The treaty of union: Made in England

Scotland and the Union 1707-2007

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 54-74

  Macinnes, Allan I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882362737     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (95)

1. A. I. Macinnes, Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 12-50.
2. C. M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History: England's Commercial and Colonial Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943), pp. 157-68, 272-317
3. H. A. Curson, Companion of the Laws and Government Ecclesiastical, Civil and Military of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Dominions, Plantations and Territories thereunto belonging (London, 1699), pp. 497-9, 510-12, 527-32.
4. M. J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), pp. 27-45
5. T. C. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, 1660-1707 (Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd, 1963), pp. 205, 244-51
6. C. A. Whatley, Scottish Society, 1707-1830 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), pp. 31-9.
7. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, pp. 50-177
8. J. M. Soisin, English America and the Restoration Monarchy of Charles II: Transatlantic Politics, Commerce and Kinship (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), pp. 39-73.
9. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, pp. 175-8, 242
10. T. Barclay and E. J. Graham, The Early Transatlantic Trade of Ayr, 1640-1730 (Ayr: Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 2005), pp. 21-38.
11. Macinnes, Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707, pp. 155-62
12. N. C. Landsman, 'Nation, migration, and the province in the first British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600-1800', American Historical Review, (1999), 104, pp. 463-75.
13. S. Murdoch, Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe, 1603-1746 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 13-83
14. C. Dalhede, Handelsfamiljer på Stormakstidens Europamarknad, 2 vols (Stockholm: Warne Förlag, 2001), I, pp. 13-46.
15. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 162-71, 181-4
16. Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, History of the Union of Scotland and England, D. Duncan (ed.) (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1993), pp. 81-3. Scottish networks in the Americas were usually dominated by literate laymen not averse to litigation and willing to represent each other in a diversity of jurisdictions covering commerce by land and sea. These networks were also able to take advantage of differing traditions of jurisprudence and legal practice in the colonies. In the middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and, to a lesser extent, Maryland, the normal practice of conforming to English statute and common law had to take account of Dutch and Scottish affinities for and grounding in civil law. Moreover, in all colonies from New England to the Carolinas, juries became notorious in the eyes of English officials for their disregard of the alleged facts in returning, even with repeated redirection, not guilty verdicts against practised evaders of the Navigation Acts.
17. British Library [BL], Papers relating to Trade etc., Sloane MS 2902, ff. 115-16, 137-8, 171-80, 218, 244
18. Charles Davenant, Discourses on the Publick Revenues, and on the Trade of England (London, 1698). The Board of Trade had become particularly apprehensive about the purported dominance of Scottish commercial networks in Ireland since the Revolution. Not only did Scottish merchants in the trading towns and the Scottish gentry in plantation districts actively collude, but they 'are generally Frugall, Industrious, very nationall, and very helpful to each other agst any Third [party]'. Associated claims that an additional 50,000 Scots emigrated to Ireland in the 1690s should be viewed as guesstimates rather than estimates. Nevertheless, Scottish dominance of the Irish carrying trade was recognised in reports from America. Dublin no less than Belfast and Londonderry was locked into Scottish commercial networks during that decade (John Cary, A Discourse concerning the Trade of Ireland and Scotland as they stand in Competition with the Trade of England (Bristol, 1695 and London, 1696)
19. National Aarchives of Scotland [NAS], Journal of William Fraser, London, 1699-1711, CS 96/524, pp. 18-73).
20. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 184-9
21. W. R. Broc, Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,1982), pp. 11-12
22. J. M. Soisin, English America and Imperial Inconstancy: The Rise of Provincial Autonomy 1696-1715 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), pp. 23-36.
23. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 173-81
24. D. Watt, The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2007), pp. 145-57.
25. Edward Ward, A journey to Scotland giving a character of that country, the people and their manners (London, 1699);
26. Anon., Caledonia; or, the Pedlar turn'd Merchant. A Tragi-Comedy, as it was acted by His Majesty's Subjects of Scotland in the King of Spain's Provinces of Darien (London, 1700);
27. C. Storrs, 'Disaster at Darien (1698-1700)? The persistence of Spanish imperial power on the eve of the demise of the Spanish Habsburgs', European History Quarterly, (1999), 29, pp. 5-38.
28. A. I. Macinnes, 'Union for Ireland failed (1703), Union for Scotland accomplished (1706-7)', in D. Keogh and K. Whelan (eds), Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts, and Consequences of the Act of Union of 1801 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001), pp. 67-94
29. Huntington Library, San Marino, California [HL], Blathwayt Papers, BP 33-4, 416 and Bridgewater & Ellesmere MSS, EL 9611; BL, Papers Relating to English Colonies in America and the West Indies, 1627-1694, EG. 2395, ff. 574-8.
30. B. Lenman, Britain's Colonial Wars 1688-1783 (Harlow: Longman, 2001), pp. 13-46
31. HL, Blathwayt Papers, BL 14, 26-7, 361, 415 and Huntington Manuscripts, Manuscript Newsletters from London to Tamworth (1690-1704), HM 30,659/87.
32. Two Tracts by Gregory King, G. E. Barnett (ed.) (Baltimore, 1936);
33. E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: a Reconstruction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 174-9; 207-15;
34. J. Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? England 1689-1727 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 52-5.
35. Charles Davenant, Discourses on the Publick Revenues, and on the Trade of England: Part I - Of the Use of Political Arithmetick, in all Considerations about the Revenues and Trade (London, 1698);
36. John Pollexfen [JP], Of Trade (London, 1700)
37. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 189-94.
38. D. W. Jones, War and Economy in the Age of William III and Marlborough (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), pp. 1-65, 131-68
39. Hoppit, A Land of Liberty?, pp. 123-31
40. HL, Stowe Papers: Brydges Family Papers, ST 8/vol. 1, 'The Account of James Brydges, Esq., Paymaster General of her Majesties Forces acting in Conjunction with those of her Allies' and vol. 2, 'Three Year Accounts of ye Payments made to the Forces in Flanders by the Rt. Hon. James, Earl of Carnarvon from 1706 to 1709'.
41. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 194-7;
42. Jones, War and Economy, pp. 169-210. The Great Northern War had dislocated grain supplies from the Baltic and textile production in Saxony and Silesia, while the discovery of gold in Brazil fuelled increased sales of goods to Portugal.
43. th Year of Her Reign';
44. M. Flinn, Scottish Population History from the 17th century to the 1930s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 7-8, 187-200.
45. HL, Huntington Manuscripts: Sunderland Collection, HM 9916 and 22,281;
46. Lenman, Britain's Colonial Wars 1688-1783, pp. 35-8.
47. Clerk of Penicuik, History of the Union of Scotland and England, pp. 81-5;
48. P. W. J. Riley, 'The Union of 1707 as an episode in English Politics', English Historical Review, (1979), LXXXIV, pp. 498-527.
49. C. A. Whatley, The Scots and the Union (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), pp. 202-42;
50. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 243-76.
51. G. Marshall, Presbyteries and Profits: Calvinism and the Development of Capitalism in Scotland, 1560-1707 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 284-319
52. W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1911-12), II, pp. 123-98;
53. Aberdeen University Library [AUL], Duff House (Montcoffer Papers), MS 3175/A/801; Glasgow City Archives [GCL], Records of the Maxwells of Pollock, T-PM 113/439, 575, 613 and TD 1022/11, Research Papers and Notes compiled by R. F. Dell, Register of Deeds, B.10.15/2143-4, 2397, 2490.
54. Flinn, Scottish Population History from the 17th century to the 1930s, pp. 164-86;
55. T. C. Smout, A History of the Scottish People, 1560-1830 (Glasgow: Collins, 1979), pp. 143-5, 225.
56. Anon., A Call to Scotland for threatening famine (Edinburgh, 1698);
57. Sir Robert Sibbald, Provision for the Poor in Time of Dearth and Scarcity (Edinburgh, 1699);
58. Patrick Walker, Six Saints of the Covenant, D. H. Fleming (ed.), 2 vols (London, 1901), II, pp. 28-33;
59. James Donaldson, Husbandry anatomized (Edinburgh, 1697);
60. Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, Selected PoliticalWritings and Speeches, D. Daiches (ed.) (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1979), pp. 27-66, 106-37;
61. NAS, Letter and Account Book, John Watson yr, merchant Edinburgh, 1695-1713, CS 96/3309.
62. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, pp. 205, 244-56;
63. Whatley, Scottish Society, pp. 31-9.
64. Aberdeen City Archives, Aberdeen Council Letters (1682-1699), 7/224;
65. AUL, Leith-Ross MSS, MS 3346/12/11 and Duff House (Montcoffer Papers) MS 3175/A/2380;
66. HL, Huntington Manuscripts, Manuscript Newsletters from London to Tamworth (1690-1704), HM 30,659/51-2;
67. GCA, Records of the Maxwells of Pollock, T-PM 113/30 and TD 1022/11, Research Papers and Notes compiled by R. F. Dell, Register of Deeds, B.10.15/2136, 2180;
68. Scott, The Constitutions and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720, I, pp. 356, 372-4;
69. S. Checkland, Scottish Banking: A History, 1695-1973 (Glasgow and London: Collins, 1975), pp. 31-9, 46.
70. Scottish transactions in London that were based on bills or other paper transactions were not necessarily accorded the fixed exchange of 12:1 and rates were frequently pushed up by financial traders demanding discounts. While this was a customary practice in English as in continental markets, Scottish dealers effectively faced a double indemnity of added discounts when converting Scots currency into its sterling equivalent. Accordingly, from its inception in 1695, the Bank of Scotland preferred to issue its notes in sterling.
71. R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603-1745 (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), p. 131;
72. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, p. 262;
73. Whatley, The Scots and the Union, pp. 184-202;
74. Watt, The Price of Scotland, pp. 219-42.
75. Checkland, Scottish Banking, pp. 68-9;
76. NAS, Letter and Account Book, John Watson, yr, merchant Edinburgh, 1695-1713, CS 96/3309;
77. AUL, Leith-Ross MSS, MS 3346/12/8.
78. R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Methuen, 1977), pp. 215-16;
79. A. L. Murray, 'Administration and law', in T. I. Rae (ed.), The Union of 1707: Its Impact on Scotland (Glasgow: Blackie, 1974), pp. 30-57.
80. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 229-31;
81. AUL, Duff House (Montcoffer Papers) MS 3175/A/2380. The principal Scottish exports cited were, in descending order, linen, herring, wool and wool skins, black cattle, stockings, plaiding and serges, coal, lead and lead ore, salmon and salt. The principal imports were, again in descending order, muslin and fine cloths, leather, household furnishings, tobacco, iron and copper, flax and hemp, wines, brandy and spirits, timber and tar, woollen manufactures from England, Spanish wool and camel hair, dye stuffs, ships and ships furniture and sugars and candy.
82. AUL, Crathes Papers (Burnet of Leys), MS 3661/2/81/5 and Duff House (Montcoffer Papers) MS 3175/A/236/20
83. NAS, Mar and Kellie Collection, GD 124/10/438, 445 and Hamilton Papers, GD 406/1/5435;
84. BL, Sydney, 1st Earl of Godolphin: Official Correspondence, Home 1701-1710, Add. MSS 28,055, ff. 300-02;
85. Checkland, Scottish Banking, pp. 39-44.
86. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 293-5;
87. Whatley, The Scots and the Union, pp. 266-9.
88. BL, Hanover State Papers, vol. I (1692-1706), Stowe 222, ff. 343-4;
89. Dumfries House, Ayrshire, Loudoun Papers, A240/2.
90. Rigsarkivet Copenhagen, T. K. U. A. England, Akter og Dokumenter nedr Sofart og Handel: Order med Bilag, 1705-6, A.III/ 214, 216;
91. Macinnes, Union and Empire, pp. 278-83.
92. HL, Stowe Papers: Brydges Family Papers, ST 57/vol. 1, pp. 81-2, 93, 94-6, 110-11, 126 and ST 58/vol. 1, pp. 115-16, 144-5, 149-52, 175-7;
93. NAS, Mar and Kellie Collection, GD 124/15/491/2 and Journal of William Fraser, London, 1699-1711, CS 96/524 and Letter and Account Book, John Watson yr, merchant Edinburgh, 1695-1713, CS 96/3309; BL, Blenheim Papers, vol. DXXI, fo. 19;
94. W. A. Speck, The Birth of Britain: A New Nation 1700-1710 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 117-18.
95. Scottish commercial networks were also involved in the exploitation of drawbacks on customs granted in England on colonial products like tobacco that were subsequently exported. Accordingly, they imported tobacco wholesale from England prior to 1 May with a view to earning a further drawback after the Union when the tobacco was exported to continental markets. The English ministry also attempted to proscribe these double drawbacks claimed by Scots on colonial goods.