Pediatric depression: An evidence-based update on treatment interventions

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Cheung, Amy H ^a   Kozloff, Nicole ^a   Sacks, Diane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Assessment; CBT; Child and adolescent; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Depression; Guidelines; Interpersonal therapy; IPT; Management; Primary care; Psychiatry; Psychotherapy; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRI

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE;

AGITATION; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DROWSINESS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MENTAL HEALTH CENTER; ONSET AGE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; ADOLESCENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; METHODOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHOTHERAPY;

EID: 84882412690     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0381-4     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Costello EJ, Georgiades K, Green JG, Gruber MJ, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:372-80.
2. Copeland W, Shanahan L, Costello EJ, Angold A. Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:252-61.
3. Hammen C, Brennan PA, Le Brocque R. Youth depression and early childrearing: stress generation and intergenerational transmission of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79:353-63.
4. Asarnow JR, Jaycox LH, Duan N, LaBorde AP, Rea MM, Tang L, et al. Depression and role impairment among adolescents in primary care clinics. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:477-83. (Pubitemid 41681769)
5. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ. Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:225-31. (Pubitemid 34212499)
6. Cummings JR, Druss BG. Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:160-70.
7. Stein RE, Zitner LE, Jensen PS. Interventions for adolescent depression in primary care. Pediatrics. 2006;118:669-82. (Pubitemid 46085424)
8. • Asarnow JR, Jaycox LH, Tang L, Duan N, LaBorde AP, Zeledon LR, et al. Long-term benefits of short-term quality improvement interventions for depressed youths in primary care. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1002-10. One of the largest randomized effectiveness trials for treatment of adolescent depression in primary care to date, this study demonstrated that a quality improvement intervention, including CBT and support for patient and provider choice of treatments, led to improvement of depression severity at 6 months compared with psychoeducation alone.
9. Richardson LP, Lewis CW, Casey-Goldstein M, McCauley E, Katon W. Pediatric primary care providers and adolescent depression: a qualitative study of barriers to treatment and the effect of the black box warning. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:433-9. (Pubitemid 46590013)
10. Cheung A, Sacks D, Dewa CS, Pong J, Levitt A. Pediatric prescribing practices and the FDA Black-box warning on antidepressants. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:213-5.
11. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:495-9.
12. Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung AH, Jensen PS, Stein RE, Laraque D, GLAD-PC Steering Group. Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): I. Identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1299-312. (Pubitemid 350085547)
13. Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Ghalib K, Laraque D, Stein RE, et al. Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1313-26. (Pubitemid 350085548)
14. • US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and treatment for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1223-8. Joint publication of the AAFP and US Preventive Services Task Force outlining recommendations for screening and treatment of depression among children and adolescents in primary care.
15. Goldstein BI, Shamseddeen W, Spirito A, Emslie G, Clarke G, Wagner KD, et al. Substance use and the treatment of resistant depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:1182-92.
16. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. Task force on DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington: Teton Data Systems, American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000: p. 943.
17. Myers SS, Phillips RS, Davis RB, Cherkin DC, Legedza A, Kaptchuk TJ, et al. Patient expectations as predictors of outcome in patients with acute low back pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:148-53.
18. Aikens JE, Nease Jr DE, Nau DP, Klinkman MS, Schwenk TL. Adherence to maintenance-phase antidepressant medication as a function of patient beliefs about medication. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3:23-30. (Pubitemid 40203944)
19. Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Allman C, Friend A, Roth C, et al. Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32:521-9. (Pubitemid 23149027)
20. Spijker J, de Graaf R, Ten Have M, Nolen WA, Speckens A. Predictors of suicidality in depressive spectrum disorders in the general population: results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45:513-21.
21. • Vitiello B, Brent DA, Greenhill LL, Emslie G, Wells K, Walkup JT, et al. Depressive symptoms and clinical status during the Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:997-1004. This federally-funded multisite trial of adolescents with depression and a recent suicide attempt compared treatment with antidepressant with CBT versus combination treatment and found that all groups improved.
22. • Goodyer IM, Dubicka B, Wilkinson P, Kelvin R, Roberts C, Byford S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression treated by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The ADAPT trial. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12:iii-iv. ix-60. UK study comparing treatment with SSRI with combination SSRI plus CBT treatment for moderate-to-severe depression that favored treatment with SSRI alone and did not demonstrate a protective effect for combination treatment on suicidal ideation. One of few trials in this population to include a placebo-washout phase that allowed authors to concluded that offering a brief initial intervention is appropriate for no more than 2-4 weeks before treatment with SSRI should be initiated.
23. • Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Stein RE, Laraque D, GLAD PC Steering Committee. Expert survey for the management of adolescent depression in primary care. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e101-7. As part of the GLAD-PC initiative, this project brought together PCPs and mental health specialists to gather expert consensus on treatment of adolescent depression in primary care.
24. Dopp RR, Mooney AJ, Armitage R, King C. Exercise for adolescents with depressive disorders: a feasibility study. Depress Res Treat. 2012;2012:257472.
25. Compton SN, March JS, Brent D, Albano 5th AM, Weersing R, Curry J. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: an evidence-based medicine review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:930-59. (Pubitemid 38971716)
26. Mufson L, Weissman MM, Moreau D, Garfinkel R. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:573-9. (Pubitemid 29304654)
27. Mufson L, Dorta KP, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Olfson M, Weissman MM. A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:577-84. (Pubitemid 38747312)
28. Clarke G, Debar L, Lynch F, Powell J, Gale J, O'Connor E, et al. A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:888-98. (Pubitemid 41193200)
29. March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:807-20. (Pubitemid 39079667)
30. • Brent D, Emslie G, Clarke G, Wagner KD, Asarnow JR, Keller M, et al. Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:901-13. Federally-funded multisite trial of depressed adolescents who did not respond initially to 2-month treatment with SSRI randomized to one of four groups: (1) switch SSRI, (2) switch SSRI plus CBT, (3) switch to venlafaxine, or (4) switch to venlafaxine plus CBT. Those treated with a combination of either medication plus CBT demonstrated most significant improvements, and no difference was found between switching to another SSRI versus venlafaxine, although venlafaxine was associated with more adverse effects. (Pubitemid 351397065)
31. March JS, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al. The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:1132-43. (Pubitemid 47529337)
32. • Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) Team, March J, Silva S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al. The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): outcomes over 1 year of naturalistic follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1141-9. Thirty-six-week federally-funded multisite trial of fluoxetine versus CBT versus combination versus placebo for moderate-to-severe depression in adolescents that demonstrated early evidence of superiority for combination treatment and fluoxetine with all active treatment arms converging by 24 weeks. This 1-year follow-up post-cessation of treatment demonstrated sustained benefit in all active treatment groups, suggesting lasting benefits of longer duration of these treatments.
33. Stallard P, Richardson T, Velleman S, Attwood M. Computerized CBT (Think, Feel, Do) for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: outcomes and feedback from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2011;39:273-84.
34. Olson AL, Kelleher KJ, Kemper KJ, Zuckerman BS, Hammond CS, Dietrich AJ. Primary care pediatricians' roles and perceived responsibilities in the identification and management of depression in children and adolescents. Ambul Pediatr. 2001;1:91-8. (Pubitemid 33720291)
35. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007;297:1683-96. (Pubitemid 46631627)
36. Mayes TL, Tao R, Rintelmann JW, Carmody T, Hughes CW, Kennard BD, et al. Do children and adolescents have differential response rates in placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine? CNS Spectr. 2007;12:147-54.
37. Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, Posner K, Birmaher B, Ryan N, et al. Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: update from Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:667-86. (Pubitemid 46816821)
38. Olfson M, Shaffer D, Marcus SC, Greenberg T. Relationship between antidepressant medication treatment and suicide in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:978-82. (Pubitemid 37222079)
39. Libby AM, Orton HD, Valuck RJ. Persisting decline in depression treatment after FDA warnings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:633-9.
40. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:332-9. (Pubitemid 43345358)
41. Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA, et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators' suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1356-63. (Pubitemid 47461135)
42. Olfson M, Shaffer D. SSRI prescriptions and the rate of suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1907-8. (Pubitemid 351739246)
43. Woldu H, Porta G, Goldstein T, Sakolsky D, Perel J, Emslie G, et al. Pharmacokinetically and clinician-determined adherence to an antidepressant regimen and clinical outcome in the TORDIA trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:490-8.
44. Birmaher B, Brent D, AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues, Bernet W, Bukstein O, Walter H, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1503-26.
45. Cheung A, Weir M, Mayhew A, Kozloff N, Brown K, Grimshaw J. Overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of reminders in improving healthcare professional behavior. Syst Rev. 2012;1:36. 4053-1-36.
46. Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, Wagner KD, Birmaher B, Geller B, et al. The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1442-54. (Pubitemid 29513403)
47. Shamseddeen W, Clarke G, Wagner KD, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Emslie G, et al. Treatment-resistant depressed youth show a higher response rate if treatment ends during summer school break. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:1140-8.
48. Bufferd SJ, Dougherty LR, Carlson GA, Rose S, Klein DN. Psychiatric disorders in preschoolers: continuity from ages 3 to 6. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:1157-64.
49. Weisz JR, McCarty CA, Valeri SM. Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2006;132:132-49. (Pubitemid 43172355)
50. Luby J, Lenze S, Tillman R. A novel early intervention for preschool depression: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53:313-22.