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Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 442-468

The Future of European Contract Law between Freedom of Contract, Social Justice, and Market Rationality

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EID: 84881792101     PISSN: 16149920     EISSN: 16149939     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/ercl.2005.1.4.442     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (86)
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    • February 2003, final
    • 12 February 2003, COM(2003) 68 final.
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    • Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, 11 October COM2004 final, 17 seq Annex II
    • Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, European Contract Law and the revision of the acquis: the way forward, 11 October 2004, COM(2004) 651 final, 17 seq (Annex II).
    • (2004) European Contract Law and the revision of the acquis: the way forward , pp. 651
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    • Under the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (Decision 1513/2002/EC, OJEC 2002 L 232/1 29.8.2002) the ‘Network of Excel lence’ Common Principles of European Contract Law (CoPECL) was established: part of the Network is also the Study Group on a European Civil Code
    • Under the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (Decision No 1513/2002/EC, OJEC 2002 L 232/1 [29.8.2002]) the ‘Network of Excel lence’ Common Principles of European Contract Law (CoPECL) was established: part of the Network is also the Study Group on a European Civil Code.
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    • n * above, 22 et seq
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    • 85154575387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n * above, 218–220
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 104–132, 218–220.
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    • Lurger1
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    • 85154598995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n * above, et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 393 et seq.
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    • Lurger1
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    • n * above, et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 301 et seq.
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    • Lurger1
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    • 16244381386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of European Contract Law
    • Commission on European Contract Law: eds, Parts I and II combined and revised (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, O. Lando / E. Clive / A. Prüm / R. Zimmermann (eds), Principles of European Contract Law – Part III (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003
    • Commission on European Contract Law: O. Lando and H. Beale (eds), Principles of European Contract Law. Parts I and II combined and revised (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999); O. Lando / E. Clive / A. Prüm / R. Zimmermann (eds), Principles of European Contract Law – Part III (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003).
    • (1999)
    • Lando, O.1    Beale, H.2
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    • 85154568901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See http://www.sgecc.net.
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    • 85154605778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n * above, et seq, 471 et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 46 et seq, 471 et seq.
    • Grundfragen , vol.46
    • Lurger1
  • 13
    • 85154597705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 4 above
    • See n 4 above.
  • 14
    • 85154598995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n * above, et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 132 et seq.
    • Grundfragen , pp. 132
    • Lurger1
  • 15
    • 85154573116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linked to the question of the nature of the legal instrument is the question of which court(s) will ensure its uniform interpretation and application. reform of the European court system, because the workload cannot be carried by the present courts (ECJ and EC of 1st Instance. Grundfragen, n * above, 178
    • st Instance). See Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 178.
    • The broad spectrum of legal questions covered calls for an institutional
    • Lurger, S.1
  • 16
    • 85154552764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das vertragsrechtliche Prinzip der Rücksichtnahme und Fairness zwischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik und privatrechtlichem Interessenausgleich
    • G. Peer / W. Faber / et al (eds, Stuttgart, Munich: Boorberg, 9, 11; B. Lurger, ‘Die Europäisierung des Vertragsrechts aus vertragstheoretischer und verfassungsrechtlicher Perspektive’, in H. Kopetz / J. Marko / K. Poier (eds), Soziokultureller Wandel im Verfassungsstaat (Vienna, Collogne: Böhlau, 2004 307
    • B. Lurger, ‘Das vertragsrechtliche Prinzip der Rücksichtnahme und Fairness zwischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik und privatrechtlichem Interessenausgleich’, in G. Peer / W. Faber / et al (eds), Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler 2003. Die soziale Dimension des Zivilrechts (Stuttgart, Munich: Boorberg, 2004) 9, 11; B. Lurger, ‘Die Europäisierung des Vertragsrechts aus vertragstheoretischer und verfassungsrechtlicher Perspektive’, in H. Kopetz / J. Marko / K. Poier (eds), Soziokultureller Wandel im Verfassungsstaat (Vienna, Collogne: Böhlau, 2004) 305, 307.
    • (2004) Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler 2003. Die soziale Dimension des Zivilrechts , pp. 305
    • Lurger, B.1
  • 17
    • 85154585917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Code européen des contrats – Avant-projet
    • Milano: Giuffrè
    • G. Gandolfi, Code européen des contrats – Avant-projet. Accademia dei giusprivatisti europei (Milano: Giuffrè, 1999).
    • (1999) Accademia dei giusprivatisti europei
    • Gandolfi, G.1
  • 20
    • 85154618470 scopus 로고
    • Eg Artt 40–51 of the Spanish Constitution; Preamble of the French Constitution of 27 October
    • Eg Artt 40–51 of the Spanish Constitution; Artt 19–23 of the Dutch Grondwet; Preamble of the French Constitution of 27 October 1946.
    • (1946) Artt 19–23 of the Dutch Grondwet
  • 21
    • 16244381386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of European Contract Law
    • n * above, 241 et seq; Deventer: Kluwer, 49, 53 et seq; M. Hesselink, ‘The Horizontal Effect of ‘Social Rights’ in European Contract Law’, Paper conference ‘Diritti fondamentali e formazione del diritto privato europeo’ Università Roma III, on 18 June 2002
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 241 et seq; M. Hesselink, Principles of European Contract Law (Deventer: Kluwer, 2001) 49, 53 et seq; M. Hesselink, ‘The Horizontal Effect of ‘Social Rights’ in European Contract Law’, Paper presented at the conference ‘Diritti fondamentali e formazione del diritto privato europeo’ at the Università Roma III, on 18 June 2002.
    • (2001)
    • Lurger, G.1    Hesselink, M.2
  • 22
    • 84861192598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ‘Social’ Side of Contract Law and the New Principle of Regard and Fairness
    • A. Hartkamp / M. Hesselink / et al eds, 3rd ed, Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri
    • rd ed, Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri, 2004) 273, 282.
    • (2004) Towards a European Civil Code , vol.273 , pp. 282
    • Lurger, B.1
  • 23
    • 85154579849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prinzipien eines europäischen Vertragsrechts: liberal, marktfunktional, solidarisch oder …?
    • n * above, 241 et seq, 376 et seq; Vertragliche Solidarität (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 132 et seq; B. Lurger 1998 7 et seq; B. Lurger, ‘Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europäischen Union’, in D. Martiny / N. Witzleb (eds), Auf dem Wege zu einem Europäischen Zivilgesetzbuch (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1999) 141, 155 et seq; Hesselink, Principles, n 21 above, 49, 53 et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 241 et seq, 376 et seq; B. Lurger, Vertragliche Solidarität (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998) 132 et seq; B. Lurger, ‘Prinzipien eines europäischen Vertragsrechts: liberal, marktfunktional, solidarisch oder …?’ (1998) Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, http://law.kub.nl/ejcl/art21-1.html, 7 et seq; B. Lurger, ‘Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europäischen Union’, in D. Martiny / N. Witzleb (eds), Auf dem Wege zu einem Europäischen Zivilgesetzbuch (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1999) 141, 155 et seq; Hesselink, Principles, n 21 above, 49, 53 et seq.
    • (1998) Electronic Journal of Comparative Law
    • Lurger, G.1    Lurger, B.2
  • 24
    • 85016350332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Justice in European Contract Law: a Manifesto
    • Study Group on Social Justice in European Private Law, ‘Social Justice in European Contract Law: a Manifesto’ (2004) European Law Journal 653–674;
    • (2004) European Law Journal , pp. 653-674
  • 25
    • 29644443019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Poltitics of a European Civil Code
    • M. Hesselink, ‘The Poltitics of a European Civil Code’ (2004) European Law Journal 657–697;
    • (2004) European Law Journal , pp. 657-697
    • Hesselink, M.1
  • 27
    • 29644447438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varieties of Welfarism in European Contract Law
    • T. Wilhelmsson, ‘Varieties of Welfarism in European Contract Law’ (2004) European Law Journal 712–733;
    • (2004) European Law Journal , pp. 712-733
    • Wilhelmsson, T.1
  • 28
    • 85154621164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Challenges of Europeanization in the Realm of Private Law. The Meaning of ‘Natural Person’ and the Impact of the Constitution for Europe on the Development of European Private Law
    • EUI Working Papers 12; G. Alpa 2004
    • Ch. Joerges, ‘The Challenges of Europeanization in the Realm of Private Law’ (2004) EUI Working Papers No 12; G. Alpa, ‘The Meaning of ‘Natural Person’ and the Impact of the Constitution for Europe on the Development of European Private Law’ (2004) European Law Journal 734–750;
    • (2004) European Law Journal , pp. 734-750
    • Joerges, Ch.1
  • 29
    • 0004229596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press, 25 seq, 33 seq; H. Rösler, Europäisches Konsumentenvertragsrecht. Grundkonzeption, Prinzipien und Fortentwicklung (Munich: Beck, 2004); Ch. Schmid, ‘The Instrumentalist Conception of the Acquis Communautaire in Consumer Law and its Implications on a European Contract Law Code’ (2005) European Review of Contract Law 211–227, 226
    • H. Collins, Regulating Contracts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 25 seq, 33 seq; H. Rösler, Europäisches Konsumentenvertragsrecht. Grundkonzeption, Prinzipien und Fortentwicklung (Munich: Beck, 2004); Ch. Schmid, ‘The Instrumentalist Conception of the Acquis Communautaire in Consumer Law and its Implications on a European Contract Law Code’ (2005) European Review of Contract Law 211–227, 226.
    • (1999) Regulating Contracts
    • Collins, H.1
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    • 85154562815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • n 376 et seq; Lurger, in Peer / Faber / et al (eds), n 16 above, 9, 18; Lurger, n 22 above, 273, 286; Lurger, in Kopetz / Marko / Poier (eds), n 16 above, 305, 315
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 376 et seq; Lurger, in Peer / Faber / et al (eds), n 16 above, 9, 18; Lurger, n 22 above, 273, 286; Lurger, in Kopetz / Marko / Poier (eds), n 16 above, 305, 315.
    • Lurger, G.1
  • 31
    • 85154593247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 23 above; Lurger, n * above, 393 et seq; Lurger, n 22 above, 288 et seq
    • Lurger, Prinzipien, n 23 above; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 393 et seq; Lurger, n 22 above, 273, 288 et seq.
    • Grundfragen , vol.273
    • Lurger, P.1
  • 32
    • 85154561421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandatory protective provisions, especially information duties, can succeed in restoring the full substantive freedom of contract of the weaker party and thereby render any further intervention into the contractual stipulations unnecessary. Additionally, the exercise of regard and fairness can also be in the interests of and thus intended by the entrepreneur, who wants to win new and keep old customers. If this is not the case ( restoration of contractual freedom, self-interest of the business in complying with fairness standards) mandatory protective prosivions must intervene directly in order to compensate the weaker party’s restricted freedom expense of the freedom of the entrepreneur. Only in this latter situation does a direct conflict between the two principles arise
    • Mandatory protective provisions, especially information duties, can succeed in restoring the full substantive freedom of contract of the weaker party and thereby render any further intervention into the contractual stipulations unnecessary. Additionally, the exercise of regard and fairness can also be in the interests of and thus intended by the entrepreneur, who wants to win new and keep old customers. If this is not the case (no restoration of contractual freedom, no self-interest of the business in complying with fairness standards) mandatory protective prosivions must intervene directly in order to compensate the weaker party’s restricted freedom at the expense of the freedom of the entrepreneur. Only in this latter situation does a direct conflict between the two principles arise.
  • 33
    • 0043082759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Law of Contract
    • 3rd ed, London: Butterworth, 9, 22, 101 et seq; H. Collins, ‘Social Market and the Law of Contract’, in W. W. Miller (ed), Socialism and the Law. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie-supplement 49 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992) 85 et seq
    • rd ed, London: Butterworth, 1997) 9, 22, 101 et seq; H. Collins, ‘Social Market and the Law of Contract’, in W. W. Miller (ed), Socialism and the Law. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie-supplement 49 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992) 85 et seq.
    • (1997)
    • Collins, H.1
  • 34
    • 85154576516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration des Verbraucherrechts in das BGB
    • For the German BGB: R. Schulze / H. Schulte-Nölke eds, Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 178 with further references; for the Austrian ABGB; Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 85, 133 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 353 et seq
    • For the German BGB see: H. Dörner, ‘Integration des Verbraucherrechts in das BGB’, in R. Schulze / H. Schulte-Nölke (eds), Die Schuldrechtsreform vor dem Hintergrund des Gemeinschaftsrechts (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2001) 177, 178 with further references; for the Austrian ABGB; Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 85, 133 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 353 et seq.
    • (2001) Die Schuldrechtsreform vor dem Hintergrund des Gemeinschaftsrechts , pp. 177
    • Dörner, H.1
  • 35
    • 85154602512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 242 German BGB; § 241 BGB establishes the general duty of the parties to show regard (‘Rücksicht’) for the rights, legal ‘goods’ (‘Rechtsgüter’) and interests of the other party
    • § 242 German BGB; § 241 BGB establishes the general duty of the parties to show regard (‘Rücksicht’) for the rights, legal ‘goods’ (‘Rechtsgüter’) and interests of the other party.
  • 36
    • 85154556662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Art 1134 French Code Civil
    • Art 1134 French Code Civil.
  • 37
    • 85154583363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1366, 1375 Italian Codice Civile
    • Artt 1337, 1366, 1375 Italian Codice Civile.
    • Artt
  • 38
    • 85154567568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Art 1175 Italian Codice Civile
    • Art 1175 Italian Codice Civile.
  • 40
    • 85154556891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 138 German BGB, § 879 Austrian ABGB
    • § 138 German BGB, § 879 Austrian ABGB.
  • 41
    • 85154603553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Art 1133 French Code Civil
    • Art 1133 French Code Civil.
  • 42
    • 85154552263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1343, 1418 Italian Codice Civile
    • Artt 1343, 1418 Italian Codice Civile.
    • Artt
  • 44
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    • Control of Unfair Contract Terms and Social Values: EC and Nordic Approches
    • 437 note 2
    • T. Wilhelmsson, ‘Control of Unfair Contract Terms and Social Values: EC and Nordic Approches’ (1993) Journal of Consumer Policy 435–453, 437 note 2.
    • (1993) Journal of Consumer Policy , pp. 435-453
    • Wilhelmsson, T.1
  • 45
    • 85154577498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martiny / Witzleb (eds), n 155 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 353 et seq
    • Lurger, in Martiny / Witzleb (eds), n 23 above, 141, 155 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 353 et seq.
    • 23 above , vol.141
    • Lurger1
  • 46
    • 85154602966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funktion, rechtliche Problematik und Zukunftsperspektiven der Innominatverträge
    • Leit-, Ordnungs- und Gerechtigkeitsfunktionen: E. A. Kramer, Munich et al: Beck et al, 162 et seq; L. Raiser, Das Recht der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen (Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1935, Neudruck Bad Homburg: Gentner, 1961) 293 et seq; L. Enneccerus / H.C. Nipperdey, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts I/2 (15th ed, Tübingen: Mohr, 1959/60) 1011 et seq; Lurger, Solidarität n 23 above, 85, 116
    • th ed, Tübingen: Mohr, 1959/60) 1011 et seq; Lurger, Solidarität , n 23 above, 85, 116.
    • (1997) Zur Theorie und Politik des Privat- und Wirtschaftsrechts , pp. 147
    • Kramer, E.A.1
  • 47
    • 85154605352 scopus 로고
    • Die ‘Krise’ des liberalen Vertragsdenkens
    • Kramer, n 41 above, 69, 113 et seq; Bydlinski, ‘Beschränkung und Ausschluss der Gewährleistung Juristische Blätter 560 et seq; J. Basedow, ‘Über Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung und Marktintegration’, in U. Immenga / W. Möschel / D. Reuter eds, Baden-Baden: Nomos 1996
    • E. A. Kramer, ‘Die ‘Krise’ des liberalen Vertragsdenkens’, in Kramer, n 41 above, 69, 113 et seq; P. Bydlinski, ‘Beschränkung und Ausschluss der Gewährleistung’ (1993) Juristische Blätter 560 et seq; J. Basedow, ‘Über Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung und Marktintegration’, in U. Immenga / W. Möschel / D. Reuter (eds), Festschrift für E.-J. Mestmäcker (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1996) 355.
    • (1993) Festschrift für E.-J. Mestmäcker , pp. 355
    • Kramer, E.A.1
  • 48
    • 85154533304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kramer, n 42 above, 69, 114, calls this phenomenon ‘relative Geltungsintensität’ relative intensity of applicability
    • Kramer, n 42 above, 69, 114, calls this phenomenon ‘relative Geltungsintensität’ (relative intensity of applicability).
  • 49
    • 85154601556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 22 above, 284 et seq
    • Lurger, n 22 above, 273, 284 et seq.
    • Lurger , vol.273
  • 50
    • 85154598293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three or more party contracts (and network contracts), as eg several banking transactions, credit sales agreements, are extremely important in practice, but are (almost) ignored by the traditional civil codes. There is a definite necessity for legislative action
    • Three or more party contracts (and network contracts), as eg several banking transactions, credit sales agreements, are extremely important in practice, but are (almost) ignored by the traditional civil codes. There is a definite necessity for legislative action.
  • 51
    • 85154534583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Vertragsbegriff in den Übereinkommen von Brüssel und Rom
    • H. Schulte-Nölke / R. Schulze (eds, Collogne: Bundesanzeiger, 39, 41 et seq; H.-W. Micklitz, ‘Ein einheitliches Kaufrecht für Verbraucher in der EG?’ (1997) Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 236; H.-W. Micklitz, ‘Die Fernabsatzrichtlinie 97/7/EG’ (1999) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 875, 885; S. Kalss / B. Lurger, Rücktrittsrechte (Vienna: Verlag Österreich, 2001
    • H.-W. Micklitz, Der Vertragsbegriff in den Übereinkommen von Brüssel und Rom, in H. Schulte-Nölke / R. Schulze (eds), Europäisches Vertragsrecht im Gemeinschaftsrecht (Collogne: Bundesanzeiger, 2002) 39, 41 et seq; H.-W. Micklitz, ‘Ein einheitliches Kaufrecht für Verbraucher in der EG?’ (1997) Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 236; H.-W. Micklitz, ‘Die Fernabsatzrichtlinie 97/7/EG’ (1999) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 875, 885; S. Kalss / B. Lurger, Rücktrittsrechte (Vienna: Verlag Österreich, 2001) 130.
    • (2002) Europäisches Vertragsrecht im Gemeinschaftsrecht , pp. 130
    • Micklitz, H.-W.1
  • 52
    • 85154544546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kalss n above
    • Kalss / Lurger, n 46 above, 129.
    • Lurger , vol.46 , pp. 129
  • 53
    • 85154592089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Konflikte um Wissen und Macht als Grundelemente von Vertragstheorie und Verfassungswirkungen
    • Ch. Armbrüster / M. Franzen / et al (eds, Privatautonomie und Ungleichgewichtslagen (Stuttgart: Boorberg, 17, M. Hesselink, The New European Legal Culture (Deventer: Kluwer, 2001) 73 et seq; Ch. Joerges, ‘Die Europäisierung des Privatrechts als Rationalisierungsprozess und als Streit der Disziplinen’ (1995) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 181; Ch. Schmid, ‘Desintegration und Neuordnungsperspektiven im europäischen Privatrecht’, in T. Ackermann / A. Arnold / et al (eds), Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler1999. Tradition und Fortschritt im Recht (Stuttgart: Boorberg, 2000) 35
    • B. Lurger, ‘Konflikte um Wissen und Macht als Grundelemente von Vertragstheorie und Verfassungswirkungen’, in Ch. Armbrüster / M. Franzen / et al (eds), Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler 1995. Privatautonomie und Ungleichgewichtslagen (Stuttgart: Boorberg, 1996) 17, 36; M. Hesselink, The New European Legal Culture (Deventer: Kluwer, 2001) 73 et seq; Ch. Joerges, ‘Die Europäisierung des Privatrechts als Rationalisierungsprozess und als Streit der Disziplinen’ (1995) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 181; Ch. Schmid, ‘Desintegration und Neuordnungsperspektiven im europäischen Privatrecht’, in T. Ackermann / A. Arnold / et al (eds), Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler1999. Tradition und Fortschritt im Recht (Stuttgart: Boorberg, 2000) 35.
    • (1996) Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler 1995. , pp. 36
    • Lurger, B.1
  • 54
    • 85154598995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n * above, et seq with further references
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 396 et seq with further references.
    • Grundfragen , pp. 396
    • Lurger1
  • 55
  • 56
    • 85154615341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 24 above, 222 et seq
    • Schmid, n 24 above, 211, 222 et seq.
    • Schmid , vol.211
  • 57
    • 85154605729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmid, n 24 above, 211 et seq with further references
    • Schmid, n 24 above, 211 et seq with further references.
  • 59
    • 85158829053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-Mandatory Rules in European Contract Law
    • M. Hesselink, ‘Non-Mandatory Rules in European Contract Law’ (2005) European Review of Contract Law 44 et seq.
    • (2005) European Review of Contract Law , vol.44
    • Hesselink, M.1
  • 60
    • 85154581999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more details Lurger, n 22 above, 275 et seq
    • For more details see Lurger, n 22 above, 273, 275 et seq.
    • , vol.273
  • 61
    • 85154592753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the Doorstep Selling Directive, the Timesharing Directive, the Distance Selling Directive, the Injunctions Directive, the Consumer Guarantees Directive, the Distance Selling Directive for Financial Services, and recently the Unfair Market Practices Directive
    • See the Doorstep Selling Directive, the Consumer Credit Directive, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, the Timesharing Directive, the Distance Selling Directive, the Injunctions Directive, the Consumer Guarantees Directive, the Distance Selling Directive for Financial Services, and recently the Unfair Market Practices Directive.
    • the Consumer Credit Directive, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive,
  • 62
    • 85154606029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the Advertising Directives, the Product Liability Directive, the Insurance Directives, the Package Travel Directive, the Credit Transfer Directive and the E-Commerce Directive. A few directives include protective provisions only in favor of entrepreneurial parties
    • See the Advertising Directives, the Product Liability Directive, the Insurance Directives, the Package Travel Directive, the Credit Transfer Directive and the E-Commerce Directive. A few directives include protective provisions only in favor of entrepreneurial parties: the Commercial Agents Directive and the Late Payment Directive.
    • the Commercial Agents Directive and the Late Payment Directive
  • 63
    • 85154575900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February 2003, 2003 final
    • 12 February 2003, COM(2003) 68 final.
    • COM , pp. 68
  • 64
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    • October 2004, final
    • 11 October 2004, COM(2004) 651 final.
    • (2004) COM , pp. 651
  • 65
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    • Decision No 1513/2002/EC
    • 29.8
    • Decision No 1513/2002/EC, OJEC L 232/1 (29.8.2002).
    • (2002) OJEC L , vol.232 , Issue.1
  • 66
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    • Integration des Verbraucherrechts in das ABGB?
    • n * above, 301 et seq; Lurger, Solidarität n 23 above; C. Fischer-Czermak / M. Schauer eds, Jahrtausend, Reformbedarf und Reform Vienna: Manz, et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 301 et seq; Lurger, Solidarität , n 23 above; B. Lurger, ‘Integration des Verbraucherrechts in das ABGB?’, in C. Fischer-Czermak / M. Schauer (eds), ABGB – auf dem Weg in das 3. Jahrtausend, Reformbedarf und Reform (Vienna: Manz, 2003) 111, 124 et seq.
    • (2003) ABGB – auf dem Weg in das 3 , vol.111 , pp. 124
    • Lurger, G.1    Lurger, B.2
  • 67
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    • Verbraucherrecht, Unternehmensrecht, Privatrecht – warum sind sich UN-Kaufrecht und EU-Kaufrechts-Richtlinie so ähnlich?
    • 202
    • S. Grundmann, ‘Verbraucherrecht, Unternehmensrecht, Privatrecht – warum sind sich UN-Kaufrecht und EU-Kaufrechts-Richtlinie so ähnlich?’ (2002) 202 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 40, 68.
    • (2002) Archiv für die civilistische Praxis , vol.40 , pp. 68
    • Grundmann, S.1
  • 68
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    • Transposing ‘Pointillist’ EC Guidelines into Systematic National Codes – Problems and Consequences
    • n * above, 302 et seq
    • Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 302 et seq; W.-H. Roth, ‘Transposing ‘Pointillist’ EC Guidelines into Systematic National Codes – Problems and Consequences’ (2002) European Review of Private Law 761, 774;
    • (2002) European Review of Private Law , vol.761 , pp. 774
    • Lurger, G.1    Roth, W.-H.2
  • 70
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    • L’età della decodificazione
    • Kaufrechts (Collogne: Bundesanzeiger, 87; Milano: Giuffrè 1980) 36; Rémy, ‘La recodification civile’ (1998) 26 Droits. Revue française de théorie, de philosophie et de culture juridiques 4, 10 et seq; J.- Pizzio, ‘La protection des consommateurs par le droit commun des obligations’ (1998) Revue trimestrielle de droit commercial et de droit économique 56 et seq; F. Collart Dutilleul / Delbecque, Contrats civils et commerciaux (3rd ed, Paris: Dalloz, 1996) note 5; F. Terré / Simler / Y. Lequette, Droit civil – les obligations, (7th ed, Paris: Dalloz, 1999) note 9, 11 et seq; G. Cornu, ‘L’évolution des contrats en France’ (1979) Revue internationale de droit comparé, the special of Journées de la Société de législation comparée 447 et seq; T. Wilhelmsson, ‘Consumer Protection and the Rules and Principles of General Contract Law’, in T. Wilhelmsson, Twelve Essays on Consumer Law and Policy (Helsinki: Yliopistopaino 1996) 120, 129 et seq; Behr, ‘Das BGB im Jahr 2096’, in H. Schlosser (ed, Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1997 et seq
    • th ed, Paris: Dalloz, 1999) note 9, 11 et seq; G. Cornu, ‘L’évolution des contrats en France’ (1979) Revue internationale de droit comparé, see the special issue of Journées de la Société de législation comparée 447 et seq; T. Wilhelmsson, ‘Consumer Protection and the Rules and Principles of General Contract Law’, in T. Wilhelmsson, Twelve Essays on Consumer Law and Policy (Helsinki: Yliopistopaino 1996) 120, 129 et seq; V. Behr, ‘Das BGB im Jahr 2096’, in H. Schlosser (ed), Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 1896–1996 (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1997) 205 et seq;
    • (1988) Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 1896–1996 , pp. 205
    • Irti, N.1
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    • Heidelberg: Verlagsgesellschaft Recht und Wirtschaft, 57, 126 et seq; Ch. Joerges, ‘Der Schutz des Verbrauchers und die Einheit des Zivilrechts’ (1983) Die Aktiengesellschaft 66 et seq
    • Ch. Joerges, Verbraucherschutz als Rechtsproblem (Heidelberg: Verlagsgesellschaft Recht und Wirtschaft, 1981) 57, 126 et seq; Ch. Joerges, ‘Der Schutz des Verbrauchers und die Einheit des Zivilrechts’ (1983) Die Aktiengesellschaft 66 et seq.
    • (1981) Verbraucherschutz als Rechtsproblem
    • Joerges, Ch.1
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    • Europäisches Handelsrecht – vom Handelsrecht des laissez faire im Kodex des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Handelsrecht der sozialen Verantwortung
    • Grundmann, n 53 above, 40, 43, 56 et seq; 163 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht und Wirtschaftsrecht 635, 668 et seq; S. Grundmann, ‘The Structure of European Contract Law’ (2001) European Review of Private Law 505, 515 et seq; as ‘Unternehmensaußenrecht’ (exterior business law) in S. Grundmann, Europäisches Schuldvertragsrecht (Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1999) part 1, note 14 et seq
    • Grundmann, n 53 above, 40, 43, 56 et seq; S. Grundmann, ‘Europäisches Handelsrecht – vom Handelsrecht des laissez faire im Kodex des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Handelsrecht der sozialen Verantwortung’ (1999) 163 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht und Wirtschaftsrecht 635, 668 et seq; S. Grundmann, ‘The Structure of European Contract Law’ (2001) European Review of Private Law 505, 515 et seq; as ‘Unternehmensaußenrecht’ (exterior business law) in S. Grundmann, Europäisches Schuldvertragsrecht (Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1999) part 1, note 14 et seq.
    • (1999)
    • Grundmann, S.1
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    • Ist das Verbraucherrecht ein Rechtsgebiet?
    • B. Eccher / K. Nemeth / A. Tangl eds, Festgabe für H. Mayrhofer Vienna: Verlag Österreich, et seq
    • H. Krejci, ‘Ist das Verbraucherrecht ein Rechtsgebiet?’, in B. Eccher / K. Nemeth / A. Tangl (eds), Verbraucherschutz in Europa, Festgabe für H. Mayrhofer (Vienna: Verlag Österreich, 2002) 120 et seq.
    • (2002) Verbraucherschutz in Europa , pp. 120
    • Krejci, H.1
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    • Wilhelmsson, n 64 above, 129 et seq with further references
    • Wilhelmsson, n 64 above, 120, 129 et seq with further references.
  • 76
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    • 11 October 2004, COM 651 final, 14, 20 et seq
    • Communication on European Contract Law, 11 October 2004, COM(2004) 651 final, 14, 20 et seq.
    • (2004) Communication on European Contract Law
  • 77
    • 85154619397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 23 above, 14 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, et seq
    • Lurger, Solidarität , n 23 above, 14 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 306 et seq.
    • Solidarität , pp. 306
    • Lurger1
  • 78
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    • Zu einer Systematik der Rücktrittsrechte insbesondere im Verbraucherrecht
    • part 1, 219–233 (part 3); Kalss / Lurger, n 46 above, 39 et seq
    • S. Kalss / B. Lurger, ‘Zu einer Systematik der Rücktrittsrechte insbesondere im Verbraucherrecht’ (1998) Juristische Blätter 89–97 (part 1), 153–174 (part 2), 219–233 (part 3); Kalss / Lurger, n 46 above, 39 et seq.
    • (1998) Juristische Blätter 89–97 , pp. 153-174
    • Kalss, S.1    Lurger, B.2
  • 79
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    • Formvorschriften und Europäisches Privatrecht
    • Schulte-Nölke / Schulze (eds), n 201
    • P. Mankowski, ‘Formvorschriften und Europäisches Privatrecht’, in Schulte-Nölke / Schulze (eds), n 46 above, 181, 201.
    • 46 above , vol.181
    • Mankowski, P.1
  • 80
    • 85154619397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 23 above, 81 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, et seq
    • Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 81 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 312 et seq.
    • Solidarität , pp. 312
    • Lurger1
  • 81
    • 85154619397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 23 above, et seq
    • Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 77 et seq.
    • Solidarität , pp. 77
    • Lurger1
  • 82
    • 85154608036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is true that in exceptional cases single consumers, who are e.g. themselves experienced in the relevant branch of business, comparatively higher educated than the other party or lawyers, are not in need of special or stronger protection than business parties. But to establish a rule that singles out these cases and exempts them from the protective regime for consumers would most probably be a violation of all EC consumer directives which do not provide such an exception
    • It is true that in exceptional cases single consumers, who are e.g. themselves experienced in the relevant branch of business, comparatively higher educated than the other party or lawyers, are not in need of special or stronger protection than business parties. But to establish a rule that singles out these cases and exempts them from the protective regime for consumers would most probably be a violation of all EC consumer directives which do not provide such an exception.
  • 83
    • 85154538699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Czermak / Schauer (eds), n 62 above; Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 61 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 312 et seq
    • Lurger, in Fischer-Czermak / Schauer (eds), n 62 above; Lurger, Solidarität, n 23 above, 61 et seq; Lurger, Grundfragen, n * above, 312 et seq.
    • Fischer
    • Lurger1
  • 84
    • 85154608240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 46 above, et seq
    • Kalss / Lurger, n 46 above, 67 et seq.
    • Kalss / Lurger , pp. 67


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.