A new approach to visualizing the carbon black/natural rubber interaction layer in carbon black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates and to elucidating the dependence of mechanical properties on quantitative parameters

Colloid and Polymer Science

Volumn 291, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 2101-2110

  Kato, Atsushi ^a   Ikeda, Yuko ^b   Tsushi, Ryota ^b   Kokubo, Yota ^b   Kojima, Nobuo ^a  

^a NISSAN ARC LTD   (Japan)

^b KYOTO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

3D TEM; AFM; Carbon black; Composite; Dynamic mechanical property; Interaction layer; Natural rubber

Indexed keywords

AFM; DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTY; INTERACTION LAYER; QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS; REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS; RUBBER VULCANIZATES; TWO PHASE MIXING; VISCO-ELASTIC BEHAVIORS;

CARBON BLACK; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MIXING; REINFORCEMENT; RUBBER;

FILLED POLYMERS;

CARBON BLACK RUBBER; FILLED NATURAL RUBBER; RUBBER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE PROCESSING; MECHANICS; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; VISCOELASTICITY;

EID: 84882450224     PISSN: 0303402X     EISSN: 14351536     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2948-3     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Fukahori Y (2008) Chapter 18 Mechanism of the carbon black reinforcement of rubbers. In: Bhomik AK (ed) Current topics in elastomers research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 517-539
2. Boonstra BB (1967) Mixing of carbon black and polymer: interaction and reinforcement. J Appl Polym Sci 11:389-406. doi: 10.1002/app.1967.070110307
3. Dannenberg EM (1952) Carbon black dispersion and reinforcement. Rubber Chem Technol 25(4):843-857. doi: 10.5254/1.3543445
4. Gessler AM (1969) Evidence for chemical interaction in carbon and polymer associations: extension of original work on effect of carbon structure. Rubber Chem Technol 42(3):858-873. doi: 10.5254/1.3539264
5. O'Brien J, Cashell E, Wardel GE, McBrierty VJ (1976) An NMR investigation of the interaction between carbon black and cis-polybutadiene. Macromolecules 9(4):653-660. doi: 10.1021/ma60052a025
6. Furuta M, Hikasa T, Kato E (1986) Changes of spin-spin relaxation time for EPR composites during mixing process. J Appl Polym Sci 31:2325-2330. doi: 10.1002/app.1986.070310729
7. Yatsuyanagi F, Kaido H, Kida N, Ito M (1997) Effects of chemical structure and molecular weight of rubber on the content and structure of carbon-gel in black filled rubber system. Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 70(5):274-279. doi: 10.2324/gomu.70.274
8. Kaufman S, Slichter WP, Davis DD (1971) Nuclear magnetic resonance study of rubber-carbon black interactions. J Polym Sci, Part A-2: Polym Phys 9:829-839. doi: 10.1002/pol.1971.160090505
9. Dionne PJ, Picu CR, Ozisik R (2006) Adsorption and desorption dynamics of linear polymer chains to spherical nanoparticles: A Monte Carlo investigation. Macromolecules 39(8):3089-3092. doi: 10.1021/ma0527754
10. Smit PPA (1968) Glass transition in carbon black reinforced rubber. Rubber Chem Technol 41(5):1194-1202. doi: 10.5254/1.3539184
11. Yim A, Chahal RS, St. Pierre LE (1973) The effect of polymer-filler interaction energy on the Tg of filled polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 43(3):583-590. doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(73)90406-2
12. Klüppel M (2003) The role of disorder in filler reinforcement of elastomers on various length scales. Adv Polym Sci 164:1-86. doi: 10.1007/b11054
13. Klüppel M., Heinrich G. (2005) Physics and engineering of reinforced elastomers - from molecular mechanisms to industrial applications. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 58: 217-224. doi: http://www.kgk-rubberpoint.de/article/ 2b5a414b1b5.html
14. Robertson CG, Lin CJ, Rackaitis M, Roland CM (2008) Influence of particle size and polymer-filler coupling on viscoelastic glass transition of particle-reinforced polymers. Macromolecules 41(7):2727-2731. doi: 10.1021/ma7022364
15. Payne AR (1960) A note on the existence of a yield point in the dynamic modulus of loaded vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 3:127. doi: 10.1002/app.1960.070030721
16. Chazeau L, Brown JD, Yanyo LC, Sternstein SS (2000) Modulus recovery kinetics and other insights into the Payne effect for filled elastomers. Polymer Compos 21:202-222. doi: 10.1002/pc.10178
17. Drozdov AD, Dorfmann AI (2002) The Payne effect for particle-reinforced elastomers. Polym Eng Sci 42:591-604. doi: 10.1002/pen.10974
18. Robertson CG, Bogoslovov R, Roland CM (2007) Effect of structural arrest on Poisson's ratio in nanoreinforced elastomers. Physical Review 75:051403-051409. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.051403
19. Robertson CG, Roland CM (2008) Glass transition and interfacial segmental dynamics in polymer-particle composites. Rubber Chem Technol 81(3):506-522. doi: 10.5254/1.3548217
20. Rendek M, Lion A (2010) Strain-induced transition effects of filler-reinforced elastomers with respect to the Payne-effect: experiments and constitutive modeling. Z Angew Math Mech 90:436-458. doi: 10.1002/zamm.200900362
21. Agnelli S, Ramorino G, Passera S, Karger-Kocsis J, Riccò T (2012) Fracture resistance of rubbers with MWCNT, organoclay, silica and carbon black fillers as assessed by the J-integral: effects of rubber type and filler concentration. eXPRESS Polymer Letters 6:581-587. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett. 2012.61
22. Cassagnau P (2003) Payne effect and shear elasticity of silica-filled polymers in concentrated solutions and in molten state. Polymer 44:2455-2462. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00094-6
23. Clément F, Bokobza L, Monnerie L (2005) Investigation of the Payne effect and its temperature dependence on silica-filled polydimethylsiloxane networks. Part I: experimental results. Rubber Chem Technol 78(2):211-231. doi: 10.5254/1.3547879
24. Ramier J, Gauthier C, Chazeau L, Stelandre L, Guy L (2007) Payne effect in silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber: influence of surface treatment. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 45:286-298. doi: 10.1002/polb.21033
25. Xu X-M, Tao X-L, Zheng Q (2008) Influence of surface-modification for calcium carbonate on the interaction between the fillers and polydimethylsiloxane. Chinese J Polym Sci 26:145-152. doi: 10.1142/ S0256767908002777
26. Litchfield D. W., Baird D. G. (2006) The rheology of high aspect ratio nanoparticle filled liquids. Rheology Reviews: 1-60
27. Das A, Costa FR, Wagenknecht U, Heinrich G (2008) Nanocomposites based on chloroprene rubber: effect of chemical nature and organic modification of nanoclay on the vulcanizate properties. European Polym 44:3456-3465. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.025
28. Allaoui A, Evesque P, Bai JB (2008) Effect of aging on the reinforcement efficiency of carbon nanotubes in epoxy matrix. J Matter Sci 43(14):5020-5022. doi: 10.1007/s10853-008- 2728-5
29. 2-filled rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 94:2341-2346. doi: 10.1002/app.21037
30. Marcovich N, Reboredo M, Kenny J, Aranguren M (2004) Rheology of particle suspensions in viscoelastic media. Wood flour-polypropylene melt. Rheol Acta 43:293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00397-003-0349-0
31. Wang J, Wu W, Wang W, Zhang J (2011) Preparation and characterization of hemp hurd powder filled SBR and EPDM elastomers. J Polym Res 18:1023-1032. doi: 10.1007/s10965-010-9503-4
32. Ikeda Y, Kato A, Shimanuki J, Kohjiya S (2004) Nano-structural observation of in situ silica in natural rubber matrix by three dimensional transmission electron microscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:1186-1190. doi: 10.1002/marc.200400053
33. Kohjiya S, Kato A, Shimanuki J, Hasegawa T, Ikeda Y (2005) Three-dimensional nano-structure of in situ silica in natural rubber as revealed by 3D-TEM/electron tomography. Polymer 46:4440-4446. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer. 2005.02.026
34. Kohjiya S, Kato A, Shimanuki J, Hasegawa H, Ikeda Y (2005) Three-dimensional nano-structure of in situ silica in natural rubber as revealed by 3D-TEM/electron tomography. J Mater Sci 40:2553-2555. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-2072-y
35. Kohjiya S, Kato A, Suda T, Shimanuki J, Ikeda Y (2006) Visualisation of carbon black networks in rubbery matrix by 3D-TEM image. Polymer 47:3298-3301. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.008
36. Kato A, Shimanuki J, Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y (2006) Three-dimensional morphology of carbon black in NR vulcanizates as revealed by 3D-TEM and dielectric measurements. Rubber Chem Technol 79(4):653-673. doi: 10.5254/1.3547959
37. Ikeda Y, Kato A, Shimanuki J, Kohjiya S, Tosaka M, Poompradub S, Toki S, Hsiao BS (2007) Nano-structural elucidation in carbon black loaded NR vulcanizate by 3D-TEM and in situ WAXD measurements. Rubber Chem Technol 80(2):251-264. doi: 10.5254/1.3539405
38. Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y, Kato A (2008) Chapter 19 Visualization of nano-filler dispersion and morphology in rubbery matrix by 3D-TEM. In: Bhowmick AK (ed) Current topics in elastomers research. CRC Press, Boca Raton
39. Kohjiya S, Kato A, Ikeda Y (2008) Visualization of nanostructure of soft matter by 3D-TEM: nanoparticles in a natural rubber matrix. Prog Polym Sci 33:979-997. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.06.001
40. Kato A, Ikeda Y, Kasahara Y, Shimanuki J, Suda T, Hasegawa T, Sawabe H, Kohjiya S (2008) Optical transparency and silica network structure in cross-linked natural rubber as revealed by spectroscopic and three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy techniques. J Opt Soc Am B 25:1602-1615. doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.25.001602
41. Kato A, Ikeda Y, Kohjiya S (2012) Chapter 17 Carbon black-filled natural rubber composites: physical chemistry and reinforcing mechanism. In: Thomas S, Joseph K, Malhotra SK, Goda K, Streekala MS (eds) Polymer composites, vol 1, Macro- and microcomposites. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Boscher, pp 515-543
42. Nishi T (1974) Effect of solvent and carbon black species on the rubber-carbon black interactions studied by pulsed NMR. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 12:685-693. doi: 10.1002/pol.1974.180120405
43. Litvinov VM, Orza RA, Klüppel M, van Duin M, Magusin PCMM (2011) Rubber-filler interactions and network structure in relation to stress-strain behavior of vulcanized, carbon black filled EPDM. Macromolecules 44:4887-4900. doi: 10.1021/ma2007255
44. Nakajima K, Nishi T (2008) Chapter 21 Recent developments in rubber research using atomic force microscopy. In: Bhomik AK (ed) Current topics in elastomers research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 579-604
45. Coran AY (2003) Chemistry of the vulcanization and protection of elastomers: a review of the achievements. J Appl Polym Sci 87:24-30. doi: 10.1002/app.11659
46. Kremer JR, Mastronarde DN, McIntosh JR (1996) Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD. J Structural Biology 116:71-76. doi: 10.1006/jsbi.1996.0013
47. Stalling D, Westerhoff M, Hege H-C (2005) Chapter 38 Amira: a highly interactive system for visual data analysis. In: Hansen CD, Johnson CR (eds) The visualization handbook. Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney and Tokyo, pp 749-767
48. The Japanese Society of Microscopy (2004) Feature articles: electron tomography. Microscopy 39:2-33
49. Tsuji M, Fujita M, Kohjiya S (1997) On the correlation between modulus of polymer crystals and resistance against electron-beam irradiation. Nihon Reorogi Gakkaishi 25:193-194
50. Yurekli K, Krishnamooti R, Tse MF, McElrath KO, Tsou AH, Wang HC (2001) Structure and dynamics of carbon black-filled elastomers. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39:256-275. doi: 10.1002/1099-0488(20010115)39:2<256::AID- POLB80>3.0.CO;2-Z
51. Facca AG, Kortschot MT, Yan N (2006) Predicting the elastic modulus of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 37:1660-1671. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.10.006
52. Omnès B, Thuillier S, Pilvin P, Grohens Y, Gillet S (2008) Effective properties of carbon black filled natural rubber: experiments and modeling. Compsites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 39:1141-1149. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.04.003
53. Medalia AI (1972) Effective degree of immobilization of rubber occluded within carbon black aggregates. Rubber Chem Technol 45(5):1171-1194. doi: 10.5254/1.3544731
54. Halpin JC, Kardos JL (1972) Moduli of crystalline polymers employing composite theory. J Appl Phys 43:2235-2241. doi: 10.1063/1.1661482