tzourio, N., Mazoyer, B., Berthoz, A., et al. (1997). Mental navigation along memorized routes activates the hippocampus, precuneus, and insula. Neuroreport 8, 739-744. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199702100-00032
32. Grahn, J. A., Parkinson, J. A., and Owen, A. M. (2009). The role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory: neuropsychological studies. Behav. Brain Res. 199, 53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.020
33. Grecucci, A., Soto, D., Rumiati, R. I., Humphreys, G. W., and Rotshtein, P. (2010). The interrelations between verbal working memory and visual selection of emotional faces. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 1189-1200. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21276
34. Harris, I. M., Harris, J. A., and Caine, D. (2002). Mental-rotation defi{ligature}cits following damage to the right basal ganglia. Neuropsychology 16, 524-537. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.524
35. Harrison, A., Jolicoeur, P., and Marois, R. (2010). "What" and "where" in the intraparietal sulcus: an FMRI study of object identity and location in visual short-term memory. Cereb. Cortex 20, 2478-2485. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp314
36. Haxby, J. V., Petit, L., Ungerleider, L. G., and Courtney, S. M. (2000). Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working memory. Neuroimage 11, 145-156. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0527
37. Hester, R., D'Esposito, M., Cole, M. W., and Garavan, H. (2007). Neural mechanisms for response selection: comparing selection of responses and items from working memory. Neuroimage 34, 446-454. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.001
38. Jankowski, J., Scheef, L., Hüppe, C., and Boecker, H. (2009). Distinct striatal regions for planning and executing novel and automated movement sequences. Neuroimage 44, 1369-1379. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.059
39. Johnson, M. D., and Ojemann, G. A. (2000). The role of the human thalamus in language and memory: evidence from electrophysiological studies. Brain Cogn. 42, 218-230. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1101
40. Kataoka, H., Sugie, K., Kohara, N., and Ueno, S. (2006). Novel representation of astasia associated with posterior cingulate infarction. Stroke 37, e3-e5.
41. Kelley, W. M., Miezin, F. M., McDermott, K. B., Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Cohen, N. J., et al. (1998). Hemispheric specialization inhuman dorsal frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe for verbal and nonverbal memory encoding. Neuron 20, 927-936. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80474-2
42. Koshino, H., Carpenter, P. A., Keller, T. A., and Just, M. A. (2005). Interactions between the dorsal and the ventral pathways in mental rotation: an fMRI study. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 5, 54-66. doi: 10.3758/CABN.5.1.54
43. Leung, A. W., and Alain, C. (2011). Working memory load modulates the auditory "What" and "Where" neural networks. Neuroimage 55, 1260-1269. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.055
44. Levitt, J. J., McCarley, R. W., Dickey, C. C., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2002). MRI study of caudate nucleus volume and its cognitive correlates in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizotypal personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 1190-1197. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1190
45. Levy, R., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2000). Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 133, 23-32. doi: 10.1007/s002210000397
46. Lewis, S. J., Dove, A., Robbins, T. W., Barker, R. A., and Owen, A. M. (2004). Striatal contributions to working memory: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 755-760. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03108.x
47. Linden, D. E., Bittner, R. A., Muckli, L., Waltz, J. A., Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., et al. (2003). Cortical capacity constraints for visual working memory: dissociation of fMRI load effects in a fronto-parietal network. Neuroimage 20, 1518-1530. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.021
48. LoPresti, M. L., Schon, K., Tricarico, M. D., Swisher, J. D., Celone, K. A., and Stern, C. E. (2008). Working memory for social cues recruits orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of delayed matching to sample for emotional expressions. J. Neurosci. 28, 3718-3728. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0464-08.2008
49. Manoach, D. S., Gollub, R. L., Benson, E. S., Searl, M. M., Goff, D. C., Halpern, E., et al. (2000). Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 99-109. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223 (00)00227-4
50. Manoach, D. S., Greve, D. N., Lindgren, K. A., and Dale, A. M. (2003). Identifying regional activity associated with temporally separated components of working memory using event-related functional MRI. Neuroimage 20, 1670-1684. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.002
51. McCarthy, G., Blamire, A. M., Puce, A., Nobre, A. C., Bloch, G., Hyder, F., et al. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 8690-8694. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8690
52. McCarthy, G., Puce, A., Constable, R. T., Krystal, J. H., Gore, J. C., and Goldman-Rakic, P. (1996). Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI. Cereb. Cortex 6, 600-611. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.4.600
53. Miller, E. K., and Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
54. Mohr, H. M., Goebel, R., and Linden, D. E. (2006). Contentand task-specifi{ligature}c dissociations of frontal activity during maintenance and manipulation in visual working memory. J. Neurosci. 26, 4465-4471. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5232-05.2006
55. Mottaghy, F. M., Gangitano, M., Krause, B. J., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2003). Chronometry of parietal and prefrontal activations in verbal working memory revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 18, 565-575. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8119 (03)00010-7
56. Müller, N. G., and Knight, R. T. (2006). The functional neuroanatomy of working memory: contributions of human brain lesion studies. Neuroscience 139, 51-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.018
57. Munk, M. H., Linden, D. E., Muckli, L., Lanfermann, H., Zanella, F. E., Singer, W., et al. (2002). Distributed cortical systems in visual short-term memory revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb. Cortex 12, 866-876. doi: 10.1093/cercor/12.8.866
58. Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., and Klingberg, T. (2004). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 75-79. doi: 10.1038/nn1165
59. Owen, A. M., Stern, C. E., Look, R. B., Tracey, I., Rosen, B. R., and Petrides, M. (1998). Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 7721-7726. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7721
60. Packard, M. G., and Knowlton, B. J. (2002). Learning and memory functions of the Basal Ganglia. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 563-593. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25. 112701.142937
61. Pessoa, L., Gutierrez, E., Bandettini, P., and Ungerleider, L. (2002). Neural correlates of visual working memory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron 35, 975-987. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273 (02)00817-6
62. Pessoa, L., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2004). Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness in a working memory task. Cereb. Cortex 14, 511-520. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh013
63. Petit, L., Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., and Haxby, J. V. (1998). Sustained activity in the medial wall during working memory delays. J. Neurosci. 18, 9429-9437.
64. Petrides, M. (2005). Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 781-795. doi: 10.1098/rstb. 2005.1631
65. Piras, F., Caltagirone, C., and Spalletta, G. (2010). Working memory performance and thalamus microstructure in healthy subjects. Neuroscience 171, 496-505. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.006
66. Postle, B. R., and D'Esposito, M. (1999a). Dissociation of human caudate nucleus activity in spatial and nonspatial working memory: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 8, 107-115. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410 (99)00010-5
67. Postle, B. R., and D'Esposito, M. (1999b) "What"-Then-Where" in visual working memory: an event-related fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 585-597. doi: 10.1162/089892999563652
68. Postle, B. R., Stern, C. E., Rosen, B. R., and Corkin, S. (2000). An fMRI investigation of cortical contributions to spatial and nonspatial visual working memory. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 409-423. doi: 10.1006/nimg. 2000.0570
69. Provost, J. S., Petrides, M., and Monchi, O. (2010). Dissociating the role of the caudate nucleus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the monitoring of events within human working memory. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 873-880. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07333.x
70. Rämä, P., Poremba, A., Sala, J. B., Yee, L., Malloy, M., Mishkin, M., et al. (2004). Dissociable functional cortical topographies for working memory maintenance of voice identity and location. Cereb. Cortex 14, 768-780. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh037
71. Ranganath, C., Cohen, M. X., and Brozinsky, C. J. (2005). Working memory maintenance contributes to long-term memory formation: neural and behavioral evidence. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 994-1010. doi: 10.1162/0898929054475118
72. Ranganath, C., DeGutis, J., and D'Esposito, M. (2004). Categoryspecifi{ligature}c modulation of inferior temporal activity during working memory encoding and maintenance. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 20, 37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.11.017
73. Rotshtein, P., Soto, D., Grecucci, A., Geng, J. J., and Humphreys, G. W. (2011). The role of the pulvinar in resolving competition between memory and visual selection: a functional connectivity study. Neuropsychologia 49, 1544-1552. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia. 2010.12.002
74. Sala, J. B., and Courtney, S. M. (2007). Binding of what and where during working memory maintenance. Cortex 43, 5-21. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452 (08)70442-8
75. Sala, J. B., Rämä, P., and Courtney, S. M. (2003). Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory. Neuropsychologia 41, 341-356. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932 (02)00166-5
76. Sandson, T. A., Daffner, K. R., Carvalho, P. A., and Mesulam, M. M. (1991). Frontal lobe dysfunction following infarction of the left-sided medial thalamus. Arch. Neurol. 48, 1300-1303. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530240106031
77. Schluppeck, D., Curtis, C. E., Glimcher, P. W., and Heeger, D. J. (2006). Sustained activity in topographic areas of human posterior parietal cortex during memory-guided saccades. J. Neurosci. 26, 5098-5108. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5330-05.2006
78. Schon, K., Quiroz, Y. T., Hasselmo, M. E., and Stern, C. E. (2009). Greater working memory load results in greater medial temporal activity at retrieval. Cereb. Cortex 19, 2561-2571. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp006
79. Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., et al. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J. Neurosci. 27, 2349-2356. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
80. Seger, C. A., and Cincotta, C. M. (2005). The roles of the caudate nucleus in human classifi{ligature}cation learning. J. Neurosci. 25, 2941-2951. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3401-04.2005
81. Serences, J. T. (2004). A comparison of methods for characterizing the event-related BOLD timeseries in rapid fMRI. Neuroimage 21, 1690-1700. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.021
82. Smith, E. E., and Jonides, J. (1998). Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12061-12068. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.12061
83. Smith, E. E., and Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283, 1657-1661. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1657
84. Soto, D., Humphreys, G. W., and Rotshtein, P. (2007). Dissociating the neural mechanisms of memory-based guidance of visual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 17186-17191. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703706104
85. Speedie, L. J., and Heilman, K. M. (1982). Amnestic disturbance following infarction of the left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus. Neuropsychologia 20, 597-604. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932 (82)90033-1
86. Stuss, D. T., and Levine, B. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 401-433. doi: 10.1146/annurev. psych.53.100901.135220
87. Taylor, K. S., Seminowicz, D. A., and Davis, K. D. (2009). Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 2731-2745. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20705
88. Todd, J. J., Han, S. W., Harrison, S., and Marois, R. (2011). The neural correlates of visual working memory encoding: a time-resolved fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 49, 1527-1536. doi: 10.1016/j. neuropsychologia.2011.01.040
89. Umarova, R. M., Saur, D., Schnell, S., Kaller, C. P., Vry, M. S., Glauche, V., et al. (2010). Structural connectivity for visuospatial attention: signifi{ligature}cance of ventral pathways. Cereb. Cortex 20, 121-129. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp086
90. Ungerleider, L. G., and Mishkin, M. (1982). "Two cortical visual systems, " in Analysis of Visual Behavior, eds D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, and R. J. W. Mansfi{ligature}eld (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), S49-S86.
91. Vogt, B. A., Vogt, L., and Laureys, S. (2006). Cytology and functionally correlated circuits of human posterior cingulate areas. Neuroimage 29, 452-466. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.048
92. Volle, E., Kinkingnéhun, S., Pochon, J. B., Mondon, K., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Seassau, M., et al. (2008). The functional architecture of the left posterior and lateral prefrontal cortex in humans. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2460-2469. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn010
93. Westerberg, H., and Klingberg, T. (2007). Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory-a single-subject analysis. Physiol. Behav. 92, 186-192. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh. 2007.05.041
94. Woodward, T. S., Cairo, T. A., Ruff, C. C., Takane, Y., Hunter, M. A., and Ngan, E. T. (2006). Functional connectivity reveals load dependent neural systems underlying encoding and maintenance in verbal working memory. Neuroscience 139, 317-325. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.043
95. Xu, J., Evensmoen, H. R., Lehn, H., Pintzka, C. W., and Håberg, A. K. (2010). Persistent posterior and transient anterior medial temporal lobe activity during navigation. Neuroimage 52, 1654-1666. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.074
96. Xu, Y., and Chun, M. M. (2006). Dissociable neural mechanisms supporting visual short-term memory for objects. Nature 440, 91-95. doi: 10.1038/nature04262