B Chromosomes

The Evolution of the Genome

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 223-286

  Camacho, Juan Pedro M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882508289     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012301463-4/50006-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (266)

1. Alfenito MR, Birchler JA Molecular characterization of a maize B-chromosome centric sequence. Genetics 1993, 135:589-597.
2. Amos A, Dover G The distribution of repetitive DNAs between regular and supernumerary chromosomes in species of Glossina (Tsetse): a two-step process in the origin of supernumeraries. Chromosoma 1981, 81:673-690.
3. Araújo SMSR, Pompolo SG, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM Integration of a B chromosome into the A genome of a wasp. Proc R Soc Lond B 2001, 268:1127-1131.
4. Araújo SMSR, Pompolo SG, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM Integration of a B chromosome into the A genome of a wasp, revisited. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002, 269:1475-1478.
5. Ault JG Stable versus unstable orientations of sex-chromosomes in 2 grasshopper species. Chromosoma 1986, 93:298-304.
6. Ayonoadu U, Rees H The effects of B-chromosomes on the nuclear phenotype in root meristems of maize. Heredity 1971, 27:365-383.
7. Bakkali M, Camacho JPM The B chromosome polymorphism of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans in North Africa: III. Mutation rate of B chromosomes. Heredity 2004, 92:428-433.
8. Bakkali M, Cabrero J, Camacho JPM B-A interchanges are an unlikely pathway for B chromosome integration into the standard genome. Chromosome Res 2003, 11:115-123.
9. 1 chromosomes. Heredity 2002, 88:14-18.
10. Baverstock PR, Gelder M, Jahnke A Cytogenetic studies of the Australian rodent, Uromys caudimaculatus, a species showing extensive heterochromatin variation. Chromosoma 1982, 84:517-533.
11. Bell G, Burt A B chromosomes: germ-line parasites which induce changes in host recombination. Parasitology 1990, 100:S19-S26.
12. Beukeboom LW Bewildering Bs: an impression of the 1st B-Chromosome Conference. Heredity 1994, 73:328-336.
13. Beukeboom LW, Werren JH The paternal-sex-ratio (PSR) chromosome in natural populations of Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). J Evol Biol 2000, 13:967-975.
14. Beukeboom LW, Seif M, Plowman AB, et al. Phenotypic fitness effects of B-chromosomes in the pseudogamous parthenogenetic planarian Polycelis nigra. Heredity 1998, 80:594-603.
15. Bidau CJ, Martí DA B chromosomes and Robertsonian fusions of Dichroplus pratensis (Acrididae): intraspecific support for the centromeric drive theory. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004, 106:347-350.
16. Blunden R, Wilkes TJ, Forster JW, et al. Identification of the E3900 family, a 2nd family of rye chromosome-B specific repeated sequences. Genome 1993, 36:706-711.
17. Boeskorov GG, Kartavtseva IV, Zagorodnyuk IV, et al. Nucleolus Organizer Regions and B chromosomes of wood mice (Mammalia, Rodentia, Apodemus). Genetika 1995, 31:185-192.
18. Bosemark NO On accessory chromosomes in Festuca pratensis. II. Inheritance of the standard type of accessory chromosome. Hereditas 1954, 40:425-437.
19. Bougourd SM, Parker JS The B chromosome system of Allium schoenoprasum. II. Stability, inheritance and phenotypic effects. Chromosoma 1979, 75:369-383.
20. Bougourd SM, Plowman AB The inheritance of B chromosomes in Allium schoenoprasum L. Chromosome Res 1996, 4:151-158.
21. Bougourd SM, Plowman AB, Ponsford NR, et al. The case for unselfish B-chromosomes: evidence from Allium schoenoprasum. Kew Chromosome Conference IV 1995, 21-34. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. P.E. Brandham, M.D. Bennet (Eds.).
22. Boyes JW, Van Brink JM Chromosomes of Syrphidae III. Karyotypes of some species in the tribes Milesiini and Myoleptini. Chromosoma 1967, 22:417-455.
23. Brinkman JN, Sessions SK, Houben A, Green DM Structure and evolution of supernumerary chromosomes in the Pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon tenebrosus. Chromosome Res 2000, 8:477-485.
24. Brown SW, Nelson-Rees WA Radiation analysis of a lecanoid genetic system. Genetics 1961, 46:983-1007.
25. Burt A, Trivers R Selfish DNA and breeding system in flowering plants. Proc R Soc Lond B 1998, 265:141-146.
26. Cabrero J, Camacho JPM Population cytogenetics of Chorthippus vagans. 2. Reduced meiotic transmission but increased fertilization by males possessing a supernumerary chromosome. Genome 1987, 29:285-291.
27. Cabrero J, Alché JD, Camacho JPM Effects of B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans on nucleolar organiser regions activity. Activation of a latent NOR on a B chromosome fused to an autosome. Genome 1987, 29:116-121.
28. Cabrero J, Bakkali M, Bugrov A, et al. Multiregional origin of B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Chromosoma 2003, 112:207-211.
29. Cabrero J, López-León MD, Bakkali M, Camacho JPM Common origin of B chromosome variants in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity 1999, 83:435-439.
30. Cabrero J, López-León MD, Gómez R, et al. Geographical distribution of B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, along a river basin, is mainly shaped by non-selective historical events. Chromosome Res 1997, 5:194-198.
31. Cabrero J, Perfectti F, Gómez R, et al. Population variation in the A chromosome distribution of satellite DNA and ribosomal DNA in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Chromosome Res 2003, 11:375-381.
32. Cabrero J, Viseras E, Camacho JPM The B-chromosomes of Locusta migratoria. I. Detection of negative correlation between mean chiasma frequency and the rate of accumulation of the B's; a reanalysis of the available data about the transmission of these B chromosomes. Genetica 1984, 64:155-164.
33. Camacho JPM, Bakkali M, Corral JM, et al. Host recombination is dependent on the degree of parasitism. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002, 269:2173-2177.
34. Camacho JPM, Cabrero J, López-León MD, et al. The B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans and the intragenomic conflict. Genetica 2003, 117:77-84.
35. Camacho JPM, Carballo AR, Cabrero J The B-chromosome system of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans subsp. plorans (Charpentier). Chromosoma 1980, 80:163-166.
36. Camacho JPM, Díaz de la Guardia R, Ruiz Rejón M Polysomy and supernumerary isochromosomes in the grasshopper Omocestus bolivari (Chopard). Heredity 1981, 46:123-126.
37. Camacho JPM, Perfectti F, Teruel M, et al. The odd-even effect in mitotically unstable B chromosomes in grasshoppers. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004, 106:325-331.
38. Camacho JPM, Sharbel TF, Beukeboom LW B chromosome evolution. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 2000, 355:163-178.
39. Camacho JPM, Shaw MW, López-León MD, et al. Population dynamics of a selfish B chromosome neutralized by the standard genome in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Am Nat 1997, 149:1030-1050.
40. Cano MI, Santos JL Cytological basis of the B chromosome accumulation mechanism in the grasshopper Heteracris littoralis (Ramb). Heredity 1989, 62:91-95.
41. Carlson W Factors affecting preferential fertilization in maize. Genetics 1969, 62:543-554.
42. Carlson WR Crossover effects of B chromosomes may be 'selfish'. Heredity 1994, 72:636-638.
43. Carlson WR, Roseman RR A new property of the maize B chromosome. Genetics 1992, 131:211-223.
44. Carvalho AB Origin and evolution of the Drosophila Y chromosome. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2002, 12:664-668.
45. Castro AJ, Perfectti F, Pardo MC, et al. No harmful effects of a selfish B chromosome on several morphological and physiological traits in Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Heredity 1998, 80:753-759.
46. Cavallaro ZI, Bertollo LAC, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM Frequency increase and mitotic stabilization of a B chromosome in the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chromosome Res 2000, 8:627-634.
47. Cebriá A, Navarro ML, Puertas MJ Genetic control of B chromosome transmission in Aegilops speltoides (Poaceae). Am J Bot 1994, 81:1502-1507.
48. Cheng YM, Lin BY Cloning and characterization of maize B chromosome sequences derived from microdissection. Genetics 2003, 164:299-310.
49. Chiavarino AM, González-Sánchez M, Poggio L, et al. Is maize B chromosome preferential fertilization controlled by a single gene?. Heredity 2001, 86:743-748.
50. Chiavarino AM, Rosato M, Rosi P, et al. Localization of the genes controlling B chromosome transmission rate in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae). Am J Bot 1998, 85:1581-1585.
51. Chilton MD, MacCarthy BJ DNA from maize with and without B chromosomes: a comparative study. Genetics 1973, 74:605-614.
52. Chuma I, Tosa Y, Taga M, et al. Meiotic behaviour of a supernumerary chromosome in Magnaporthe oryzae. Curr Genet 2003, 43:191-198.
53. Covert SF Supernumerary chromosomes in filamentous fungi. Curr Genet 1998, 33:311-319.
54. Darlington CD Evolution of Genetic Systems 1958, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London.
55. Darlington CD, Upcott MB The activity of inert chromosomes in Zea mays. J Genet 1941, 41:275-296.
56. Dawkins R The Selfish Gene 1976, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
57. Dearn JM Phase transformation and chiasma frequency variation in locusts. II. Locusta migratoria. Chromosoma 1974, 45:339-352.
58. Dhar MK, Friebe B, Koul AK, Gill BS Origin of an apparent B chromosome by mutation, chromosome fragmentation and specific DNA sequence amplification. Chromosoma 2002, 111:332-340.
59. Dherawattana A, Sadanaga K Cytogenetics of a crown rust-resistant hexaploid oat with 42 + 2 fragment chromosomes. Crop Sci 1973, 13:591-594.
60. Dimitri P, Arca B, Berghella L, Mei E High genetic instability of heterochromatin after transposition of the LINElike I factor in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:8052-8057.
61. Donald TM, Leach CR, Clough A, Timmis JN Ribosomal RNA genes and the B chromosome of Brachycome dichromosomatica. Heredity 1995, 74:556-561.
62. Doolittle WF, Sapienza C Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 1980, 284:601-603.
63. Dover GA Heterogeneity of B chromosome DNA. No evidence for a B chromosome specific repetitive DNA correlated with B chromosome effects on meiotic pairing in Triticinae. Chromosoma 1975, 53:153-173.
64. Dover GA, Henderson SA No detectable satellite DNA in supernumerary chromosomes of the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix. Nature 1975, 259:57-59.
65. Dover GA, Riley R Prevention of pairing of homoeologous chromosomes of wheat by an activity of supernumerary chromosomes of Aegilops. Nature 1972, 240:159-161.
66. Eickbush DG, Eickbush TH, Werren JH Molecular characterization of repetitive DNA sequences from a B chromosome. Chromosoma 1992, 101:575-583.
67. Enkerli J, Bhatt G, Covert SF Nht1, a transposable element cloned from a dispensable chromosome in Nectria haematococca. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 1997, 10:742-749.
68. Enkerli J, Reed H, Briley A, Bhatt G, Covert SF Physical map of a conditionally dispensable chromosome in Nectria haematococca mating population VI and location of chromosome breakpoints. Genetics 2000, 155:1083-1094.
69. Evans GM, Rees H, Snell CL, Sun S The relationship between nuclear DNA amount and the duration of the mitotic cycle. Chromosomes Today 1972, 3:24-31.
70. Fontana PG, Vickery VR Segregation-distortion in the B-chromosome system of Tettigidea lateralis (Say) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Chromosoma 1973, 43:75-100.
71. Frank SA Polymorphism of attack and defence. Trends Ecol Evol 2000, 15:167-171.
72. Fröst S The inheritance of the accessory chromosomes in Centaurea scabiosa. Hereditas 1957, 43:403-422.
73. Funnell DL, Matthews PS, VanEtten HD Identification of new pisatin demethylase genes (PDA5 and PDA7) in Nectria haematococca and non-Mendelian segregation of pisatin demethylating ability and virulence on pea due to loss of chromosomal elements. Fungal Genet Biol 2002, 37:121-133.
74. Ghaffari SM, Bidmeshkipoor A Presence and behaviour of B-chromosomes in Acanthophyllum laxiusculum (Caryophyllaceae). Genetica 2002, 115:319-323.
75. Gibson I, Hewitt GM Isolation of DNA from B chromosomes in grasshoppers. Nature 1972, 255:67-68.
76. González-Sánchez M, Chiavarino M, Jiménez G, et al. The parasitic effects of rye B chromosomes might be beneficial in the long term. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004, 106:386-393.
77. González-Sánchez M, González-González E, Molina F, et al. One gene determines maize B chromosome accumulation by preferential fertilisation; another gene(s) determines their meiotic loss. Heredity 2003, 90:122-129.
78. Gorlov IP, Tsurusaki N Analysis of the phenotypic effects of B chromosomes in a natural population of Metagagrella tenuipes (Arachnida: Opiliones). Heredity 2000, 84:209-217.
79. Green DM Cytogenetics of the endemic New Zealand frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri: extraordinary supernumerary chromosome variation and a unique sex-chromosome system. Chromosoma 1988, 97:55-70.
80. Green DM Muller's Ratchet and the evolution of supernumerary chromosomes. Genome 1990, 33:818-824.
81. Gutknecht J, Sperlich D, Bachmann L A species specific satellite DNA family of Drosophila subsilvestris appearing predominantly in B chromosomes. Chromosoma 1995, 103:539-544.
82. Hackstein JHP, Hochstenbach R, Hauschteck-Jungen E, Beukeboom LW Is the Y chromosome of Drosophila an evolved supernumerary chromosome?. BioEssays 1996, 18:317-323.
83. Hkansson A Überzählige chromosomen in einer rasse von Godetia nutans Hiorth. Bot Notiser 1945, 2:1-19.
84. Hkansson A Behaviour of accessory rye chromosomes in the embryo-sac. Hereditas 1948, 34:35-59.
85. Han YN, Liu XG, Benny U, et al. Genes determining pathogenicity to pea are clustered on a supernumerary chromosome in the fungal plant pathogen Nectria haematococca. Plant J 2001, 25:305-314.
86. Harrison A, Olds-Clarke P, King SM Identification of the t complex-encoded cytoplasmic dynein light chain tctex1 in inner arm 11 supports the involvement of flagellar dyneins in meiotic drive. J Cell Biol 1998, 140:1137-1147.
87. Harvey AW, Hewitt GM B-chromosomes slow development in a grasshopper. Heredity 1979, 42:397-401.
88. Hasegawa N A cytological study on 8-chromosome rye. Cytologia 1934, 6:68-77.
89. Hayman DL, Martin PG, Waller PF Parallel mosaicism of supernumerary chromosomes and sex chromosomes in Echymipera kalabu (Marsupialia). Chromosoma 1969, 27:371-380.
90. Henking H Über Spermatogenese und deren Beziehung zur Eientwicklung bei Pyrrhocoris apterus. Z Wiss Zool 1891, 51:685-736.
91. Henriques-Gil N, Arana P Origin and substitution of B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Evolution 1990, 44:747-753.
92. Henriques-Gil N, Arana P, Santos JL Spontaneous translocations between B chromosomes and the normal complement in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Chromosoma 1983, 88:145-148.
93. Henriques-Gil N, Santos JL, Arana P Evolution of a complex polymorphism in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Chromosoma 1984, 89:290-293.
94. Henriques-Gil N, Santos JL, Giráldez R Genotype-dependent effect of B-chromosomes on chiasma frequency in Eyprepocnemis plorans (Acrididae: Orthoptera). Genetica 1982, 59:223-227.
95. Herrera JA, López-León MD, Cabrero J, et al. Evidence for B chromosome drive suppression in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity 1996, 76:633-639.
96. Hewitt GM The integration of supernumerary chromosomes into the orthopteran genome. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1973, 38:183-194.
97. Hewitt GM Variable transmission rates of a B chromosome in Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.). Chromosoma 1973, 40:83-106.
98. Hewitt GM Meiotic drive for B chromosomes in the primary oocytes of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Chromosoma 1976, 56:381-391.
99. Hewitt GM Grasshopper and crickets. Animal Cytogenetics, vol. 3: Insecta 1 Orthoptera 1979, Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart. B. John (Ed.).
100. Hewitt GM, Brown FM The B-chromosome system of Myrmeleotettix maculatus V. A steep cline in East Anglia. Heredity 1970, 25:363-371.
101. Hewitt GM, East TM Effects of B chromosomes on development in grasshopper embryos. Heredity 1978, 41:347-356.
102. Hewitt GM, John B The B-chromosome system of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) III. The statistics. Chromosoma 1967, 21:140-162.
103. Hewitt GM, Ruscoe C Changes in microclimate correlated with a cline for B-chromosomes in the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Anim Ecol 1971, 40:753-765.
104. Hoffman AA, Parson PA Evolutionary Genetics and Environmental Stress 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
105. Houben A, Kynast RG, Heim U, et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterisation of the terminal heterochromatic segment of the B chromosome of rye (Secale cereale). Chromosoma 1996, 105:97-103.
106. Houben A, Leach CR, Verlin D, et al. A repetitive DNA sequence common to the different B chromosomes of the genus Brachycome. Chromosoma 1997, 106:513-519.
107. Houben A, Verlin D, Leach CR, Timmis JN The genomic complexity of micro B chromosomes of Brachycome dichromosomatica. Chromosoma 2001, 110:451-459.
108. Houben A, Wanner G, Hanson L, et al. Cloning and characterisation of polymorphic heterochromatic segments of Brachycome dichromosomatica. Chromosoma 2000, 109:206-213.
109. Hsiang W Cytological studies on migratory locust hybrid, Locusta migratoria migratoria L. × Locusta migratoria malinensis Meyen. Acta Zool Sinica 1958, 10:53-59.
110. Hsu FC, Wang CJ, Chen CM, et al. Molecular characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences, TR-1, in heterochromatic knobs of maize and its relatives. Genetics 2003, 164:1087-1097.
111. Itoh H Chromosomal variation in the spermatogenesis of a grasshopper, Locusta danica. L. Jap J Genet 1934, 10:115-134.
112. Jackson RC, Newmark KP Effects of supernumerary chromosomes on production of pigment in Haplopappus gracilis. Science 1960, 132:1316-1317.
113. Jamilena M, Ruiz-Rejón C, Ruiz-Rejón M A molecular analysis of the origin of the Crepis capillaris B chromosome. J Cell Sci 1994, 107:703-708.
114. Jesus CM, de Galetti PM, Valentini SR, Moreira-Filho O Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of two families of satellite DNA in Prochilodus lineatus (Pisces, Prochilodontidae), a species with B chromosomes. Genetica 2003, 118:25-32.
115. Jiménez G, Manzanero S, Puertas MJ Relationship between pachytene synapsis, metaphase I associations, and transmission of 2B and 4B chromosomes in rye. Genome 2000, 43:232-239.
116. Jiménez MM, Romera F, Gallego A, Puertas MJ Genetic control of the rate of transmission of rye B chromosomes. II. 0B × 2B crosses. Heredity 1995, 74:518-523.
117. John B, Freeman M The cytogenetic structure of Tasmanian populations of Phaulacridium vittatum. Chromosoma 1975, 53:283-293.
118. John B, Hewitt GM The B chromosome system of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.), I. The mechanics. Chromosoma 1965, 16:548-578.
119. John UP, Leach CR, Timmis JN A sequence specific to B chromosomes of Brachycome dichromosomatica. Genome 1991, 34:739-744.
120. Jones RN Are B chromosomes selfish?. The Evolution of Genome Size 1985, 397-425. Wiley, London. T. Cavalier-Smith (Ed.).
121. Jones RN B-chromosome drive. Am Nat 1991, 137:430-442.
122. Jones RN Tansley review no. 85: B chromosomes in plants. New Phytol 1995, 131:411-434.
123. Jones RN, Houben A B chromosomes in plants: escapees from the A chromosome genome?. Trends Plant Sci 2003, 8:417-423.
124. Jones RN, Rees H Genotypic control of chromosome behaviour in rye. XI. The influence of B chromosomes on meiosis. Heredity 1967, 22:333-347.
125. Jones RN, Rees H An anomalous variation due to B chromosomes in rye. Heredity 1969, 24:265-271.
126. Jones RN, Rees H B Chromosomes 1982, Academic Press, New York.
127. Karamysheva TV, Andreenkova OV, Bochkaerev MN, et al. B chromosomes of Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia, Murinae) analysed by microdissection and FISH. Cytogenet Genome Res 2002, 96:154-160.
128. Kayano H Cytogenetic studies in Lillium callosum. III. Preferential segregation of a supernumerary chromosome in EMCs. Proc Jap Acad 1957, 33:553-558.
129. Kayano H Accumulation of B chromosomes in the germ-line of Locusta migratoria. Heredity 1971, 27:119-123.
130. Kenton A Heterochromatin accumulation, disposition and diversity in Gibasis karwinskyana (Commelinaceae). Chromosoma 1991, 100:467-478.
131. Keyl HG, Hägele K B chromosomen bei Chironomus. Chromosoma 1971, 35:403-417.
132. Kidwell MG, Lisch DR Transposable elements, parasitic DNA, and genome evolution. Evolution 2001, 55:1-24.
133. Kimura M, Kayano H The maintenance of supernumerary chromosomes in wild populations of Lillium callosum by preferential segregation. Genetics 1961, 46:1699-1712.
134. King M, John B Regularities and restrictions governing C-band variation in acridoid grasshoppers. Chromosoma 1980, 76:123-150.
135. Kirk D, Jones RN Nuclear genetic activity in B-chromosome rye, in terms of the quantitative interrelationships between nuclear protein, nuclear RNA and histone. Chromosoma 1970, 31:241-254.
136. Klein AS, Eckhardt RA The DNAs of the A and B chromosomes of the mealy bug, Pseudococcus obscurus. Chromosoma 1976, 57:333-340.
137. Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O, Kalck V, et al. Pathogen-induced systemic plant signal triggers DNA rearrangements. Nature 2003, 423:760-762.
138. Kubota S, Nakai Y, Kuroo M, Kohno S Germ line restricted supernumerary (B) chromosomes in Eptatretus okinoseanus. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1992, 60:224-228.
139. Kusano A, Staber C, Chan HYE, Ganetzky B Closing the (Ran)GAP on segregation distortion in Drosophila. BioEssays 2003, 25:108-115.
140. Kuwada Y Ueber die chromosomenzhal von Zea mays L. Bot Mag 1915, 29:83-89.
141. Langdon T, Seago C, Jones RN, et al. De novo evolution of satellite DNA on the rye B chromosome. Genetics 2000, 154:869-884.
142. Leach CR, Donald TM, Franks TK, et al. Organisation and origin of a B chromosome centromeric sequence from Brachycome dichromosomatica. Chromosoma 1995, 103:708-714.
143. Leigh EGJ How does selection reconcile individual advantage with the good of the group?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977, 74:4542-4546.
144. Lespinasse R Comportment des chromosomes sumuméraires et relation avec le taux de mortalité dans une population africaine de Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Chromosoma 1973, 44:107-122.
145. Lespinasse R Analyse de la transmission des chromosomes surnuméraires chez Locusta migratoria migratorioides R et F. Chromosoma 1977, 59:307-322.
146. Lin BY, Chou HP Physical mapping of four RAPDs in the B chromosome of maize. Theor Appl Genet 1997, 94:534-538.
147. López-León MD, Cabrero J, Camacho JPM Meiotic drive against an autosomal supernumerary segment promoted by the presence of a B chromosome in females of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Chromosoma 1991, 100:282-287.
148. López-León MD, Cabrero J, Camacho JPM Achiasmate segregation of X and B univalents in males of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans is independent of previous association. Chromosome Res 1996, 4:43-48.
149. López-León MD, Cabrero J, Camacho JPM, et al. A widespread B chromosome polymorphism maintained without apparent drive. Evolution 1992, 46:529-539.
150. López-León MD, Cabrero J, Pardo MC, et al. Generating high variability of B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity 1993, 71:352-362.
151. López-León MD, Neves N, Schwarzacher T, et al. Possible origin of a B chromosome deduced from its DNA composition using double FISH technique. Chromosome Res 1994, 2:87-92.
152. López-León MD, Vázquez P, Hewitt GM, Camacho JPM Cloning and sequence analysis of an extremely homogeneous tandemly repeated DNA in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity 1995, 75:370-375.
153. Lucov Z, Nur U Accumulation of B-chromosomes by preferential segregation in females of the grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Chromosoma 1973, 42:289-306.
154. Maluszynska J, Schweizer D Ribosomal RNA genes in B chromosomes of Crepis capillaris detected by non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Heredity 1989, 62:59-65.
155. McAllister BF, Werren JH Hybrid origin of a B chromosome (PSR) in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Chromosoma 1997, 106:243-253.
156. McClung CE Notes on the accessory chromosome. Anat Anz 1901, 20:220-226.
157. McClung CE The accessory chromosome-sex determinant?. Biol Bull 1902, 3:43-84.
158. McQuade LR, Hill RJ, Francis D B-chromosome systems in the greater glider, Petauroides volans (Marsupialia, Pseudocheiridae) 2. Investigation of B-chromosome DNA sequences isolated by micromanipulation and PCR. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1994, 66:155-161.
159. Mendelson D, Zohari D Behaviour and transmission of supernumerary chromosomes in Aegilops speltoides. Heredity 1972, 29:329-339.
160. Mestriner CA, Galetti PM, Valentini SR, et al. Structural and functional evidence that a B chromosome in the characid fish Astyanax scabripinnis is an isochromosome. Heredity 2000, 85:1-9.
161. Miao VP, Covert SF, VanEtten HD A fungal gene for antibiotic resistance on a dispensable ('B') chromosome. Science 1991, 254:1773-1776.
162. Miao VP, Matthews DE, VanEtten HD Identification and chromosomal locations of a family of cytochrome P-450 genes for pisatin detoxification in the fungus Nectria haematococca. Mol Gen Genet 1991, 226:214-223.
163. Montgomery EA, Huang SM, Langley CH, Judd BH Chromosome rearrangement by ectopic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster: genome structure and evolution. Genetics 1991, 129:1085-1098.
164. Morais-Cecílio L, Delgado M, Jones RN, Viegas W Interphase arrangement of rye B chromosomes in rye and wheat. Chromosome Res 1997, 5:177-181.
165. Müntzing A Cytological studies of extra fragment chromosomes in rye. I. Isofragments produced by misdivision. Hereditas 1944, 30:231-248.
166. Müntzing A Accessory chromosomes in Poa alpina. Heredity 1948, 2:49-61.
167. Müntzing A Cytogenetics of accessory chromosomes (B-chromosomes). Caryologia 1954, S6:282-301.
168. Müntzing A, Akdik S The effect on cell size of accessory chromosomes in rye. Hereditas 1948, 34:248-250.
169. Néo DM, Moreira-Filho O, Camacho JPM Altitudinal variation for B chromosome frequency in the characid fish Astyanax scabripinnis. Heredity 2000, 85:136-141.
170. Nicklas RB Recurrent pole-to-pole movements of the sex chromosome during prometaphase I in Melanoplus differentialis spermatocytes. Chromosoma 1961, 12:97-115.
171. Niwa K, Sakamoto S Origin of B-chromosomes in cultivated rye. Genome 1995, 38:307-312.
172. Noda S Achiasmate meiosis in the Fritillaria japonica group. I. Different modes of bivalent formation in the two sex mother cells. Heredity 1975, 34:373-380.
173. Nokkala S, Grozeva S, Kuznetsova V, Maryanska-Nadachowska A The origin of the achiasmatic XY sex chromosome system in Cacopsylla peregrina (Frst.) (Psylloidea, Homoptera). Genetica 2003, 119:327-332.
174. Nokkala S, Kuznetsova V, Maryanska-Nadachowska A Achiasmate segregation of a B chromosome from the X chromosome in two species of psyllids (Psylloidea, Homoptera). Genetica 2000, 108:181-189.
175. Nur U A supernumerary chromosome with an accumulation mechanism in the lecanoid genetic system. Chromosoma 1962, 13:249-271.
176. Nur U A mitotically unstable supernumerary chromosome with an accumulation mechanism in a grasshopper. Chromosoma 1963, 14:407-422.
177. Nur U The effect of supernumerary chromosomes on the development of mealy bugs. Genetics 1966, 54:1239-1249.
178. Nur U Mitotic instability leading to an accumulation of B-chromosomes in grasshoppers. Chromosoma 1969, 27:1-19.
179. Nur U Maintenance of a "parasitic" B chromosome in the grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Genetics 1977, 87:499-512.
180. Nur U, Brett BLH Genotypes suppressing meiotic drive of a B chromosome in the mealy bug Pseudococcus obscurus. Genetics 1985, 110:73-92.
181. Nur U, Brett BLH Control of meiotic drive of B chromosomes in the mealy bug Pseudococcus affinis (obscurus). Genetics 1987, 115:499-510.
182. Nur U, Brett BLH Genotypes affecting the condensation and transmission of heterochromatic B chromosomes in the mealy bug Pseudococcus affinis. Chromosoma 1988, 96:205-212.
183. Nur U, Werren JH, Eickbush DG, et al. A selfish B chromosome that enhances its transmission by eliminating the paternal genome. Science 1988, 240:512-514.
184. Oliver JL, Posse F, Martínez-Zapater JM, et al. B chromosomes and E1 isoenzyme activity in mosaic bulbs of Scilla autumnalis. Chromosoma 1982, 85:399-403.
185. Orgel LE, Crick FH Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature 1980, 284:604-607.
186. Östergren G Parasitic nature of extra fragment chromosomes. Bot Notiser 1945, 2:157-163.
187. Page BT, Wanous MK, Birchler JA Characterization of a maize chromosome 4 centromeric sequence: Evidence for an evolutionary relationship with the B chromosome centromere. Genetics 2001, 159:291-302.
188. Palestis BG, Burt A, Jones RN, Trivers R B chromosomes are more frequent in mammals with acrocentric karyotypes: support for the theory of centromeric drive. Proc R Soc Lond B (Suppl) 2004, 271:S22-S24.
189. Paliwal RL, Hyde BB The association of a single B chromosome with male sterility in Plantago coronopus. Am J Bot 1959, 46:460-466.
190. Pardo MC, López-León MD, Viseras E, et al. Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development in Locusta migratoria. Heredity 1995, 74:164-169.
191. Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Sapienza C Female meiosis drives karyotypic evolution in mammals. Genetics 2001, 159:1179-1189.
192. Parker JS, Taylor S, Ainsworth CC The B chromosome system of Hypochoeris maculata. III. Variation in B-chromosome transmission rates. Chromosoma 1982, 85:229-310.
193. Peppers JA, Wiggins LE, Baker RJ Nature of B chromosomes in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosome Res 1997, 5:475-479.
194. Perfectti F, Werren JH The interspecific origin of B chromosomes: experimental evidence. Evolution 2001, 55:1069-1073.
195. Perfectti F, Corral JM, Mesa JA, et al. Rapid suppression of drive for a parasitic B chromosome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004, 106:338-343.
196. Peters GB Germ line polysomy in the grasshopper Atractomorpha similis. Chromosoma} 1981, 81:593-617.
197. Plowman AB, Bougourd SM Selectively advantageous effects of B chromosomes on germination behavior in Allium schoenoprasum L. Heredity 1994, 72:587-593.
198. Poggio L, Rosato M, Chiavarino AM, Naranjo CA Genome size and environmental correlations in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae). Ann Bot 1998, 82:107-115.
199. Porter HL, Rayburn AL B-chromosome and C-band heterochromatin variation in Arizona maize populations adapted to different altitudes. Genome 1990, 33:659-662.
200. Pretel MA, Díaz de la Guardia R Chromosomal polymorphism caused by supernumerary chromosomes in Rattus rattus ssp. frugivurus (Rafinesque, 1814) (Rodentia, Muridae). Experientia 1978, 34:325-328.
201. Puertas MJ Nature and evolution of B chromosomes in plants: A non-coding but information-rich part of plant genomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2002, 96:198-205.
202. Puertas MJ, González-Sánchez M, Manzanero S, et al. Genetic control of the rate of transmission of rye B chromosomes. IV. Localization of the genes controlling B transmission rate. Heredity 1998, 80:209-213.
203. Puertas MJ, Jiménez G, Manzanero S, et al. Genetic control of B chromosome transmission in maize and rye. Chromosomes Today 2000, 13:79-92.
204. Qi ZX, Zeng H, Li XL, et al. The molecular characterization of maize B chromosome specific AFLPs. Cell Res 2002, 12:63-68.
205. Raghuvanshi SS, Kumar G No male-sterility gene on B chromosomes in Plantago coronopus. Heredity 1983, 51:429-433.
206. Randolph LF Types of supernumerary chromosomes in maize. Anat Rec 1928, 41:102.
207. Rebollo E, Arana P A comparative study of orientation at behaviour of univalents in living grasshopper spermatocytes. Chromosoma 1995, 104:56-67.
208. Rebollo E, Martin S, Manzanero S, Arana P Chromosomal strategies for adaptation to univalency. Chromosome Res 1998, 6:515-531.
209. Rees H, Hutchinson J Nuclear DNA variation due to B chromosomes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1973, 38:175-182.
210. Rees H, Jamieson A A supernumerary chromosome in Locusta. Nature 1954, 173:43-44.
211. Riera L, Petitpierre E, Juan C, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of a B-chromosome invasion in island populations of the grasshopper
212. Rimpau J, Flavell RB Characterisation of rye B chromosome DNA by DNA/DNA hybridisation. Chromosoma 1975, 52:207-217.
213. Roman H Directed fertilisation in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1948, 34:36-42.
214. Romera F, Jiménez MM, Puertas MJ Genetic control of the rate of transmission of rye B chromosomes. I. Effects in 2B x 0B crosses. Heredity 1991, 66:61-65.
215. Rosato M, Chiavarino AM, Naranjo CA, et al. Genome size and numerical polymorphism for the B chromosome in races of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae). Am J Bot 1998, 85:168-174.
216. Rosato M, Chiavarino AM, Puertas MJ, et al. Genetic control of B chromosome transmission rate in Zea mays ssp. mays (Poaceae). Am J Bot 1996, 83:1107-1112.
217. Ruíz-Rejón M, Posse F, Oliver JL The B chromosome system of Scilla autumnalis (Liliaceae): effects at the isozyme level. Chromosoma 1980, 79:341-348.
218. Rutishauser A, Röthlisberger E Boosting mechanism of B chromosomes in Crepis capillaris. Chromosomes Today 1966, 1:28-30.
219. Sandery MJ, Forster JW, Blunden R, Jones RN Identification of a family of repeated sequences on the rye B chromosome. Genome 1990, 33:908-913.
220. Sannomiya M Cytogenetic studies on natural populations of grasshoppers with special reference to B-chromosomes I. Gonista bicolor. Heredity 1974, 32:251-265.
221. Santos JL, Del Cerro AL, Fernández A, Díez M Meiotic behavior of B chromosomes in the grasshopper Omocestus burri. A case of drive in females. Hereditas 1993, 118:139-143.
222. Sapre AB, Deshpande DS Origin of B chromosomes in Coix L. through spontaneous interspecific hybridization. J Hered 1987, 78:191-196.
223. Schartl M, Nanda I, Schlupp I, et al. Incorporation of subgenomic amounts of DNA as compensation for mutational load in a gynogenetic fish. Nature 1995, 373:68-71.
224. Schmid M, Ziegler CG, Steinlein C, et al. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXIV. The B chromosomes of Gastrotheca espeletia (Anura, Hylidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2002, 97:205-218.
225. Sharbel TF, Green DM, Houben A B chromosome origin in the endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri through sex chromosome devolution. Genome 1998, 41:14-22.
226. Sharbel TF, Pijnacker LP, Beukeboom LW Multiple supernumerary chromosomes in the pseudogamous parthenogenetic flatworm, Polycelis nigra: lineage markers or remnants of genetic leakage?. Genome 1997, 40:850-856.
227. Shaw MW The population genetics of the B-chromosome polymorphism of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Biol J Linn Soc 1984, 23:77-100.
228. Shaw MW, Hewitt GM The genetic control of meiotic drive acting on the B chromosome of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Heredity 1985, 54:259-268.
229. Shaw MW, Hewitt GM, Anderson DA Polymorphism in the rates of meiotic drive acting on the chromosome of Myrmeleotettix maculatus. Heredity 1985, 55:61-68.
230. Shiflett AM, Enkerli J, Covert SF Nht2, a copia LTR retrotransposon from a conditionally dispensable chromosome in Nectria haematococca. Curr Genet 2002, 41:99-106.
231. n sequences by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the neotropical water rat Nectomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Chromosome Res 1998, 6:455-462.
232. Stark EA, Connerton I, Bennet ST, et al. Molecular analysis of the structure of the maize B-chromosome. Chromosome Res 1996, 4:15-23.
233. Staub RW Leaf striping correlated with the presence of B chromosomes in maize. J Hered 1987, 78:71-74.
234. Steinemann M, Steinemann S The enigma of Y chromosome degeneration: TRAM, a novel retrotransposon is preferentially located on the Neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda. Genetics 1997, 145:261-266.
235. Stevens NM The chromosomes in Diabrotica vittata, Diabrotica soror and Diabrotica 12-punctata. A contribution to the literature on heterochromosomes and sex determination. J Exp Zool 1908, 5:453-470.
236. Stitou S, Díaz de la Guardia R, Jiménez R, Burgos M Inactive ribosomal cistrons are spread throughout the B chromosomes of Rattus rattus (Rodentia, Muridae). Implications for their origin and evolution. Chromosome Res 2000, 8:305-311.
237. Stitou S, Zurita F, Díaz de la Guardia R, et al. Transmission analysis of B chromosomes in Rattus rattus from Northern Africa. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004, 106:344-346.
238. Szczerbal I, Switonski M B chromosomes of the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Gray) contain inactive NOR-like sequences. Caryologia 2003, 56:213-216.
239. Taga M, Murata M, VanEtten HD Visualization of a conditionally dispensable chromosome in the filamentous ascomycete Nectria haematococca by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Fungal Genet Biol 1999, 26:169-177.
240. Talavera M, López-León MD, Cabrero J, Camacho JPM Male germ line polysomy in the grasshopper Chorthippus binotatus: extra chromosomes are not transmitted. Genome 1990, 33:384-388.
241. Thomson RL B chromosomes in Rattus fuscipes. II. The transmission of B chromosomes to off-spring and population studies. Support for the parasitic model. Heredity 1984, 52:363-372.
242. Thomson RL, Westerman M, Murray ND B chromosomes in Rattus fuscipes. I. Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes and the effects of B chromosomes on chiasma frequency. Heredity 1984, 52:355-362.
243. Trifonov VA, Perelman PL, Kawada SI, et al. Complex structure of B chromosomes in two mammalian species: Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia) and Nyctereutes procyonoides (Carnivora). Chromosome Res 2002, 10:109-116.
244. Trivers R, Burt R, Palestis BG B chromosomes and genome size in flowering plants. Genome 2004, 47:1-8.
245. Tsurusaki N Geographic variation of the number of B-chromosomes in Metagagrella tenuipes (Opiliones, Phalangiidae, Gagrellinae). Mem Queensl Mus 1993, 33:659-665.
246. Uhl CH, Moran R The chromosomes of Pachyphytum (Crassulaceae). Am J Bot 1973, 60:648-656.
247. Van Valen L A new evolutionary law. Evol Theor 1973, 1:1-30.
248. Viseras E, Camacho JPM, Cano MI, Santos JL Relationship between mitotic instability and accumulation of B chromosomes in males and females of Locusta migratoria. Genome 1990, 33:23-29.
249. Volobujev VT, Timina NZ Unusually high number of B-chromosomes and mosaicism by them in Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia, Muridae). Tsitologiya Genet 1980, 14:43-45.
250. Werren JH The paternal sex ratio chromosome of Nasonia. Am Nat 1991, 137:392-402.
251. Werren JH, Stouthamer R PSR (paternal sex ratio) chromosomes: the ultimate selfish genetic elements. Genetica 2003, 117:85-101.
252. Westerman M, Dempsey J Population cytology of the genus Phaulacridium. VI. Seasonal changes in the frequency of the B-chromosomes in a population of P. vittatum. Austr J Biol Sci 1977, 30:329-336.
253. White WJD Animal Cytology and Evolution 1973, Cambridge University Press, London. 3rd ed.
254. Wilkes TM, Francki MG, Langidge P, et al. Analysis of rye B-chromosome structure using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosome Res 1995, 3:466-472.
255. Williams P Genetical effects of B chromosomes in Lolium peremne. PhD Thesis, Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales 1970.
256. Wilson EB Studies on chromosomes. V. The chromosomes of Metapodius. A contribution to the hypothesis of genetic continuity of chromosomes. J Exp Zool 1906, 6:147-205.
257. Wilson EB The supernumerary chromosomes of Hemiptera. Science 1907, 26:870-871.
258. Wolf KW, Mertl HG, Traut W Structure, mitotic and meiotic behavior, and stability of centromere-like elements devoid of chromosome arms in the fly Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae). Chromosoma 1991, 101:99-108.
259. Wurster-Hill DH, Ward OG, Davis BH, et al. Fragile sites, telomeric DNA sequences, B chromosomes, and DNA content in raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonides, with comparative notes on foxes, coyote, wolf, and raccoon. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1988, 49:278-281.
260. Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, De Assis MDL, Kasahara S Variability of the nucleolus organizer regions and the presence of the rDNA genes in the supernumerary chromosome of Akodon aff. arviculoides (Cricetidae, Rodentia). Caryologia 1992, 45:163-174.
261. Yosida TH Some genetic analysis of supernumerary chromosomes in the black rat in laboratory matings. Proc Jap Acad 1978, 54:440-445. Ser. B.
262. Yosida TH Cytogenetics of the Black Rat: Karyotype Evolution and Species Differentiation 1980, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
263. Yosida TH, Sagai T Similarity of Giemsa banding patterns of chromosomes in several species of the genus Rattus. Chromosoma 1973, 41:3-101.
264. Zečević L, Paunović D The effect of B-chromosomes on chiasma frequency in wild populations of rye. Chromosoma 1969, 27:198-200.
265. Ziegler CG, Lamatsch DK, Steinlein C, et al. The giant B chromosome of the cyprinid fish Alburnus alburnus harbours a retrotransposon-derived repetitive DNA sequence. Chromosome Res 2003, 11:23-35.
266. Zurita S, Cabrero J, López-León MD, Camacho JPM Polymorphism regeneration for a neutralized selfish B chromosome. Evolution 1998, 52.