Infectious diseases causing lameness in cattle with a main emphasis on digital dermatitis (Mortellaro disease)

Livestock Science

Volumn 156, Issue 1-3, 2013, Pages 53-63

  Refaai, W ^a,b   Van Aert, M ^a   Abd El Aal, A M ^b   Behery, A E ^b   Opsomer, G ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Digital dermatitis; Infection; Inflammation; Lameness; Treponemes

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOS; TREPONEMA;

EID: 84881660486     PISSN: 18711413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Ahima R.S., Flier J.S. Adipose Tissue Endocr. Org. TEM 2000, 11(8):327-332.
2. Alban L., Agger J.F., Lawson L.G. Lameness in tied Danish dairy cattle, the possible influence of housing systems, management, milk yield, and prior incidents of lameness. Prev.Vet. Med. 1996, 29:135-149.
3. Alberta feedlot management guide, 2000. Second edition. Health management section. Available at: (accessed 15.10.12). http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/beef11740.
4. Ametaj B.N., Bradford B.J., Bobe G., Nafikov R.A., Lu Y., Young J.W., Beitz D.C. Strong relationships between mediators of the acute phase response and fatty liver in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 85:165-175.
5. Amstel S.R., Shearer J. Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle 2006, 165-180. Blackwell publishing, UK.
6. Andriankaja O.M., Sreenivasa S., Dunford R., DeNardin E. Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Aust. Dent. J. 2010, 55:252-259.
7. Barkema H.W., Westrik J.D., van Keulen K.A.S., Schukken Y.H., Brand A. The effects of lameness on reproductive performance, milk production and culling in Dutch dairy farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 1994, 20:249-259.
8. Barrett D.J., More S.J., Graham D.A, Flaherty O., Doherty J., Gunn, H.M.M.L. Considerations on BVD eradication for the Irish livestock industry. Irish Vet. J. 2011, 64:12.
9. Basset H.F., Monaghan M.L., Lenhan P., Doherty M.L., Carter M.E. Bovine digital dermatitis. Vet. Rec. 1990, 126:164-165.
10. Benguigui C., Bongard V., Ruidavets J.B., Chamontin B., Sixou M., Ferrieres J., Amar J. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and periodontitis: a cross-sectional study in a middle-aged French population. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2010, 37:601-608.
11. Bennett G., Hickford J., Zhou H., Laporte J., Gibbs J. Detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus in lame cattle on dairy farms in New Zealand. Res. Vet. Sci. 2009, 87:413-415.
12. Berry, S.L., 2009. Update on infectious claw diseases of cattle. Proceedings of the Bovine Hoof Health Symposium at the CanWest Veterinary Conference, October 17-20, Banff (Alberta) Canada; pp. 1-17.
13. Berry S.L., Read D.H., Famula T.R., Mongini A., Döpfer D. Long-term observations on the dynamics of bovine digital dermatitis lesions on a California dairy after topical treatment with lincomycin HCL. Vet. J. 2012, 193:654-658.
14. Berry S.L., Read D.H., Walker R.L., Famula T.R. Clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in dairy cows with digital dermatitis footwarts one month after topical treatment with lincomycin hydrochloride or oxytetracycline hydrochloride. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2010, 237:555-560.
15. Blowey, R.W., 1994. Interdigital causes of lameness. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium and 8th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Banff, Canada, pp. 142-154.
16. Blowey R. Factors associated with lameness in dairy cattle. In Pract. 2005, 27:154-162.
17. Blowey R.W. Digital dermatitis control. Vet. Rec. 1990, 126:120. (Veterinary Record 1990;126:5 120 doi:10.1136/vr.126.5.120-b).
18. Blowey R.W., Done S.H., Cooley W. Observations on the pathogenesis of digital dermatitis in cattle. Vet. Rec. 1994, 135:115-117.
19. Blowey R.W., Sharp M.W. Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 1988, 122:505-508.
20. Bodil Hoejlund, N., Kaler, J., Thomsen, P.T., Green, L., 2011. Heterogeneity of lactating cows to Digital Dermatitis. In: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium and 8th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Rotorua NZ, p. 8.
21. Britt J.S., Gaska J., Garret E.F., Konide D., Mealy M. Comparison of topical application of three products of treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1996, 209:1134-1136.
22. Brizzi A. Bovine digital dermatitis. Bov. Pract. 1993, 27:33-37.
23. Chaffee B.W., Weston S.J. Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 2010, 81(12):1708-1724.
24. Cheli, R., Mortellaro, C.M., 1974. La dermatite digitale del bovino. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Cattle. Milan, Italy, pp. 208-213.
25. Choi B.K., Natterma H., Grund S., Haider W., Gobel U.B. Spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in cattle are closely related to treponemes associated with human periodontitis. Int. J. Syst. Bact. 1997, 47:175-181.
26. Corrie C.B., Kilgo P.D., Jacobsen, K.L. Prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis among culled adult cattle in the southeastern United States. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000, 61:928-930.
27. Cruz C., Driemeier D., Cerva C., Corbellini L.G. Bovine digital dermatitis in southern Brazil. Vet. Rec. 2001, 148:576-577.
28. Cruz C.E., Pescador C.A., Nakajima Y., Driemeier D. Immunopathological investigations on bovine digital epidermitis. Vet. Rec. 2005, 157:834-840.
29. Demirkan I., Walker R.L., Murray R.D., Blowey R.W., Carter S.D. Serological evidence of spirochaetal infections associated with digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet. J. 1999, 157:69-77.
30. Dhawi A., Hart C.A., Demirkan I., Davies I.H., Carter S.D. Bovine digital dermatitis and severe virulent ovine foot rot, a common spirochaetal pathogenesis. Vet. J. 2005, 169:232-241.
31. Dinter Z., Moreins B. Virus Infections of Ruminants 1990, Elsevier science publishing company Inc., U.S.A.
32. Döpfer D., Holzhauer M., van Boven M. The dynamics of digital dermatitis in populations of dairy cattle: model-based estimates of transition rates and implications for control. Vet. J. 2012, 193:648-653.
33. Döpfer D.A., Koopmans F.A., Meijer I., Szakall Y.H., Schukken W., Klee R.B., Bosma J.L., Cornelisse A.J.A.M., van Asten A.A.H.M., Ter Huurne A.A.H.M. Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to Spirochetes and Campylobacter faecalis. Vet. Rec. 1997, 140:620-623.
34. Döpfer, D., Lopez-Benavides, M., Buchalova, M., Mateus, C., Cook, N.B., Allison, F.D., Hemling, T.C., Socha, M., Read, D., Gomez, A., 2011. Clinical, histopathological, and microbiological cure of acute digital dermatitis lesions and the influence of topical treatments upon cure. In: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium and 8th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Rotorua NZ, P. 25.
35. Edwards A.M., Dymock D., Jenkinson H.F. From hoof to tooth, treponemes in tissue-destructive diseases. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 94:767-780.
36. Edwards A.M., Dymock D., Woodward J., Jenkinson H.F. Genetic relatedness and phenotypic characteristics of Treponema associated with human periodontal tissues and ruminant foot disease. Microbiology 2003, 149:1083-1093.
37. El-Ghoul W., Shaheed B.I. Ulcerative and papillomatous digital dermatitis of the pastern region in dairy cattle, clinical and histopathological studies. Dtsch. Tierärzti. Wochenschr. 2001, 108:216-222.
38. Elliott M.K., Alt D.P. Bovine immune response to papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)-associated spirochetes is skewed in isolate reactivity and subclass elicitation. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2009, 130:256-261.
39. Elliott M.K., Alt D.P., Zuerner R.L. Lesion formation and antibody response induced by papillomatous digital dermatitis associated spirochetes in a murine abscess model. Infect. Immunol. 2007, 75:4400-4408.
40. Enevoldsen C., Grohn Y.T., Thysen I. Heel erosion and other interdigital disorders in dairy cows, associations with season, cow characteristics, disease, and production. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74:1299-1309.
41. Ettema J.F., Østergaard S. Economic decision making on prevention and control of clinical lameness in Danish dairy herds. Livest. Sci. 2006, 102:92-106.
42. Etter E., Donado P., Jori F., Caron A., Goutard F., Roger F. Risk analysis and bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging zoonosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1081:61-73.
43. Evans N.J., Brown J.M., Demirkan I., Birtles R., Hart C.A, Carter S.D. In vitro susceptibility of bovine digital dermatitis associated spirochetes to antimicrobial agents. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 136:115-120.
44. Evans N.J., Timofte D., Carter S.D., Brown J.M., Scholey R., Read D.H., Blowey R.W. Association of treponemes with bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis. Vet. Rec. 2010, 166:532-533.
45. FAO EMPRES and EUFMD, 2006. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Worldwide and Major Epidemiological Events in 2005-2006. Available at: (accessed 15.10.12). http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/225050/Focus_ON_1_07_en.pdf.
46. Ferreira G.M., Lourens D.C., van Vuuren M. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2000, 71:10-13.
47. Franchini R., Petri A., Migliario M., Rimondini L. Poor oral hygiene and gingivitis are associated with obesity and overweight status in paediatric subjects. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2011, 38:1021-1028.
48. Gomez A., Cook N.B., Bernardoni N.D., Rieman J., Dusick A.F., Hartshorn R., Socha M.T., Read D.H., Döpfer D. An experimental infection model to induce digital dermatitis infection in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:1821-1830.
49. Green L.E., Hedges V.J., Schukken Y.H., Blowey R.W., Packington A.J. The impact of clinical lameness on the milk yield of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85:2250-2256.
50. Greenough P.R. Infectious diseases and other conditions affecting the interdigital space. Bovine laminitis and lameness 2007, 199-220. Saunders Elsevier, New York. C. Bergsten, A. Brizzi, C.K.W. Mulling (Eds.).
51. Greenough P.R., MacCallum F.J., Weaver A.D. (1981): Lameness in Cattle, 2nd edition by Weaver, A.D., Publisher: Wright's Scientechnica, Bristol.
52. Hernandez J., Shearer J.K. Efficacy of oxytetracycline for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on various anatomic locations in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000, 216:1288-1290.
53. Hernandez J., Shearer J.K., Elliott J.B. Comparison of topical application of oxytetracycline and four nonantibiotic solutions for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1999, 214:688-690.
54. Hernandez J., Shearer J.K., Webb D.W. Effect of lameness on milk yield in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002, 220:640-644.
55. Hernandez J., Shearer J.K., Webb D.W. Effect of lameness on the calving-to-conception interval in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001, 218:1611-1614.
56. Holzhauer M., Bartels C.J., Bergsten C., van Riet M.M.J., Frankena K. The effect of an acidified, ionized copper sulfate solution on digital dermatitis in dairy cows. Vet. J. 2012, 193:659-663.
57. Holzhauer M., Bartels C.J.M., Döpfer D, Schaik G.V. Clinical course of digital dermatitis lesions in an endemically infected herd without preventive herd strategies. Vet. J. 2008, 177:222-230.
58. Holzhauer M., Bartels C.J.M., van den Borne B.H.P., van Schaik G. Intra-class correlation attributable to claw trimmers scoring common hind-claw disorders in Dutch dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 2006, 75:47-55.
59. Holzhauer M., Hardenberg C., Bartels C.J., Frankena K. Herd and cow-level prevalence of digital dermatitis in the Netherlands and associated risk factors. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89:580-588.
60. Hultgren J., Bergsten C. Effects of a rubber-slatted flooring system on cleanliness and foot health in tied dairy cows. Prev.Vet. Med. 2001, 52:75-89.
61. Humblet M., Boschiroli M.L., Saegerman C. Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach. Vet. Res. 2009, 40(5):50.
62. Keil, D.J., Liem, A., Stine, D.L., Anderson, G.A., 2002. Serological and clinical response of cattle to farm-specific digital dermatitis bacterins. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants. Orlando, FL, USA, p. 385.
63. Koenig S., Sharifi A.R., Wentrot H., Landmann D., Eise M., Simianer H. Genetic parameters of claw and foot disorders estimated with logistic models. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88:3316-3325.
64. Komatsu T., Itoh F., Mikawa1 S., Hodate K. Gene expression of resistin in adipose tissue and mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating cows. J. Endocrinol. 2003, 178:R1-R5.
65. Lacetera N., Scalia D., Bernabucci U., Ronchi B., Pirazzi D., Nardone A. Lymphocyte functions in overconditioned cows around parturition. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88:2010-2016.
66. Laven R.A. Control of digital dermatitis in cattle. In Pract. 2001, 23:336-341.
67. Laven R.A. Determination of the factors affecting the cause, prevalence and severity of digital dermatitis as a major cause of lameness in dairy cows. Milk Dev. Counc. Study 2000, 1-5. 95/R1/11 May,.
68. Laven R.A., Hunt H. Evaluation of copper sulfate, formalin and peracetic acid in footbaths for the treatment of digital dermatitis in cattle. Vet. Rec. 2002, 151:144-146.
69. Laven R.A., Logue D.N. Treatment strategies for digital dermatitis for the UK. Vet. J. 2006, 171:79-88.
70. Laven R.A., Proven M.J. Use of an antibiotic footbath in the treatment of bovine digital dermatitis. Vet. Rec. 2000, 147:503-506.
71. Leach K.A., Offer J.E., Svoboda I., Logue D.N. Effects of type of forage fed to dairy heifers, associations between claw characteristics, clinical lameness, environment and behaviour. Vet. J. 2005, 169:427-436.
72. Logue D.N., Offer J.E., Laven R.A. Digital dermatitis-the aetiological soup. Vet. J. 2005, 170:12-13.
73. Lopes L.B., Nicolino R., Haddad J.P.A. Brucellosis-risk factors and prevalence: a review. Open Vet. Sci. J. 2010, 4:72-84.
74. Losinger W.C. Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows in the USA. J. Dairy Res. 2006, 73:244-256.
75. Manske T., Hultgren J., Bergsten C. Topical treatment of digital dermatitis associated with severe heel-horn erosion in a Swedish dairy herd. Prev. Vet. Med. 2002, 53:215-231.
76. McDonough P.L., Fogelman D., Shin S.J., Brunner M.A., Lein D.H. Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infection: an emerging infectious disease for the northeastern United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37:2418-2427.
77. Melendez P., Bartolome J., Archbald L.F., Donovan A. The association between lameness, ovarian cysts and fertility in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2003, 59:927-937.
78. Moe K.K., Yano T., Misumi K., Kubota C., Yamazaki W., Muguruma M., Misawa N. Analysis of the IgG immune response to Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes in individual dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2010, 17:376-383.
79. Morrow D.A. Fat cow syndrome. J. Dairy Sci. 1976, 59:1625-1629.
80. Murray, R.D., 2004. Aetio-pathogenesis of anaerobic infections associated with bovine lameness and some human diseases. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium and 5th Conference on Lameness on Ruminants. Maribor, Slovenija, pp. 138-140.
81. Murray R.D., Downham D.Y., Clarkson M.J., Faull W.B., Hughes J.W., Manson F.J., Merrit J.B., Russel W.B., Sutherst J.E., Ward W.R. Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle, description and analysis of foot lesions. Vet. Rec. 1996, 138:586-591.
82. Murray R.D., Downham D.Y., Demirkan I., Carter S.D. Some relationships between spirochaete infections and digital dermatitis in four UK dairy herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 2002, 73:223-230.
83. Nagai F., Ota H., Fujimoto K., Abe H., Munakata T., Abe T., Tanaka M., Ito A., Yamamoto Y., Ando T., Koiwa M., Taniyama H., Kikuchi N., Kusaba N. Mass outbreak of verrucous dermatitis and digital papillomatous caused by Treponema-like spirochetes in dairy cattle. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000, 53:577-581. In Japanese.
84. Nielsen B.H., Peter T., Thomsen P.T., Sørensen J.T. A study of duration of digital dermatitis lesions after treatment in a Danish dairy herd. Acta Vet. Scand. 2009, 51:27.
85. Nishikawa A., Taguchi K. Healing of digital dermatitis after a single treatment with topical oxytetracycline in 89 dairy cows. Vet. Rec. 2008, 163:574-576.
86. Nordhoff M., Moter A., Schrank K., Wieler L.H. High prevalence of treponemes in bovine digital dermatitis-a molecular epidemiology. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 131:293-300.
87. Nuss K. Footbaths, the solution to digital dermatitis. Vet. J. 2006, 171:11-13.
88. Nutter W.T., Moffitt J.A. Digital dermatitis control. Vet. Rec. 1990, 126:200-220.
89. Onyiro O.M., Andrews L.J., Brotherstone S. Genetic parameters for digital dermatitis and correlations with locomotion, production, fertility traits, and longevity in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 9110:4037-4046.
90. Pardon B., Maes S., Nollet H., De Bleecker K., Kerkhofs P., Deprez P. An outbreak of the peracute form of malignant catarrhal fever in Belgian cattle. Vlaams Diergen. Tijds. 2009, 78:359-364.
91. Read D.H., Walker R.L. Papillomatous digital dermatitis footwarts in California dairy cattle-clinical and gross pathologic findings. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1998, 10:67-76.
92. Read D.H., Walker R.L. Experimental transmission of papillomatous digital dermatitis footwarts in cattle. Vet. Pathol. 1996, 33:607.
93. Read D.H., Walker R.L., Castro A.E. An invasive spirochaete associated with interdigital papillomatosis of dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 1992, 130:59-60.
94. Read, D., Walker, L.R., Stamm, L., Keil, D.J., Keil, D., 2011. Is digital dermatitis related to ulcerative mammary dermatitis of dairy cattle? In: Proceedings of the International Ruminant Digit Symposium. Rotorua, NZ, p. 19.
95. Relun A., Lehebel A., Bruggink M., Bareille N., Guatteo R. Estimation of the relative impact of treatment and herd management practices on prevention of digital dermatitis in French dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 2013, 110:558-562.
96. Rodriguez A.F., Hird D.W., Hernandez de Anda J.H., Read D.H., Rodriguez-Lainz A. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in a commercial dairy farm in Mexicali, Mexico, incidence and effect on reproduction and milk production. Prev. Vet. Med. 1997, 32:275-286.
97. Rodriguez-Lainz A., Hird D.W., Carpenter T.E., Read D.H. Case-control study of papillomatous digital dermatitis in southern California dairy farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 1996, 28:117-131.
98. Rodriguez-Lainz A., Melendez-Retamal P., Hird D.W., Read D.H., Walker R.L. Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. Prev. Vet. Med. 1999, 42:87-97.
99. Rodriguez-Lainz A., Melendez-Retamal P., Hird D.W., Read D.H. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairies and evaluation of a screening method. Prev. Vet. Med. 1998, 37:197-207.
100. Scheirlinck, B., 2011. Onderzoek naar typische histopathologische kenmerken van de verschillende stadia van dermatitis digitalis. Master Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med. Gent University.
101. Schlafer S., Nordhoff M., Wyss C., Strub S., Hubner J., Gescher D.M., Petrich A., Gobel U.B., Moter A. Involvement of Guggenheimella bovis in digital dermatitis lesions of dairy cows. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 128:118-125.
102. Schroeder C.M., Parlor K.W., Marsh T.L., Ames N.K., Goeman A.K., Walker R.D. Characterization of the predominant anaerobic bacterium recovered from digital dermatitis lesions in three Michigan dairy cows. Anaerobe 2003, 9:151-155.
103. Schütz, W., M. Metzner, R. Pijl, W. Klee, D. Urbaneck. 2000. Evaluation of the efficacy of herd-specific vaccines for the control of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and III International Conference on Bovine Lameness. Parma, Italy, pp. 183-185.
104. Silva L.A.F., Castro G.R., Orlando C.F., Goulart D.S., Fioravanti M.C.S., Brito L.A.B. Tissue eosinophilia in lesions of bovine digital dermatitis. Ciência Anim. Bras. 2009, 10:1294-1302.
105. Silva L.A.F., Silva C.A., Borges J.R.J., Fioravanti M.C.S., Borges G.T., Atayde I.B. A clinical trial to assess the use of sodium hypochlorite and oxytetracycline on the healing of digital dermatitis lesions in cattle. Can. Vet. J. 2005, 46:345-348.
106. Somers J.G.C.J, Frankena K., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Metz J.H.M. Risk factors for digital dermatitis in dairy cows kept in cubicle houses in the Netherlands. Prev. Vet. Med. 2005, 71:11-21.
107. Somers J.G.C.J, Frankena K., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Metz J.H.M. Risk factors for interdigital dermatitis and heel erosion in dairy cows kept in cubicle houses in the Netherlands. Prev. Vet. Med. 2005, 71:23-34.
108. Somers J.G.C.J, Frankena K., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Metz J.H.M. Prevalence of Claw disorders in Dutch dairy cows exposed to several floor systems. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86:2082-2093.
109. Speijers M.H.M., Finney G.A., McBride J., Watson S., Logue D.N., O'Connell N.E. Effectiveness of different footbathing frequencies using copper sulfate in the control of digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:2955-2964.
110. Teixeira A.G.V., Machado V.S., Caixeta L.S., Pereira R.V., Bicalho R.C. Efficacy of formalin, copper sulfate, and a commercial footbath product in the control of digital dermatitis. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:3628-3634.
111. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008a. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. Available at: (accessed 15.10.2012). http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia.pdf.
112. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008b. Malignant Catarrhal Fever. Available at: 〈http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/malignant_catarrhal_fever.pdf〉 (accessed 15.10.2012).
113. Thomsen P.T., Sorensen J.T., Ersbollt A.K. Evaluation of three commercial hoof-care products used in footbaths in Danish dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91:1361-1365.
114. Trueman K.F., Thomas R.J., Mackenzie A.R., Eaves L.E., Duffy P.F. Salmonella Dublin infection in Queensland dairy cattle. Aus. Vet. J. 1996, 74:367-369.
115. Trott D.J., Moeller M.R., Zuerner R.L., Goff J.P., Waters W.R., Alt D.P., Walker R.L., Wannemuehler M.J. Characterization of Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions in dairy cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003, 41:2522-2529.
116. Tuppurainen E.S.M., Oura C.A.L. Review: lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2012, 59:40-48.
117. Vink W.D., Jones G., Johnson W.O., Brown J., Demirkan I., Carter S.D., French N.P. Diagnostic assessment without cut-offs: application of serology for the modelling of bovine digital dermatitis infection. Prev.Vet. Med. 2009, 92:235-248.
118. Visser I.J.R., Veen M., Vander Giessen J.W.B., Peterse D.J., Wouda W. Salmonella dublin in dairy herds in north Netherlands. Tijd. Dierg. 1993, 118:84-87.
119. Walker P.J. Bovine ephemeral fever in Australia and the world. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, 292:57-80.
120. Walker R.L., Read D.H., Loretz K.J., Hird D.W., Berry S.L. Humoral response of dairy cattle to spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1997, 58:744-748.
121. Walker R.L., Read D.H., Loretz K.J., Nordhausen R.W. Spirochetes isolated from dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis and interdigital dermatitis. Vet. Microbiol. 1995, 47:343-355.
122. Warnick L.D., Janssen D., Guard C.L., Grohn Y.T. The effect of lameness on milk production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84:1988-1997.
123. Weaver D.A., Jean G.S., Steiner A. Bovine Surgery and Lameness 2005, 198-258. Blackwell publishing, UK. 2nd edition.
124. Wedderkopp A., Stroger U., Bitsch V., Lind P. Testing of bulk tank milk for Salmonella dublin infection in Danish dairy herds. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2001, 65:15-21.
125. Whay H.R., Waterman A.E., Webster A.J. Associations between locomotion, claw lesions and nociceptive threshold in dairy heifers during the peri-partum period. Vet. J. 1997, 154:155-161.
126. Wyss C., Dewhirst F.E., Paster B.J., Thurnheer T., Luginbuhl A. Guggenheimella bovis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from lesions of bovine dermatitis digitalis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:667-671.
127. Yano T., Yamagami R., Misumi K., Kubota C., Moe K.K., Hayashi T., Yoshitani K., Ohtake O., Misawa N. Genetic heterogeneity among strains of Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes isolated from dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47:727-733.
128. Zuerner R.L., Heidari M., Elliott M.K., Alt D.P., Neill J.D. Papillomatous digital dermatitis spirochetes suppress the bovine macrophage innate immune response. Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 125:256-264.