Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber Composites: Physical Chemistry and Reinforcing Mechanism

Polymer Composites

Volumn 1, Issue , 2012, Pages 515-543

  Kato, Atsushi ^a   Ikeda, Yuko ^b   Kohjiya, Shinzo ^b  

^a NISSAN ARC LTD   (Japan)

^b KYOTO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

3D TEM; Activation energy; CB loading; CTE; electric conductivity; volume resistivity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885531004     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527645213.ch17     Document Type: Chapter

References (69)

1. Kohjiya, S., Kato, A., and Ikeda, Y. (2008) Visualization of nanostructure of soft matter by 3D-TEM: Nanoparticles in a natural rubber matrix. Progress in Polymer Science, 33 (10), 979-997.
2. Kohjiya, S., Ikeda, Y., and Kato, A. (2008) Current topics in elastomers research, in Visualization of Nano-Filler Dispersion and Morphology in Rubbery Matrix by 3DTEM (ed. A.K. Bhowmick), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp. 543-551.
3. Friedrich, K., Fakirov, S., and Zhang, Z. (eds) (2005) Polymer Composites: From Nano- toMacro-Scale, Springer, New York.
4. Michler, G.H. and Batta-Calleja, F.J. (eds) (2005) Mechanical Properties of Polymers Based on Nano-Structure and Morphology, CRC Press, New York.
5. Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J., and Mojarrad, M. (2007) ArtificialMuscles: Applications of Advanced Polymeric Nano-Composites, Taylor & Francis Group, London.
6. Karger-Kocsis, J. and Fakirov, S. (2009) Nano- and Micro-Mechanics of Polymer Blends and Composites, Hanser Gardner Pubs, New York.
7. Roberts, A.D. (ed.) (1988) Natural Rubber Science and Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Gent, A.N. (ed.) (1992) Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Composites, Hanser, Munich.
9. Rauline, R. (1992) Copolymer rubber composition with silica filler, tires having a base of said composition and method of preparing same, EP 0501227, US Patent No. 5,227,425 (1992/1993) (Compagnie Gdndrale des Establissements Michelin).
10. Ikeda, Y., Kato, A., Shimanuki, J., and Kohjiya, S. (2004) Nano-structural observation of in situ silica in natural rubber matrix by three dimensional transmission electron microscopy. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 25 (12), 1186-1190.
11. Ikeda, Y. (2005) Characterization of rubbery nanocomposites by threedimensional transmission electron microscopy/electron tomography. Sen.i Gakkai-Shi, 61 (2), 34-38.
12. Kato, A., Ikeda, Y., and Kohjiya, S. (2005) Three-dimensional observation of nano filler-filled natural rubber vulcanizates by 3D-transmission electron microscopy (3D-TEM). Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, 78 (5), 180-186.
13. Kohjiya, S., Kato, A., Shimanuki, J., Hasegawa, T., and Ikeda, Y. (2005) Three-dimensional nano-structure of in situ silica in natural rubber as revealed by 3D-TEM/electron tomography. Polymer, 46 (12), 4440-4446.
14. Kohjiya, S., Kato, A., Shimanuki, J., Hasegawa, T., and Ikeda, Y. (2005) Nano-structural observation of carbon black dispersion in natural rubber matrix by three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Materials Science, 40 (9, 10), 2553-2555.
15. Kohjiya, S. and Kato, A. (2005) Visualization of nanostructure in soft materials by 3D-TEM. Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 62 (10), 467-475.
16. Kato, A., Kohjiya, S., and Ikeda, Y. (2006) Three-dimensional electric transmission microscopy. Koubunshi, 55 (8), 616-619.
17. Carmona, F. and Ravier, J. (2002) Electrical properties and mesostructure of carbon black-filled polymers. Carbon, 40 (2), 151-156.
18. Bauhofer, W. and Kovacs, J.Z. (2009) A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, 69 (10), 1486-1498.
19. Morozov, I., Lauke, B., and Heinrich, G. (2010) A new structural model of carbon black framework in rubbers. Computational Materials Science, 47 (3), 817-825.
20. Spruth,W.G. and Bahr, G. (1983) Printing technologies. Computer & Graphics, 7 (1), 51-57.
21. Nakamura, T., Kisu, H., Araya, J., and Okuda, K. (1991) The mechanism of charging roller. Denshi Shashin Gakkaishi (Electrophotography), 30 (3), 302-305.
22. Takagi, K., Castleb, G.S.P., and Takeuchi, M. (2003) Tribocharging mechanism of mono-component irregular and spherical toners in an electrophotograph development system. Powder Technology, 135 (1), 35-42.
23. Lovelace, R.W. and Thom, K. (2008) Paper and Print Technology, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Elsevier, pp. 1-7.
24. Coran,AY. (1994)Vulcanization, in Science and Technology of Rubber, 2nd edn (eds J.E. Mark, B. Erman, and F.R. Eirich), Academic Press, San Diego.
25. Coran, A.Y. (2003) Chemistry of the vulcanization and protection of elastomers: A review of the achievements. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 87 (1), 24-30.
26. Kato, A., Kohjiya, S., and Ikeda, Y. (2007) Nanostructural in traditional composites of natural rubber and reinforcing silica. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 80 (4), 690-700.
27. Kato, A., Ikeda, Y., Kasahara, Y., Shimanuki, J., Suda, T., Hasegawa, T., Sawabe, H., and Kohjiya, S. (2008) Optical transparency and silica network structure in cross-linked natural rubber as revealed by spectroscopic and three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy techniques. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 25 (10), 1602-1615.
28. The IMOD Home page, Bolder Lab for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells. Available at http://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/index. html.
29. TGS-MAXNET-amira documentation. Available at http://www.maxnt.co.jp/support/amira_doc.
30. The Japanese Society of Microscopy. (2004) Feature articles: Electron tomography. Microscopy, 39 (1), 2-33.
31. Kohjiya, S., Kato, A., Suda, T., Shimanuki, J., and Ikeda, Y. (2006) Visualisation of carbon black networks in rubbery matrix by 3D-TEM image. Polymer, 47 (10), 3298-3301.
32. Kato, A., Shimanuki, J., Kohjiya, S., and Ikeda, Y. (2006) Three-dimensional morphology of carbon black in NR vulcanizates as revealed by 3D-TEM and dielectric measurements. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 79 (4), 653-673.
33. Ikeda, Y., Kato, A., Shimanuki, J., Kohjiya, S., Tosaka, M., Poompradub, S., Toki, S., and Hsiao, B.S. (2007) Nano-structural elucidation in carbon black loaded NR vulcanizate by 3D-TEM and in situ WAXD measurements. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 80 (2), 251-264.
34. Tsuji, M., Fujita, M., and Kohjiya, S. (1997) On the correlationship between modulus of polymer crystals and resistance against electron-beam irradiation. Nihon Reorogi Gakkaishi, 25, 193-194.
35. Omnésa, B., Thuilliera, S., Pilvina, P., Grohensa, Y., and Gilletb, S. (2008) Effective properties of carbon black filled natural rubber: Experiments and modeling. Composites Part A, 39 (7), 1141B-1149B.
36. Hong, G.C., Nikiel, L., andGerspacher,M. (2004) Electrical resistivity and thermal expansion coefficient of carbon-blackfilled compounds around Tg. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 44 (4), 962-966.
37. Caoa, Q., Songa, Y., Tana, Y., and Zhenga, Q. (2009) Thermal-induced percolation in high-density polyethylene/carbon black composites polymer. Polymer, 50 (26), 6350-6356.
38. Frenkel, J. (1930) On the electrical resistance of contacts between solid conductors. Physical Review, 36 (11), 1604-1618.
39. Polley, M.H. and Boonstra, B.B.S.T. (1957) Carbon blacks for highly conductive rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 30 (1), 170-179.
40. Voet, A. (1964) Electric conductance of carbon black. Rubber Age, 95 (5), 746-753.
41. Bahder, G. and Garcia, F.G. (1971) Electrical characteristics and requirements of extruded semiconducting shields in power cables, power apparatus and systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-90 (3), 917-925.
42. El-Tantawy, F., Kamada, K., and Ohnabe, H. (2002) In situ network structure, electrical and thermal properties of conductive epoxy resin-carbon black composites for electrical heater applications. Materials Letters, 56 (1-2), 112-126.
43. Konishi, Y. and Cakmak, M. (2006) Nanoparticle induced network self-assembly in polymer-carbon black composites. Polymer, 47 (15), 5371-5391.
44. Van Beek, L.K.H. and van Pul, B.I.C.F. (1962) Internal field emission in carbon black-loaded natural rubber vulcanizates. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 6 (24), 651-655.
45. Reffaee, A.S.A., Nashar, D.E.E.I., Abd-El- Messieh, S.L., and Abd-El Nour, K.N. (2009) Electrical and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile rubber and linear low density polyethylene composites in the vicinity of the percolation threshold. Materials & Design, 30 (9), 3760-3769.
46. Blythe, A.R. (1979) Electrical Properties of Polymers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47. Abdul Jaward, S. and Alnajjar, A. (1997) Frequency and temperature dependence of ac electrical properties of graphitized carbon-black filled rubbers. Polymer International, 44 (2), 208-212.
48. Tang, H., Chen, X., and Luo, Y. (1996) Electrical and dynamic mechanical behavior of carbon black filled polymer composites. European Polymer Journal, 32 (8), 963-966.
49. Ali, M.H. and Abo-Hashem, A. (1997) Percolation concept and the electrical conductivity of carbon black-polymer composites 2: Noncrystallisable chloroprene rubber mixed with HAF carbon black. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 68 (2), 163-167.
50. Ali, M.H. and Abo-Hashem, A. (1997) Percolation concept and the electrical conductivity of carbon black-polymer composites 3: Crystallisable chloroprene rubber mixed with FEF carbon black. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 68 (2), 168-171.
51. Flandin, L.,Hiltner, A., and Baer, E. (2001) Interrelationships between electrical and mechanical properties of a carbon blackfilled ethylene-octene elastomer. Polymer, 42 (2), 827-838.
52. Drozdov, A.D. and Dorfmannb, A. (2002) The nonlinear viscoelastic response of carbon black-filled natural rubbers. International. Journal of Solids and Structures, 39 (23), 5699-5717.
53. Yamaguchi, K., Busfield, J.J.C., and Thomas, A.G. (2003) Electrical and mechanical behavior of filled elastomers. I. The effect of strain. Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 41 (17), 2079-2089.
54. Zaborski, M. and Donnet, J.B. (2003) Activity of fillers in elastomer networks of different structure. Macromolecular Symposia, 194 (1), 87-100.
55. Sajjayanukul, T., Saeoui, P., and Sirisinha, C. (2005) Experimental analysis of viscoelastic properties in carbon black-filled natural rubber compounds. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97 (6), 2197-2203.
56. Podhradská, S., Prokeš, J., Omastová, M., and Chodák, I. (2009) Stability of electrical properties of carbon black-filled rubbers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112 (5), 2918-2924.
57. Mickinney, J.E. and Roth, F.L. (1952) Carbon black differentiation by electrical resistance of vulcanizates. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 44 (1), 159-163.
58. Boonstra, B.B.S.T. and Medalia, A.I. (1963) Effect of carbon black dispersion on the mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates. Rubber Age, 92 (6), 892-902.
59. Satoh, Y., Suda, K., Fujii, S., Kawahara, S., Isono, Y., and Kagami, S. (2007) Differential dynamic modulus of carbon black filled, uncured SBR in single-step large shearing deformations. e-Journal of Soft Materials, 3, 29-40.
60. IIan, B. and Loring, R.F. (1999) Local vitrification model for melt dynamics. Macromolecules, 32 (3), 949-951.
61. Watanabe, H., Matsumiya, Y., and Inoue, T. (2002) Dielectric and viscoelastic relaxation of highly entangled star polyisoprene: Quantitative test of tube dilation model. Macromolecules, 35 (6), 2339-2357.
62. Bedrov, D. and Smith, G.D. (2006) A molecular dynamics simulation study of segmental relaxation processes in miscible polymer blends. Macromolecules, 39 (24), 8526-8535.
63. Cerveny, S., Zinck, P., Terrier, M., Arrese-Igor, S., Alegla, A., and Colmenero, J. (2008) Dynamics of amorphous and semicrystalline 1,4-transpoly(isoprene) by dielectric spectroscopy. Macromolecules, 41 (22), 8669-8676.
64. Chen, Q., Matsumiya, Y., Masubuchi, Y., Watanabe, H., and Inoue, T. (2008) Component dynamics in polyisoprene/ poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) miscible blends. Macromolecules, 41 (22), 8694-8711.
65. Nishi, T. (1974) Effect of solvent and carbon black species on the rubber-carbon black interactions studied by pulsed NMR. Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Physics, 12 (4), 685-693.
66. O.Brien, J., Cashell, E.,Wardell, G.E., and McBriety, V.J. (1976) An NMR investigation of the interaction between carbon black and cis-polybutadiene. Macromolecules, 9 (4), 653-660.
67. Flory, P.J. (1946) Fundamental principles of condensation polymerization. Chemical Reviews, 39 (1), 137-197.
68. Flory, P.J. (1953) Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
69. Diogo, A.C., Marin, G., and Monge., Ph. (1987) Decomposition of mechanical spectra into elementary cole-cole domains. Application to the viscoelastic behaviour of a styrene-butadiene- styrene block copolymer. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 23, 435-447.