Diagnostic Enzymology of Domestic Animals

Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Sixth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 351-378

  Hoffmann, Walter E ^a   Solter, Philip F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882410244     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-370491-7.00012-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (273)

1. G. Abraham, J. Gottschalk and F.R. Ungemach (2005) Evidence of ototopical glucocorticoid-induced decrease of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response and liver function. Endocrinology 146 3163-3171.
2. M. Aktas, D. Auguste, D. Concordet, P. Vinclair, H. Lefebvre, P.L. Toutain and J.P. Braun (1994) Creatine kinase in dog plasma: preanalytical factors of variation, reference values and diagnostic significance. Res. Vet. Sci. 56 30-36.
3. M. Aktas, D. Auguste, H.P. Lefebvre, P.L. Toutain and J.P. Braun (1993) Creatine kinase in the dog: a review. Vet. Res. Commun. 17 353-369.
4. M. Aktas, H.P. Lefebve, P.L. Toutain and J.P. Braun (1995) Disposition of creatine kinase activity in dog plasma following intravenous and intramuscular injection of skeletal muscle homogenates. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 18 1-6.
5. L.C.V. Allen, M.J. Allen, G.J. Greur, W.E. Hoffmann and D.C. Richardson (2000) A comparison of two techniques for the determination of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 68 231-235.
6. M.J. Allen, W.E. Hoffmann, D.C. Richardson and G.J. Breur (1998) Serum markers of bone metabolism in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59 250-254.
7. H.C. Anderson, J.B. Sipe, L. Hessle, R. Dhanyamraju, E. Atti, N.P. Camacho and J.L. Millan (2004) Impaired calcification around matrix vesicules of growth plate and bone in alkaline phosphatase-deficient mice. Am. J. Path. 164 841-847.
8. F.J. Archer and S.M. Taylor (1996) Alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme and osteocalcin in the serum of hyperthyroid cats. Can. Vet. J. 37 735-739.
9. J.R. Arthur (1988) Effects of selenium and vitamin E status on plasma creatine kinase activity in calves. J. Nutr. 118 747-755.
10. Y. Aurila, A. Palmisano, L. Ferrara, M.V. Cubellis, G. Sannia and G. Marino (1993) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding bovine cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase. Int. J. Biochem. 25 1505-1509.
11. S.E.D.M. Barakat and E.J.H. Ford (1988) Further studies on the diagnostic value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5′-nucleotidase in cattle, sheep and horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 44 354-360.
12. A. Barger, R. Graca, K. Bailey, J. Messick, L.P. de Lorimier, T. Fan and W. Hoffmann (2005) Use of alkaline phosphatase staining to differentiate canine osterosarcoma from other vimentin-positive tumors. Vet. Path. 42 161-165.
13. J.R. Bartles, H.M. Feracci, B. Stieger and A.L. Hubbard (1987) Biogenesis of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane in vivo: comparison of the pathways taken by apical and basolateral proteins using subcellular fractionation. J. Cell Biol. 105 1241-1251.
14. M.H. Barton and D.D. Morris (1998) Disease of the liver. S.M. Reed, W.M. Bayly (Eds) Equine Internal Medicine Philadelphia: Saunders 707-738.
15. J.R. Bellah and G. Bell (1989) Serum amylase and lipase activities after exploratory laparotomy in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 1638-1641.
16. L. Berger (1993) Sigma diagnostics: pioneer of kits for clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. 39 902-903.
17. W.V. Bernard and T.J. Divers (1989) Variations in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase activities in horses given carbon tetrachloride. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 622-623.
18. O.A. Bessey, O.H. Lowry and M.I. Brock (1946) A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with five cubic milliliters of serum. J. Biol. Chem. 164 321-329.
19. V.C. Biourge, J.M. Groff, R.J. Munn, C.A. Kirk, T.G. Nyland, V.A. Madeiros, J.G. Morris and O.R. Rogers (1994) Experimental induction of hepatic lipidosis in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55 1291-1302.
20. C.P. Bolter and J.B. Critz (1976) Plasma enzyme levels in the anesthesized dog during drainage of the thorasic lymph duct. Enzyme 21 30-38.
21. J.W. Boyd (1962) The comparative activity of some enzymes in sheep, cattle, and rats: normal serum and tissue levels and changes during experimental liver necrosis. Res. Vet. Sci. 3 419-433.
22. J.W. Boyd (1983) The mechanisms relating to increases in plasma enzymes and isoenzymes in diseases of animals. Vet. Clin. Path. 12 9-24.
23. J.L. Boyer (1983) Tight junctions in normal and cholestatic liver: does the paracellular pathway have a functional significance? Hepatol. 3 614.
24. J.P. Braun, P. Benard, V. Burgat and A.G. Rico (1983) Gamma glutamyl transferase in domestic animals. Vet. Res. Commun. 6 77-90.
25. J.P. Braun, P. Benard, V. Burgat and A.G. Rico (1984) Transfer of gamma-glutamyltransferase from mother colostrums to newborn goat and foal. Enzyme 31 193-196.
26. J.P. Braun, P. Bezille, I. Raviart and A.C. Rico (1987) Distribution of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatases and creatine kinase in the main organs of adult goats and kids. Ann. Rech. Vet. 18 389-392.
27. J.P. Braun, D. Tainturier, C. Laugier, P. Benard, J.P. Thouvenot and A.G. Rico (1982) Early variations of blood plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase in newborn calves: a test of colostrums intake. J. Dairy Sci. 65 2178-2181.
28. U. Braun, A. Pospischil, N. Pusterla and C. Winder (1995) Ultrasonographic findings in cows with cholestasis. Vet. Record 137 537-543.
29. K.A. Bruskiewicz, R.W. Nelson, E.C. Feldman and S.M. Griffey (1997) Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980–1995). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 211 188-192.
30. D. Brobst, A.B. Ferguson and J.M. Carter (1970) Evaluation of serum amylase and lipase activity in experimentally induced pancreatitis in the dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 157 1697-1702.
31. F. Bulle, P. Marvier, E.S. Zafrani, A.M. Preaux, M.C. Lescs, S. Siegrist and D. Dhumeaux (1990) Mechanism of gamma glutamyltransferase release in serum during intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat: a histochemical and molecular approach. Hepatology 11 545-550.
32. C.A. Burtis and E.R. Ashwood (1994) Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed Philadelphia: Saunders
33. C.A. Burtis and E.R. Ashwood (2001) Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th ed Philadelphia: Saunders
34. J.A. Cairns and G.A. Klassen (1977) The effect of propranolol on canine myocardial CPK distribution space and rate of disappearance. Circulation 56 284-288.
35. F. Caprino, E. Gaudio, G. Marinozzi, M. Melis and P.M. Motta (1981) A scanning transmission electron microscopic study of extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat. J. Submicro. Cyto. 13 581-589.
36. G.H. Cardinet, J.F. Littrell and R.A. Freedland (1967) Equine myoglobinuria. Res. Vet. Sci. 8 219-226.
37. C.K. Cebra, F.B. Garry, D.M. Getzy and M.J. Fettman (1997) Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating Holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11 231-237.
38. S.A. Center, B.H. Baldwin, S. Dillingham, H.N. Erb and B.C. Tennant (1986) Diagnostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in hepatobiliary disease in the cat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 188 507-510.
39. S.A. Center, J.F. Randolph, T. ManWarren and M. Slater (1991) Effect of colostrum ingestion on gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in neonatal pups. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52 499-504.
40. S.A. Center, M.R. Slater, T. ManWarren and K. Prymak (1992) Diagnostic efficacy of serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in dogs with histologically confirmed hepato-biliary disease: 270 cases (1980–1990). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201 1258-1264.
41. G.P. Chanoit, D. Concordet, H.P. Lefebvre, K. Orcel and J.P. Braun (2002) Exercise does not induce major changes in plasma muscle enzymes, creatinine, glucose and total proteins concentrations in untrained beagle dogs. J. Vet. Med. 49 222-224.
42. M. Chimsky, G.L. Shmagranoff and S. Sherry (1956) Serum transaminase activity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 47 108.
43. R.B. Clampitt and R.J. Hart (1978) The tissue activities of some diagnostic enzymes in ten mammalian species. J. Comp. Path. 88 607-621.
44. F.A. Clemo (1998) Urinary enzyme evaluation of nephrotoxicity in the dog. Toxicol. Path. 26 29-32.
45. K.A. Collis, H.W. Symonds and B.F. Sansom (1979) The half-life of glutamate dehydrogenase in plasma of dry and lactating cows. Res. Vet. Sci. 27 267-268.
46. R.S. Coltran, V. Jumar and T. Collins (1999) Robbins Pathophysiologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: Saunders
47. A.K. Cook, E.B. Breitschwerdt, J.F. Levine, S.E. Bunch and L.O. Linn (1993) Risk factors associated with acute pancreatitis in dogs: 101 cases (1985–1990). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203 673-679.
48. B.J. Cooper, J.J. Winand, H. Stedman, B.A. Valentine, E.P. Hoffman, L.M. Kunkel, M.O. Scott, K.H. Fischbeck, J.N. Kornegay, R.J. Avery, J.R. Williams, R.D. Schmickel and J.E. Sylvester (1988) The homologue of the Duchenne locus is defective in X-linked muscular dystrophy of dogs. Nature 334 154-156.
49. M. Corazza, R. Tognetti, G. Guidi and A. Buonaccorsi (1994) Urinary alpha-amylase and serum macroamylase activities in dogs with proteinuria. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 205 438-440.
50. C.E. Cornelius, J. Bishop, J. Switzer and E.A. Rhode (1958) Serum and tissue transaminase activities in domestic animals. Cornell Vet. 49 116-126.
51. A.M. Craig, E.G. Pearson, C. Meyer and J.A. Schmitz (1991) Clinicopathologic studies of tansy ragwort toxicosis in ponies: sequential serum and histopathological changes. Eq. Vet. Sci. 11 261-271.
52. J.M. Curran, R.J. Sutherland and R.L. Peet (1996) A screening test for subclinical liver disease in horses affected by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis. Aust. Vet. J. 74 236-240.
53. J.L. Davis, A.T. Blikslager, K. Catto and S.L. Jones (2003) A retrospective analysis of hepatic injury in horses with proximal enteritis (1984–2002). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17 896-901.
54. M.E. Debroe, F. Roels, E.J. Mouwen, C. Lutgardo and R.J. Wieno (1985) Liver plasma membrane: the source of high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Hepatol. 5 118-129.
55. A. DeLaurier, B. Jackson, D. Pfeiffer, K. Ingham, M.A. Horton and J.S. Price (2002) Biochemical markers of bone turnover in the domestic cat: relationships with age and feline osteoclastic resorptive lesions. J. Nutr. 132 1742S-s1744S.
56. A. DeLaurier, B. Jackson, D. Pfeiffer, K. Ingham, M.A. Horton and J.S. Price (2004) A comparison of methods for measuring serum and urinary markers of bone metabolism in cats. Res. Vet. Sci. 77 29-39.
57. R.C. DeNova and K.W. Prasse (1983) Comparison of serum biochemical and hepatic functional alterations in dogs treated with corticosteroids and hepatic duct ligation. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 1703-1709.
58. A.R. Dillon, J.S. Spano and R.D. Powers (1980) Prednisolone induced hematologic, biochemical, and histologic changes in the dog. J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc. 16 831-837.
59. S. Doonan, F. Martin, S. Agalaccio, S. Pascarella, D. Barra and F. Bassa (1986) The complete amino acid sequences of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from horse heart, and inferences on evolution of the isoenzymes. J. Mol. Evol. 23 328-335.
60. A.F. Durham, K.C. Smith and J.R. Newton (2003) An evaluation of diagnostic data in comparison to the results of liver biopsy in mature horses. Eq. Vet. J. 35 554-559.
61. S. Durongphongtom, W.N. McDowell, C.L. Kerr, F.J. Neto and K.K. Mirakhur (2006) Comparison of hemodynamic, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal motility effects and recovery characteristics of anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane in horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67 32-42.
62. P.D. Eckersall, A.S. Nash, G.M. Marshall and T.A. Douglas (1986) The measurement of canine steroid-induced alkaline phosphatase by L-phenylalanine inhibition. J. Sm. An. Pract. 27 411-418.
63. N. Ehrhart, W.S. Dernell, W.E. Hoffmann, R.M. Weigel, B.E. Powers and S.J. Withrow (1998) The prognostic significance of serum alkaline phosphatase in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 213 1002-1006.
64. R. Eliakim, A. Mahmood and D.H. Alpers (1991) Rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase secretion into lumen and serum is coordinately regulated. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1091 1-8.
65. R.S. Ellison and R.M. Jacobs (1990) The isoelectric focusing properties of serum alkaline phosphatase in disease and following prednisolone and phenylbutazone administration in the horse. Can. J. Vet. Res. 54 126-131.
66. R.M. Everett, J.R. Duncan and K.W. Prasse (1977) Alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and alanine aminotransferase activities with obstructive and toxic hepatic disease in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38 963-966.
67. A.J. Fascetti, G.E. Mauldin and G.N. Mauldin (1997) Correlation between serum creatine kinase activities and anorexia in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11 9-13.
68. D.R. Finco and J.B. Stevens (1969) Clinical significance of serum amylase activity in the dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 155 1686-1691.
69. C. Fittschen and J.E. Bellamy (1984) Prednisone treatment alters the serum amylase and lipase activities in normal dogs without causing pancreatitis. Can. J. Comp. Med. 48 136-140.
70. G.A. Fleisher and D.G. Wakim (1963) The fate of enzymes in body fluids: an experimental study. I. Disappearance rates of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase under various conditions. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61 76-85.
71. G.A. Fleisher and D.G. Wakim (1963) The fate of enzymes in body fluids: an experimental study. III. Disappearance rates of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase II under various conditions. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61 98-106.
72. M.A. Forman, S.L. Marks, H.E. De Cock, E.J. Hergesell, E.R. Wisner, T.W. Baker, P.H. Kass, J.M. Steiner and D.A. Williams (2004) Evaluation of serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and helical computed tomography versus conventional testing for the diagnosis of feline pancreatitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18 807-815.
73. D.J. Foster and K.L. Thoday (2000) Tissue sources of alkaline phosphatase in 34 hyperthyroid cats: a qualitative and quantitative study. Res. Vet. Sci. 68 89-94.
74. S.F. Foster, D.B. Church and A.D.J. Watson (2000) Effects of phenobarbitone on serum biochemical tests in dogs. Aust. Vet. J. 78 23-26.
75. H.R. Galano, N.J. Olby, J.F. Howard and G.D. Shelton (2005) Myokymia and neuromyotonia in a cat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227 1608-1609.
76. C.K. Garzotto, J. Berg, W.E. Hoffmann and W.M. Rand (2000) Prognostic significance of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14 587-592.
77. F. Gaschen, L. Gashen, M. Welle, V.B. Jaunin, D.G. Jmaa, G. Neiger-Aeschbacher and M. Ade-Damilano (1998) Lethal peracute rhabdomyolysis associated with stress and general anesthesia in three dystrophin-deficient cats. Vet. Path. 35 117-123.
78. C.L. Gaskill, W.E. Hoffmann and A.E. Cribb (2004) Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme profiles in phenobarbital-treated epileptic dogs. Vet. Clin. Path. 33 215-222.
79. C.L. Gaskill, L.M. Miller, J.S. Mattoon, W.E. Hoffmann, S.A. Burton, H.C.J. Gelens, S.L. Ihle, J.B. Miller, D.H. Shaw and A.E. Cribb (2005) Liver histopathology and liver and serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in epileptic dogs receiving phenobarbital. Vet. Path. 42 147-160.
80. M.C. Geokas, R. Reidelberger, M. O'Rourke, E. Passaro and C. Largman (1982) Plasma pancreatic trypsinogens in chronic renal failure and after nephrectomy. Am. J. Physiol. 242 G177-gG182.
81. A. Gerhardt, J.M. Steiner, D.A. Williams, S. Kramer, C. Fuchs, M. Janthur, M. Hewicker-Trautwein and I. Nolte (2001) Comparison of the sensitivity of different diagnostic tests for pancreatitis in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 15 329-333.
82. C. Gobella, G. Castex and Y. Corrada (2002) Serum and seminal markers in the diagnosis of disorders of the genital tract of the dog: a mini-review. Theriogenology 57 1285-1291.
83. D.J. Goldstein, C. Rogers and H. Harris (1982) Evolution of alkaline phosphatases in primates. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79 879-883.
84. G.J. Gores, B. Horwan and J.J. Lemasters (1990) Plasma membrane bleb formation and rupture: a common feature of hepatocellular injury. Hepatology 11 690-698.
85. K.A. Gosset, G.H. Turnwald, M.T. Kearney, D.S. Greco and B. Cleghorn (1987) Evaluation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio from spot samples of urine supernatant as an indicator of urinary enzyme excretion in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 455-457.
86. R. Graca, J. Messick, S. McCollough, A. Barger and W.E. Hoffmann (2005) Validation and diagnostic efficacy of a lipase assay using the substrate 1,2-o-dilaryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6′-methylresorufin) ester for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Vet. Clin. Path. 34 39-43.
87. G.F. Graur, D.S. Greco, E.N. Behrend, I. Mani, M.J. Fettman and T.A. Allen (1995) Estimation of quantitative enzymuria in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis using urine enzyme/creatinine ratios from spot urine samples. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9 324-327.
88. C.E. Green, M.D. Lorenz, J.F. Munnell, K.W. Prasse, N.A. White and J.M. Bowen (1979) Myopathy associated with hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 174 1310-1315.
89. J.F. Guelfi, J.P. Braun, P. Benard, A.G. Rico and J.P. Thouvenot (1982) Value of so-called cholestasis markers in the dog: an experimental study. Res.Vet. Sci. 33 309-312.
90. P.S. Guy and D.H. Snow (1981) Skeletal muscle fibre composition in the dog and its relationship to athletic ability. Res. Vet. Sci. 31 244-248.
91. A.M. Hank, W.E. Hoffmann, R.K. Sanecki, D.J. Schaeffer and J.L. Dorner (1993) Quantitative determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in foal and adult serum. J. Vet. Int. Med. 7 20-24.
92. W.G. Hardison, R.G. Weiner, D.E. Hatoff and D. Miyai (1983) Similarities and differences between models of extrahepatic biliary obstruction and complete biliary retention without obstruction in the rat. Hepatology 3 383-390.
93. P.A. Harris, D.J. Marlin and J. Gray (1998) Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities in thoroughbred racehorses in relation to age, sex, exercise and training. Vet. J. 155 295-304.
94. T. Hayakawa, T. Kondo, T. Shibata, M. Kitagawa and S. Naruse (1992) Plasma disappearance of homologous and heterologous pancreatic enzymes in dogs. J. Gastroent. Hepatol. 7 527-532.
95. R.S. Hess, H.M. Saunders, T.J. Van Winkle and C.R. Ward (2000) Concurrent disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993–1998). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217 1166-1173.
96. N. Hiatt and G. Bonorris (1966) Removal of serum amylase in dogs and the influence of reticuloendothelial blockade. Am. J. Physiol. 210 133-138.
97. K.W. Hinchcliff, J. Olson, C. Crusberg, J. Kenyon, R. Long, W. Royle, W. Weber and J.R. Burr (1993) Serum biochemical changes in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 202 401-405.
98. K.W. Hinchcliff, L.C. Shaw, N.S. Vukich and K.E. Schmidt (1998) Effect of distance traveled and speed of racing on body weight and serum enzyme activity of sled dogs competing in a long-distance race. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 213 622-639.
99. Hoffmann, W. E. (1994). Current status of isoenzymes analysis in veterinary medicine. In "Proceedings of IVth Congress of International Society for Animal Clinical Biochemistry," pp. 179–190. University of California, Davis, CA.
100. W.E. Hoffmann, G. Baker, S. Rieser and J.L. Dorner (1987) Alterations in selected serum biochemical constituents in equids after induced hepatic disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 1343-1347.
101. W.E. Hoffmann and J.L. Dorner (1975) Separation of isoenzymes of canine alkaline phosphatase by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc. 11 283-285.
102. W.E. Hoffmann and J.L. Dorner (1977) Disappearance rates of intravenously injected canine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38 1553-1555.
103. W.E. Hoffmann, J.L. Dorner and H. Morris (1983) Intestinal alkaline phosphatase-like properties of horse kidney alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme 30 269-272.
104. W.E. Hoffmann, J.L. Dorner and H. Morris (1983) Diagnostic value of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in horse serum. Vet. Clin. Path. 12 33-38.
105. W.E. Hoffmann, W.E. Renegar and J.L. Dorner (1977) Serum half-life of intravenously injected intestinal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the cat. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38 1639-1673.
106. W.E. Hoffmann, W. Renegar and J.L. Dorner (1978) Alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the cat. Vet. Clin. Path. 4 21-24.
107. W.E. Hoffmann, R.K. Sanecki and J.L. Dorner (1988) A technique for automated quantification of canine glucocorticoid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 17 66-70.
108. B.S. Horney, D.J. Honor, A. MacKenzie and S. Burton (1993) Stability of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in bovine and equine sera. Vet. Clin. Path. 22 5-9.
109. P. Houpert, J.P. Serthelon, H.P. Lefebvre, P.L. Toutain and J.P. Braun (1995) In vivo non-invasive quantification of muscle damage following a single intramuscular injection of phenylbutazone in sheep. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 37 105-110.
110. E.B. Hudson and D.R. Strombeck (1978) Effects of functional nephrectomy on the disappearance rates of canine serum amylase and lipase. Am. J. Vet. Res. 39 1316-1321.
111. R.M. Jacobs, C.L. Swenson, D.J. Davenport and R.J. Murtaugh (1988) Sensitivity and specificity of canine total amylase and isoamylase activity determinations. Can. J. Vet. Res. 52 473-475.
112. R.M. Jacobs, M.G. Weiser, R.L. Hall and J.J. Kowalski (1980) Clinopathologic features of canine Parvo viral enteritis. J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc. 16 809-814.
113. B. Jackson, R. Eastell and R.G.G. Russell (1996) Measurement of bone specific alkaline phosphatase in the horse: a comparison of two techniques. Res. Vet. Sci. 61 160-164.
114. B.R. Jones, L.J. Anderson, G.R.G. Barnes, A.C. Johnstone and W.B. Juby (1977) Myotonia in related chow chow dogs. New Zealand Vet. J. 25 217-220.
115. S. Jones and D.J. Blackmore (1982) Observations on the isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in equine tissues and serum. Eq. Vet. J. 14 311-316.
116. A.L. Jones, G.T. Hradet, D.L. Schmucher and B.J. Underdown (1984) The fate of polymeric and secretory immunoglobulin A after the retrograde infusion in the common bile duct. Hepatology 4 1173-1183.
117. S. Kaelin, A.D.J. Watson and D.B. Church (1986) Hypothyroidism in the dog: a retrospective study of sixteen cases. J. Sm. An. Pract. 27 533-539.
118. W. Kamiike, M. Fujikawa, M. Koseki, J. Sumimura, M. Miyata, Y. Kawashima, H. Wada and K. Tagawa (1989) Different patterns of leakage of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes. Clin. Chim. Acta 185 265-270.
119. A.J. Kaplan, M.E. Peterson and R.J. Kemppainen (1995) Effects of disease on the results of the diagnostic tests used for detecting hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 207 445-451.
120. M.M. Kaplan, A. Ohkubo, E.G. Quaroni and D. Sze-Tu (1983) Increased synthesis of rat liver alkaline phosphatase by bile duct ligation. Hepatology 3 368-376.
121. P. Keller (1981) Enzyme activities in the dog: tissue analysis, plasma values, and intracellular distribution. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 575-582.
122. B.A. Kidney and M.L. Jackson (1988) Diagnostic value of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme separation by affinity electrophoresis in the dog. Can. J. Vet. Res. 52 106-110.
123. H. Kipp and I.M. Arias (2000) Newly synthesized canalicular ABC transporters are directly targeted from the Golgi to the hepatocytes apical domain in rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 275 15917-15925.
124. J. Kirpensteijn, M. Kid, G.R. Rutteman and E. Teske (2002) Prognostic significance of a new histiologic grading system for canine osteosarcoma. Vet. Path. 39 240-246.
125. H. Kitagawa, M. Kano, Y. Sasaki and Y. Hirano (1991) Serum creatinine kinase activities in dogs with dirofilariasis. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 53 557-569.
126. B.E. Kitchell, D.R. Strombeck, J. Cullen and D. Harrold (1986) Clinical and pathologic changes in experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47 1170-1173.
127. A. Komneuou, M. Karayannopoulou, Z.S. Polizopoulou, T.C. Constantinidis and A. Dessiris (2005) Correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity with the healing process of long bone fractures in dogs. Vet. Clin. Path. 34 35-38.
128. S.R. Kristensen (1994) Mechanisms of cell damage and enzyme release. Dan. Med. Bull. 41 423-433.
129. A.J. Kryszewski, G. Neale, J.B. Whitefield and D.W. Moss (1973) Enzyme changes in experimental biliary obstruction. Clin. Chim. Acta. 47 175-182.
130. M.S. Kuhlenschmidt, W.E. Hoffmann and M.K. Rippy (1991) Glucocorticoid hepatopathy: effect on receptor mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins. Biochem. Med. Met. Biol. 46 152-168.
131. M.A. Kutzler, P.F. Solter, W.E. Hoffmann and D.H. Volkmann (2003) Characterization and localization of alkaline phosphatase in canine seminal plasma and gonadal tissues. Theriogenology 60 299-306.
132. A.J. Lanca and Y. Israel (1991) Histochemical demonstration of sinusoidal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity by substrate protection fixation: comparative studies in rat and guinea pig liver. Hepatology 14 857-863.
133. D.F. Lawler, D.G. Keltner, W.E. Hoffmann, R.F. Nachreiner, R.L. Hegstad, P.A. Herndon and B.J. Fischer (1996) Benign familial hyperphosphatasemia in Siberian huskies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 612-617.
134. K.F. Lechtenberg and T.G. Nagaraja (1991) Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52 803-809.
135. H.P. Lefebvre, V. Laroute, J.P. Braun, V. Lassourd and P.L. Toutain (1996) Non-invasive and quantitative evaluation of post-injection muscle damage by pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase release. Vet. Res. 27 343-361.
136. H.P. Lefebvre, P.L. Toutain, J.P. Serthelon, V. Lassourd, L. Gardey and J.P. Braun (1994) Pharmacokinetic variables and bioavailability from muscle of creatine kinase in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55 487-493.
137. J.J. Lemasters, C.J. Stemkowski, S. Ji and R.G. Thurman (1983) Cell surface changes and enzyme release during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the isolated, perfused rat liver. J. Cell Biol. 97 778-786.
138. T.B. Leonard, D.A. Neptun and J.A. Popp (1984) Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase as a specific indicator of bile duct lesions in the rat liver. Am. J. Path. 16 262-269.
139. M.W. Lieberman, R. Barrios, B.Z. Carter, G.M. Habib, R.M. Lebovitz, S. Rajagopalan, A.R. Sepulveda, Z. Shi and D. Wan (1995) Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: what does the organization and expression of a multipromoter gene tell us about its functions? Am. J. Path. 147 1175-1185.
140. J. Lindena, W. Kupper, R. Friedel and I. Trautschold (1979) Lymphatic transport of cellular enzymes from muscle into the intravascular compartment. Enzyme 24 120-131.
141. J. Lindena, W. Kupper and I. Trautschold (1982) Effect of transient hypoxia in skeletal muscle on enzyme activities in lymph and plasma. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 20 95-102.
142. J. Lindena, W. Kupper and I. Trautschold (1986) Catalytic enzyme activity concentration in thoracic duct, liver, and intestinal lymph of the dog, the rabbit, the rat, and the mouse. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 24 19-33.
143. M.G. Low (1987) Biochemistry of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane protein anchors. Biochem. J. 244 1-13.
144. P.J. Lowe, K. Miyaik, J.H. Steinbach and W.G. Hardison (1988) Hormonal regulation of hepatocyte tight junctional permeability. Am. J. Phys. 255 454-461.
145. M. Machen, T. Montgomery, R. Holland, E. Braselton, R. Dunstan, G. Brewer and V. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan (1996) Bovine hereditary zinc deficiency: lethal trait A 46. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 8 217-219.
146. J. Mair (1999) Tissue release of cardiac markers: from physiology to clinical applications. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 37 1077-1084.
147. C.S. Mansfield and B.R. Jones (2000) Trypsinogen activation peptide in the diagnosis of canine pancreatitis (abstract). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14 346.
148. C.S. Mansfield, B.R. Jones and T. Spillman (2003) Assessing the severity of canine pancreatitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 74 137-144.
149. J. Marrs, J. Small, E.M. Milne and H.A. John (2001) Liver and biliary system pathology in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness). J. Vet. Med. A Phys. Path. Clin. Med. 48 243-255.
150. M. Maurice, M.J. Schell, B. Lardeaux and A.L. Hubbard (1994) Biosynthesis and intracellular transport of bile canalicular plasma membrane protein: studies in vivo and in the perfused rat liver. Hepatology 19 648-655.
151. B.C. McGorum, D. Murphy, S. Love and E.M. Milne (1999) Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases. Vet. Rec. 145 134-139.
152. V.E. Mendel, M.R. Witt, B.S. Gitchell, D.N. Gribble, Q.R. Rogers, H.J. Segall and H.D. Knight (1988) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: an early diagnosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49 572-578.
153. C.I. Mesher, R. Rej and T. Stokol (1998) Alanine aminotransferase apoenzyme in dogs. Vet. Clin. Path. 27 26-30.
154. C. Meyer, A.J. Guthrie and K.B. Stevens (2005) Clinical and clinicopathological changes in six healthy ponies following intramuscular administration of multiple doses of imidocarb dipropionate. J. South African Vet. Assoc. 76 26-32.
155. A.S. Mia, H.D. Koger and M.M. Tierney (1978) Serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase in healthy mature dogs and dogs with experimental pancreatitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 39 965-969.
156. F.S. Mickel, F. Weidenbach, B. Swarovsky, K.S. LaForge and G.A. Scheele (1989) Structure of the canine pancreatic lipase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 264 12895-12901.
157. J.L. Milan and T. Manes (1988) Seminoma-derived Magao isozyme is encoded by a germ-cell alkaline phosphatase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 3028-4024.
158. E.M. Milne and D.L. Doxey (1985) Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and its multiple forms in the tissues and sera of normal dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 39 385-387.
159. H. Mocharla, R. Mocharla and M.E. Hodes (1990) Alpha-amylase gene transcription in tissues of normal dogs. Nucleic Acids Res. 18 1031-1036.
160. S. Moriya, S. Nagata, H. Yokoyama, S. Kato, Y. Horie, T. Ito, Y. Ebihara and H. Ishii (1994) Expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mRNA after depletion of glutathione in rat liver. Alcohol 29(suppl 1), 107-111.
161. B. Mortensen and N. Huseby (1997) Clearance of circulating G-glutamyltransferase by the asialoglycoprotein receptor, Enzyme forms with different sialic acid content are eliminated at different clearance rates and without apparent desialyation. Clin. Chim. Acta 258 47-58.
162. P. Muller, J. Taboada and G. Hosgood (2000) Effects of long-term phenobarbital treatment on the liver in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14 165-171.
163. S. Mumm, J. Jones, P. Finnegan, P.S. Henthorn, M.N. Podgornik and M.P. Whyte (2002) Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene in hypophosphatasia. Mol. Genet. Metab. 75 143-153.
164. R.J. Murtaugh and R.M. Jacobs (1985) Serum amylase and isoamylases and their origins in healthy dogs and dogs with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46 742-747.
165. L.A. Nagode, A. Koestner and C.L. Steinmeyer (1969) Organ identifying properties of alkaline phosphatase in canine tissues. Clin. Chim. Acta 26 45-54.
166. K. Nahas, J.P. Provost, C. George and D. Abott (1997) Choice of tests in the biochemical assessment of nephrotoxicity in dogs and rats: a study with maleic acid. Comp. Haematol. Int. 7 133-142.
167. Y. Nakashima, H. Akita and H.E. Appert (1980) The contribution of pancreas and kidney in regulating serum amylase levels in dogs. Gastroent. Jpn. 15 475-479.
168. S. Narisawa, L. Huang, A. Iwasaki, H. Hasegawa, D.H. Alpers and J.L. Millan (2003) Accelerated fat absorption in intestinal alkaline phosphatase knockout mice. Mol. Cell Biol. 23 7525-7530.
169. P. Nilkumhang and J.R. Thornton (1979) Plasma and tissue enzyme activities in the cat. J. Sm. An. Pract. 29 169-174.
170. T. Noguchi and Y. Yamashita (1987) The rabbit differs from other mammalians in the tissue distribution of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 143 15-19.
171. N.E. Noonan (1981) Variations of plasma enzymes in the pony and dog after carbontetrachloride administration. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 674-678.
172. N.E. Noonan and D.J. Meyer (1979) Use of plasma arginase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as specific indicators of hepatocellular or hepatobiliary disease in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40 942-947.
173. M.M. Notham and A.D. Callow (1971) Investigations on the origin of amylase in serum and urine. Gastroenterology 60 82-89.
174. P.J. O'Brien, H.A. Pook, B.A. Britt, B.I. Kalow, R.N. McLaughlin, E. Scott and M.E. Elliott (1990) Canine stress syndrome/malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: calcium-homeostasis defect in muscle and lymphocytes. Res. Vet. Sci. 48 124-128.
175. H. Ogawa, J. Mink, W.G.M. Hardison and H. Miyai (1990) Alkaline phosphatase activity in hepatic tissue and serum correlates with amount and type of bile acid load. Lab. Invest. 62 87-95.
176. R.J. Oostenbroek, G.M. Willems, M.L.L. Boumans, P.B. Soeters and W.T. Hermens (1985) Liver damage as a potential source of error in the estimation of myocardial infarct size from plasma creatine kinase activity. Cardiovascular Res. 19 113-119.
177. A. Palmisano, V. Aurila, L. Ferrara, M.V. Cubellis, G. Sanna and G. Marino (1995) Nucleotide sequence of a cDAN coding for bovine mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Int. J. Biochem. 27 507-511.
178. C. Parent, R.J. Washabau, D.A. Williams and J.M. Steiner (1995) Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of feline acute pancreatitis (abstract). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9 194.
179. J. Parent (1982) Effects of dexamethasone on pancreatic tissue and on serum amylase and lipase activities in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 180 743-746.
180. R.M. Payne and A.W. Strauss (1994) Expression of the mitochondrial creatine kinase genes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 133−134 235-243.
181. W.H. Patterson and C.M. Brown (1986) Increase of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in neonatal standardbred foals. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47 2461-2463.
182. E.G. Pearson, G. Dirksen, J. Meyer, A. Seitz and K.E. Rowe (1995) Evaluation of liver function tests in neonatal calves. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 207 1466-1469.
183. L.J. Perino, R.L. Sutherland and N.E. Woollen (1993) Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and protein concentration at birth and after suckling in calves with adequate and inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54 56-59.
184. K. Poelstra, W.W. Bakker, P.A. Klok, J.A. Kamps, M.J. Hardonk and D.K. Meijer (1997) Dephosphorylation of endotoxin by alkaline phosphatase in vivo. Am. J. Path. 151 1163-1169.
185. D.J. Polzin, C.A. Osborne, J.B. Stevens and D.W. Hayden (1983) Serum amylase and lipase activities in dogs with chronic primary renal failure. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 404-410.
186. J.S. Price, B. Jackson, R. Eastell, A.E. Goodship, A. Blumsohn, I. Wright, S. Stoneham, L.E. Lanyon and R.G. Russell (1995) Age related changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses. Eq. Vet. J. 27 201-207.
187. J.S. Price, B.F. Jackson, J.A. Gray, P.A. Harris, I.M. Wright, D.U. Pfeiffer, S.P. Robins, R. Eastell and S.W. Rickets (2001) Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing thoroughbreds: a longitudinal study. Res. Vet. Sci. 71 37-44.
188. H. Putzki, B. Reichert and H. Heymann (1989) The serum activities of ALP, gamma-GT, GLDH, GPT, and CHE after complete biliary obstruction and choledochocaval fistula in the rat. Clin. Chim. Acta 181 81-86.
189. K.A. Quigley, M.L. Jackson and D.M. Haines (2001) Hyperlipasemia in 6 dogs with pancreatic or hepatic neoplasia: evidence for tumor lipase production. Vet. Clin. Path. 30 114-120.
190. T.S. Rallis, A.F. Koutinas, M. Kritsepi and K.T. Moraitou (1996) Serum lipase activity in young dogs with acute enteritis or gastroenteritis. Vet. Clin. Path. 25 65-68.
191. H. Reichard (1959) Ornithine carbamyl transferase in dog serum on intravenous injection of enzyme, choledochus ligation, and carbon tetrachloride poisoning. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 53 417-426.
192. S. Reitman and S. Frankel (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am. J. Clin. Path. 28 56-63.
193. R. Rej (1998) They use enzymes for everything. Clin. Chem. 44 1149-1153.
194. R. Rej, U. Rudotsky, A. Magro and J. Pendergast (1990) Effects of exercise on serum amino-transferase activity and pyridoxal phosphate saturation in thoroughbred horses. Eq. Vet. J. 22 205-208.
195. W.P. Ribeiro, S.J. Valberg, J.D. Pagan and B.E. Gustavsson (2004) The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18 887-894.
196. A.G. Rico, J.P. Braun, P. Benard, A.A. El Hassan and A. Cazieux (1977) Tissue distribution and blood levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the horse. Eq. Vet. J. 9 100-101.
197. A.G. Rico, J.P. Braun, P. Benard and J.P. Thouvenot (1977) Blood and tissue distribution of gamma glutamyl transferase in the cow. J. Dairy Sci. 60 1283-1287.
198. B.J. Rivers, P.A. Walter, T.D. O'Brien, V.L. King and D.J. Polzin (1996) Evaluation of urine gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio as a diagnostic tool in an experimental model of aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in the dog. J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc. 32 323-336.
199. L. Rosenfeld (1999) Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Hawthorn, Australia: Gordon and Breach Science
200. Y. Rossier, T.J. Divers and R.W. Sweeny (1995) Variations in urinary gamma glutamyl transferase/urinary creatinine ratios in horses with or without pleuropneumonia treated with gentamycin. Eq. Vet. J. 27 217-220.
201. R.K. Sanecki, W.E. Hoffmann, J.L. Dorner and M.S. Kuhlenschmidt (1990) Purification and comparison of corticosteroid-induced and intestinal isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51 1964-1968.
202. R.K. Sanecki, W.E. Hoffmann, H. Gelberg and J.L. Dorner (1987) Subcellular location of corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase in canine hepatocytes. Vet. Path. 24 296-301.
203. R.K. Sanecki, H.R. Hoffmann Hansen.R. and D.J. Schaeffer (1993) Quantification of bone alkaline phosphatase in canine serum. Vet. Clin. Path. 22 17-23.
204. Y. Sawashima, K. Sawashima, Y. Taura, A. Shimada and T. Umemura (1996) Clinical and pathological findings of Yorkshire terrier affected with necrotizing encephalitis. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 58 659-661.
205. M.J. Schell, M. Maurice, B. Stieger and A.L. Hubbard (1992) 5′Nucleotidase is sorted to the apical domain of hepatocytes via an indirect route. J. Cell Biol. 119 1173-1182.
206. R. Schlaeger (1975) The mechanism of the increase in the activity of liver alkaline phosphatase in experimental cholestasis: measurement of an increased enzyme concentration by immunochemical titration. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 13 277-281.
207. M.C. Sharma and C. Joshi (2005) Therapeutic efficacy of zinc sulphate used in clustered model treatment in alleviating zinc deficiency in cattle and its effect on hormones, vitamins, and production parameters. Vet. Res. Commun. 29 609-628.
208. R.M. Shull and W. Hornbuckle (1979) Diagnostic use of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in canine liver disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40 1321-1324.
209. K.W. Simpson (2001) Editorial: the emergence of feline pancreatitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 15 327-328.
210. K.W. Simpson, R.M. Batt, L. McLean and D.B. Morton (1989) Circulating concentrations of trypsin-like immunoreactivity and activities of lipase and amylase after pancreatic duct ligation in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 629-632.
211. K.W. Simpson, D.L. Doxey and G. Keay (1989) Evaluation of serum iso-amylase in the normal dog using an improved electrophoretic technique. Vet. Res. Commun. 13 441-450.
212. K.W. Simpson, J.W. Simpson, S. Lake, D.B. Morton and R.M. Batt (1991) Effect of pancreatectomy on plasma activities of amylase, isoamylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 51 78-82.
213. L.T. Skeggs (2000) Persistence… and prayer: from the artificial kidney to the autoanalyzer. Clin. Chem. 46 1153-1425.
214. J.A. Slack, S.M. McGuirk, H.N. Erb, L. Lien, D. Coombs, S.D. Semrad, A. Risebeerg, F. Marques, B. Darien, L. Fallon, P. Burns, M.A. Murakami, E.S. Apple and S.F. Peek (2005) Biochemical markers of cardiac injury in normal, surviving septic, or nonsurviving septic neonatal foals. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 19 577-580.
215. B.E. Sobel, J. Markham, R.P. Karlsberg and R. Roberts (1977) The nature of disappearance of creatine kinase from the circulation and its influence on enzymatic estimation of infarct size. Circ. Res. 41 836-844.
216. P.F. Solter (2005) Clinical pathology approaches to hepatic injury. Toxicol. Path. 33 9-16l.
217. P.F. Solter and W.E. Hoffmann (1995) Canine corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase in serum was solubilized by phospholipase activity in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 269 G278-gG286.
218. P.F. Solter and W.E. Hoffmann (1999) Solubilization of liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes during cholestasis in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 60 1010-1015.
219. P.F. Solter, W.E. Hoffmann, M.D. Chambers and D.J. Schaeffer (1997) CCK-8 infusion increases plasma LMW alkaline phosphatase coincident with the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Am. J. Physiol. 273 G381-gG388.
220. P.F. Solter, W.E. Hoffmann, M.D. Chambers, D.J. Schaeffer and M.S. Kuhlenschmidt (1994) Hepatic total 3-alpha-hydroxy bile acids concentration and enzyme activities in prednisone-treated dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55 1086-1092.
221. P.F. Solter, W.E. Hoffmann, L.L. Hungerford, M.E. Peterson and J.L. Dorner (1993) Assessment of corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 103 534-538.
222. J.S. Spano, J.R. August, R.A. Henderson, M.B. Dumas and A.H. Groth (1983) Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in healthy cats and cats with induced hepatic disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 2049-2053.
223. T. Spillmann, I. Happonen, S. Sankari, A. Wittker, T. Kahkonen and E. Westermarck (2004) Evaluation of serum values of pancreatic enzymes after endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 65 615-619.
224. B.T. Sponseller, S.J. Valberg, B.S. Tennent-Brown, J.H. Foreman, P. Kumar and J.F. Timoney (2005) Severe acute rhabdomyolysis associated with Streptococcus equi infection in four horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227 1800-1807.
225. J.M. Steiner (2003) Diagnosis of pancreatitis. Vet. Clinics North America Sm. An. Pract. 33 1181-1195.
226. J.M. Steiner, B.R. Berridge, J. Wojcieszym and D.A. Williams (2002) Cellular immunolocalization of gastric and pancreatic lipase in various tissues obtained from dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63 722-727.
227. J.M. Steiner, T.L. Medinger and D.A. Williams (1996) Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 1417-1420.
228. J.M. Steiner, G. Rutz and D.A. Williams (2006) Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67 84-87.
229. J.M. Steiner, S.R. Teague and D.A. Williams (2003) Development and analytic validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum. Can. J. Vet. Res. 67 175-182.
230. J.M. Steiner and D.A. Williams (1999) Feline exocrine pancreatic disorders. Vet. Clinics North America 29 551-575.
231. J.M. Steiner and D.A. Williams (2000) Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14 627-629.
232. J.M. Steiner and D.A. Williams (2002) Purification of classical pancreatic lipase from dog pancreas. Biochemie 84 1245-1253.
233. T. Stokol and H. Erb (1998) The apo-enzyme content of the aminotransferases in healthy and diseased domestic animals. Vet. Clin. Path. 27 71-78.
234. A. Stornelli, M. Arauz, H. Baschard and R.I. de la Sota (2003) Unilateral and bilateral vasectomy in the dog: alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of tubular patency. Reprod. Domest. An. 38 1-4.
235. D.R. Strombeck, T. Farver and J.J. Kaneko (1981) Serum amylase and lipase activities in the diagnosis or pancreatitis in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 1966-1970.
236. N.C. Swift, S.L. Marks, N.J. NacLachlan and C.R. Norris (2000) Evaluation of serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217 37-42.
237. M. Syakalima, M. Takiguchi, J. Yasuda and A. Hashimoto (1997) The age dependent levels of serum ALP isoenzymes and the diagnostic significance of corticosteroid-induced ALP during long-term glucocorticoid treatment. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 59 905-909.
238. E. Teske, J. Rothuizen, J.J. de Bruijine and A. Rijnberk (1989) Corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the diagnosis of canine hypercorticism. Vet. Rec. 125 12-14.
239. P.L. Toutain, B. Lassourd, G. Costes, M. Alvinerie, L. Bret, H.P. Lefebvre and J.P. Braun (1995) A non-invasive and quantitative method for the study of tissue injury caused by intramuscular injection of drugs in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 18 226-235.
240. N. Toyoto, D. Miai and W.G.N. Hardison (1983) Effect of biliary pressure versus high bile acid flux on the permeability of hepatocellular tight junction. Lab. Invest. 50 536.
241. K. Turgut, C. Demir, M. Ok and K. Ciftci (1997) Pre- and postprandial total serum bile acid concentration following acute liver damage in dogs. J. Vet. Med. Series A 44 25-29.
242. R.M. Turner and S.M. McDonnell (2003) Alkaline phosphatase in stallion semen: characterization and clinical applications. Theriogenology 60 1-10.
243. Twedt, D. C. (2004). In Breed associated canine hepatopathies. October 16–17, "Proceedings of the 28th Royal Canin/OSU Symposium. 51–56.
244. M. Uechi, H. Terui, T. Nakayama, M. Mishina, Y. Wakao and M. Takahashi (1994) Circadian variation of urinary enzymes in the dog. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 56 849-854.
245. B. Ulutas and M. Sahal (2005) Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio and fractional clearance of electrolytes in diarrhoeic calves. Acta Vet. Hung. 53 31-359.
246. B.A. Valentine, B.J. Cooper, A. de Lahunta, R. O'Quinn and J.T. Blue (1988) Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy. An animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: clinical studies. J. Neurol. Sci. 88 69-81.
247. M.R. van der Harst, S. Bull, C.M. Laffont and W.R. Klein (2005) Gentamycin nephrotoxicity: a comparison of in vitro findings and in vivo experiments in equines. Vet. Res. Commun. 29 247-261.
248. S.Q. van Veen, A.K. van Vliet, M. Wulferink, R. Brands, M.A. Boermeester and T.M. van Gulik (2005) Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase attenuates the inflammatory response in secondary peritonitis in mice. Infect. Immun. 73 4309-4314.
249. J.F. VanVleet (1975) Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 166 769-774.
250. J.F. VanVleet and J.O. Alberts (1968) Evaluation of liver function tests and liver biopsy in experimental carbon tetrachloride intoxication and extra hepatic bile duct obstruction. Am. J. Vet. Res. 29 2119-2131.
251. L. Volfinger, V. Lassourd, J.M. Michaux, J.P. Braun and P.L. Toutain (1994) Kinetic evaluation of muscle damage during exercise by calculation of amount of creatine kinase released. Am. J. Physiol. 266 R434-rR441.
252. M. Wachstein and M. Bradshaw (1965) Histochemical localization of enzyme activity in the kidneys of three mammalian species during their post natal development. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 13 44-56.
253. K. Watanabe and W.H. Fishman (1964) Application of the stereo inhibitor L-phenylalanine to enzyme morphology of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12 252-260.
254. D.M. Weaver, J.W. Tyler, D.C. VanMetre, D.E. Hostetler and G.M. Barrington (2000) Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14 569-577.
255. M.L. Wellman, W.E. Hoffmann, J.L. Dorner and R.E. Mock (1982) Comparison of the steroid-induced, intestinal and hepatic isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43 1204-1207.
256. H.J. West (1989) Evaluation of total plasma bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 46 264-270.
257. H.J. West (1991) Evaluation of total serum bile acids concentrations for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 51 133-140.
258. C.E. Wiedmeyer, P.F. Solter and W.E. Hoffmann (2002) Alkaline phosphatase expression in tissues from glucocorticoid-treated dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63 1083-1088.
259. C.E. Wiedmeyer, P.F. Solter and W.E. Hoffmann (2002) Kinetics of mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in hepatic tissues from glococorticoid-treated dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63 1089-1095.
260. D.A. Williams and R.M. Batt (1983) Diagnosis of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency by the assay of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity. J. Sm. An. Pract. 24 583-588.
261. D.A. Williams and R.M. Batt (1988) Sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity for the diagnosis of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 192 195-201.
262. L.K. Wilson, J.W. Tyler, T.E. Besser, S.M. Parrish and R. Gant (1999) Prediction of serum IgG1 concentration in beef calves based on age and serum gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity. J. Vet. Int. Med. 13 123-125.
263. M.P. Whyte, D.A. Walkenhorst, K.N. Fedde and P.S. Henthorn (1996) Hypophosphatasia: levels of bone alkaline phosphatase immunoreactivity in serum reflect disease severity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 2142-2148.
264. Q. Xu, Z. Lu and X. Zhang (2002) A novel role of alkaline phosphatase in protection from immunological liver injury in mice. Liver 22 8-14.
265. R.S. Yacoub, H.E. Appert and J.M. Howard (1969) Metabolism of pancreatic amylase and lipase infused intravenously into dogs. Arch. Surg. 99 54-59.
266. Y. Ye, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Y.K. Cho, G. Gong, Y. Murakami and R.J. Bache (2001) Myocardial creatine kinase kinetics and isoform expression in hearts with severe LV hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 28 H376-h386.
267. L.A. Yonezawa, S.S. Kitanaura, R.M.S. Mirandola, A.C. Antonelli and E.L. Ortolani (2005) Preventive treatment with vitamin E alleviates the poisoning effects of CCl4 in cattle. J. Vet. Med. A 52 292-297.
268. G.P. Young, I.S. Rose, S. Cropper, S. Seetharom and D.H. Alpers (1984) Hepatic clearance of rat plasma intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Am. J. Physiol. 247 G419-gG426.
269. I.A. Zanker, H.M. Hammon and J.W. Blum (2001) Activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate-aminotransferase in colostrum, milk, and blood plasma of calves fed first colostrum at 0–2, 6–7, 12–13, and 2–25 hours after birth. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Path. Clin. Med. 48 179-185.
270. M.M. Zegers and D. Hoekstra (1998) Mechanisms and functional features of polarized membrane traffic in epithelial and hepatic cells. Biochem. J. 336 257-269.
271. J.B. Zinkl, R.M. Bush, C.E. Cornelius and R.A. Freedland (1971) Comparative studies on plasma and tissue sorbitol, glutamic, lactic, and hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase and transaminase activities in the dog. Res. Vet. Sci. 12 211-214.
272. D.L. Zoran (2006) Pancreatitis in cats: diagnosis and management of a challenging disease. J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc. 42 1-9.
273. J. Zust, B. Hrovatin and B. Sinundic (1996) Assessment of selenium and vitamin E deficiency in dairy herds and clinical disease in calves. Vet. Rec. 139 391-394.