Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle

Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-212

  van Amstel, Sarel R ^a   Shearer, Jan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889435047     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470344576     Document Type: Book

References (319)

1. Anderson, N: Observation on cow comfort using 24-hour time lapse video. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants. Orlando, FL, January 9-13, 2002, p. 27-34.
2. Clarkson, MJ, DY Downham, WB Faull, JW Hughes, FJ Manson, JB Merritt, RD Murray, WB Russell, JE Sutherst, and WR Ward: Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle. Vet Rec, 1996, 138:563-567.
3. Cook, NB: Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of housing type and stall surface. JAVMA, 2003, 223 (9):1324-1328.
4. Esslemont, RJ and EJ Peeler: The scope for raising margins in dairy herds by improving fertility and health. Br Vet J, 1993, 149:537-547.
5. Faull, W. B., J.W. Hughes, M. J. Clarkson, D. Y. Downham, F. J. Manson, J. B. Merritt, R. D. Murray, W. B. Russell, J. E. Sutherst, and W. R.Ward. Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: The influence of cubicles and indoor and outdoor walking surfaces. Vet. Rec. 1996. 139:130-136.
6. Garbarino, JA, Hernandez, J, Shearer, JK, Risco, CA, and Thatcher WW: Effect of Lameness on Ovarian Activity in Post-Partum Holstein Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87:4123-4131.
7. Guard, C: Laminitis in dairy cattle: Recognition of the disorder and management of the causative factors. Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, January 1996, 28:71-74.
8. Guard, C: Recognizing and managing infectious causes of lameness in cattle. In: The AABP Proceedings, January 1995, No. 27, pp. 80-82.
9. Guard, C: Laminitis in dairy cattle: Recognition of the disorder and management of the causative factors. In: The AABP Proceedings, January 1996, No. 28, pp. 71-74.
10. Juarez, S. T., P. H. Robinson, E. J. DePeters, and E. O. Price. 2003. Impact of lameness on behavior and productivity of lactating Holstein cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 83:1-14.
11. Leonard, F. C., J. M. O'Connell, and K. J. O'Farrell. Effect of overcrowding on claw health in first-calved Friesian heifers. Br. Vet. J. 1996. 152:459-472.
12. McDaniel, BT: "Management and housing factors affecting feet and leg soundness in dairy cattle". Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1983, 14:41-49.
13. Melendez P, Bartolome J, Archbald LF, Donovan A. The association between lameness, ovarian cysts and fertility in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2003, 59:927-937.
14. Phillips, CJC: Cattle Behaviour and Welfare, 2nd edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford, 2002.
15. Tranter, WP and RS Morris: A case study of lameness in 3 dairy herds. NZ Vet J, 1991, 39:88-96.
16. Vermunt, J: Herd lameness-A review, major causal factors, and guidelines for prevention and control. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium and 5th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants, Maribor, Slovenia, 2004, pp. 3-18.
17. Warnick, LD, CL Guard, and YT Grohn: The Effect of Lameness on Milk Production in Diary Cattle, Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1998, 31:182.
18. Wells, SJ, AM Trent, WE Marsh, and RA Robinson: Prevalence and severity of lameness in lactating dairy cows in a sample of Minnesota and Wisconsin herds. JAVMA, 1993, 202 (1):78-82.
19. Whay, HR, DCJ Main, LE Green, and AJF Webster: Farmer perception of lameness of prevalence. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, pp. 355-358.
20. Baillie, C., C. Southam, A. Buxton, and P. Pavan. 2000. Structure and properties of bovine hoof horn. Adv. Composites Lett., 9(2):101-113.
21. Bertram, J.E.A., and J.M. Gosline. 1987. Functional design of horse hoof keratin: The modulation of mechanical properties through hydration effects. J. Exp. Biol., 130:121-136.
22. Collins, S.N., B.C. Cope, L. Hopegood, R.J. Latham, R.G. Linford, and J.D. Reilly. 1998. Stiffness as a function of moisture content in natural materials: Characterisation of hoof horn samples. J. Mater. Sci., 33:5185-5191.
23. Douglas, J.E., C. Mittal, J.J. Thomason, and J.C. Jofriet. 1996. The modulus of elasticity of equine hoof wall: Implications for the mechanical function of the hoof. J. Exp. Biol., 199:1829-1836.
24. Greenough, P.R., J.J. Vermunt, J.J. McKinnon, J.J. Fathy, F.A. Berg, P.A. Cohen, and R.D.H. Cohen. 1990. Laminitis-like changes in the claws of feedlot cattle. Can. Vet. J., 31:202-208.
25. Hinterhofer, C., Ch. Stanek, and K. Binder. 1998. Elastic modulus of equine hoof horn, tested in wall samples, sole samples and frog samples at varying levels of moisture. Berl. Munch.Tierarz. Wschr., 11:217-221.
26. Leach, D.H., and G.C. Zoerb. 1983. Mechanical proper ties of equine hoof wall tissue. Am. J. Vet. Res., 44(1):2190-2194.
27. Toussaint Raven, E. 1989. Structure and function. In Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming, E. Toussaint Raven, ed. Farming Press, Ipswitch, UK, pp. 24-26.
28. Vermunt, J.J., and P.R. Greenough. 1995. Structural characteristics of the bovine claw: Horn growth and wear, horn hardness and claw conformation. Br. Vet. J., 151:157-180.
29. Wagner, I.P., and D.M. Hood. 2002. Effect of prolonged water immersion on equine hoof epidermis in vitro. AJVR, 63(8):1140-1144.
30. Desrochers, A. 2001. Surgical treatment of lameness. Vet.Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 17(1): 143-158.
31. Desrochers, A., and D.E. Anderson. 2001. Anatomy of the distal limb. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 17(1):25-37.
32. Maierl, J., P. Bottcher, S. Hecht, and H.G. Liebich. 2002. A new method to assess the volume of the fat pads in the bovine bulb. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, January 9-13. Orlando, FL.
33. Stanek, C. 1997. Tendons and tendon sheaths. In Lameness in Cattle, P.R. Greenough, ed., WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 188-192.
34. Sisson, S., and J.D. Grossman. 1958. Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 4th edition, WBSaunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
35. Bandaranayaka, D. D., and C. W. Holmes. 1976. Changes in the composition of milk and rumen contents in cows exposed to a high ambient temperature with controlled feeding. Trop Anim Health Prod, 8(1):38-46.
36. Bargai, U., I. Shamir, A. Lublin, and E. Bogin. 1992. Winter outbreaks of laminitis in dairy calves: Etiology and laboratory, radiological and pathological findings. Vet Rec, 131(18):411-414.
37. Bergsten, C., P. R. Greenough, and W. Seymour. 2002. Effects of biotin supplementation on performance and claw lesions in a commercial dairy herd. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, p. 244 (Abstract).
38. Boosman, R., F. Nemeth, E. Gruys, and A. Klarenbeek. 1989. Arteriographical and pathological changes in chronic laminitis in dairy cattle. Vet Q, 11(3):144-154.
39. Campbell, J., P. R. Greenough, and L. Petrie. 1996. The effect of biotin on sandcracks in beef cows. In Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Diseases of the Ruminant Digit, Jerusalem, Israel, p. 29 (Abstract).
40. Dale, H. E., C. K. Goberdhan, and S. Brody. 1954. A comparison of the effects of starvation and thermal stress on the acid-base balance of dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res, 15(55):197-201.
41. Donovan, G. A., C. A. Risco, G.M. DeChant Temple, T. Q. Tran, and H. H. Van Horn. 2004. Influence of transition diets on occurrence of subclinical laminitis in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 87(1):73-84.
42. Fitzgerald, T., B. W. Norton, R. Elliott, H. Podlich, and O. L. Svendsen. 2000. The influence of long-term supplementation with biotin on the prevention of lameness in pasture fed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83(2):338-344.
43. Frankena, K., K. A. S. Van Keulen, and J. P. Noordhuizen. 1992. A cross-sectional study into prevalence and risk indicators of digital haemorrhages in female dairy calves. Prev Vet Med, 14:1-12.
44. Garner, H. E., J. R. Coffman, A. W. Hahn, D. P. Hutcheson, and M. E. Tumbleson. 1975. Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: An experimental model. Am J Vet Res, 36(4, Pt. 1):441-444.
45. Girard, C. L. 1998. B-complex vitamins for dairy cows: A new approach. Can J Anim Sci, 78(Suppl):71.
46. Greenough, P. R. 1990. Observations on bovine laminitis. In Pract, 12:169-173.
47. Greenough, P. R., J. J. Vermunt, J. J. McKinnon, F. A. Fathy, P. A. Berg, and Roger D. H. Cohen. 1990. Laminitis-like changes in the claws of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J, 31:202-208.
48. Hoblet, K., W. Weiss, D. Anderson, and M. Moeschberger. 2002. Effect of oral biotin supplementation on hoof health in Holstein heifers during gestation and early lactation. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 253-256.
49. Koller, U., C. J. Lischer, H. Geyer, P. Ossent, J. Schulze, and J. A. Auer. 1998. The effect of biotin in the treatment of uncomplicated sole ulcers in cattle: A controlled study. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 230-232.
50. Koster, A., K. Meyer, C.K.W. Mulling, J.R. Scaife, M. Birnie, and K.D. Budras. 2002. Effects of biotin supplementation on horn structure and fatty acid pattern in the bovine claw under field conditions. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 263-267.
51. Logue, D. N., S. A. Kempson, K. A. Leach, J. E. Offer, and R. E. McGovern. 1998. Pathology of the white line. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 142-145.
52. Midla, L. T., K.H. Hoblet, W. P.Weiss, and M. L. Moeschberger. 1998. Supplemental dietary biotin for prevention of lesions associated with aseptic subclinical laminitis (pododermatitis aseptic diffusa) in primiparous cows. Am J Vet Res, 59(6):733-738.
53. Mishra, M., F. A. Martz, R. W. Stanley, H. D. Johnson, J. R. Campbell, and E. Hilderbrand. 1970. Effect of diet and ambient temperature-humidity on ruminal pH, oxidation reduction potential, ammonia, and lactic acid in lactating cows. J Anim Sci, 30(6):1023-1028.
54. Momcilovic, D., J. H. Herbein, W. D. Whittier, and C. E. Polan. 2000. Metabolic alterations associated with an attempt to induce laminitis in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 83(3):518-525.
55. Moore, C. L., P. M.Walker, M. A. Jones, and J. M.Webb. Zinc Methionine supplementation for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71(Suppl 1):152.
56. Mulling, C. K. W., H. H. Bragulla, S. Reese, K. D. Budras, and W. Steinberg. 1999. How hoof structures in bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by nutritional factors. Anat Histol Embryol, 28(2):103-108.
57. Mulling, C. K. W., and C. J. Lischer. 2002. New aspects on etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis in cattle. In Proceedings of the XXIIWorld Buiatrics Congress (keynote lectures), Hanover, Germany, pp. 236-247.
58. Niles, M. A., R. J. Collier, and W. J. Croom. 1998. Effects of heat stress on rumen and plasma metabolite and plasma hormone concentrations in Holstein cows. J Anim Sci, 50(Suppl 1):152.
59. Nocek, J. E. 1997. Bovine acidosis: Implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci, 80(5):1005-1028.
60. Nordlund, K. 2002. Herd-based diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 70-74.
61. Leonardi, C., and L. E. Armentano. 2000. Effect of particle size, quality and quantity of alfalfa hay, and cow on selective consumption by dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 83(Suppl 1):272.
62. Lischer, C. J., A. Hunkeler, H. Geyer, and P. Ossent. 1996. The effect of biotin in the treatment of uncomplicated claw lesions with exposed corium in dairy cows. Part II: The healing process in supplemented animals. In Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Diseases of the Ruminant Digit, Jerusalem, Israel, p. 31 (Abstract).
63. Lischer, C. J., P. Ossent, M. Raber, and H. Geyer. 2002. The suspensory structures and supporting tissues of the bovine 3rd phalanx and their relevance in the development of sole ulcers at the typical site. Vet Rec, 151(23):694-698.
64. Reiling, B., L. L. Gerger, G. L. Riskowski. 1992. Effects of zinc proteinate on hoof durability in feedlot heifers. J Anim Sci, 70(Suppl):313.
65. Smit, H., B. Verbeek, D. J. Peterse, J. Jansen, B. T. McDaniel, and R. D. Politiek. 1986. The effect of herd characteristics on claw disorders and claw measurements in Friesians. Livestock Prod Sci, 15(1):1-9.
66. Socha, M. T., D. J. Tomlinson, A.B. Johnson, and L. M. Shugal. 2002. Improved claws through improved micronutrient nutrition. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 62-69.
67. Tarleton, J. F., and A. J. F. Webster. 2002. A biochemical and biomechanical basis for the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 395-398.
68. Thoefner, M. B., C. C. Pollitt, A. W. Van Eps, G. J. Milinovich, D. J. Trott, O. Wattle, and P. H. Andersen. 2004. Acute bovine laminitis: A new induction model using alimentary oligofructose overload. J Dairy Sci, 87(9):2932-2940.
69. Tomlinson, D. J., C. K. W. Mulling, and M. T. Socha. 2004. Nutrition and the bovine claw:Metabolic control of keratin formation. In Proceedings of the International Symposium and 5th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants, Maribor, Slovenia, pp. 168-174.
70. Underwood, E. J. 1981. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, England.
71. Vermunt J. J., and P. R. Greenough. 1994. Predisposing factors of laminitis in cattle (Review). Br Vet J, 150(2):151-164.
72. Webster, J., 2002. Effect of environment and management on the development of claw and leg diseases. In Proceedings of the XXII World Buiatrics Congress (keynote lectures), Hanover, Germany, pp. 248-256.
73. Boelling D, Pollott GE. Locomotion, lameness, hoof and leg traits in cattle: Genetic relationships and breeding value. Livestock Prod Sci, 1998, 54(3):205-215.
74. Boelling D, Pollott GE. Locomotion, lameness, hoof and leg traits in cattle: Phenotypic influences and relationships. Livestock Prod Sci, 1998, 54(3):193-203.
75. Carvalho VR, Bucklin RA, Shearer JK, Shearer LC. Preliminary study of weight bearing surfaces and shifting of forces under the hooves of dairy cattle. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, pp. 206-207.
76. Gonzalez-Sangues A, Shearer JK. The biomechanics of weight bearing and its significance with lameness. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, pp. 117-121.
77. Herlin AH, Drevemo S. Investigating locomotion of dairy cows by use of high-speed cinematography. Equine Vet J Suppl, 1997, 23:106-109.
78. Kehler W, Gerwing T. Effects of functional claw trimming on pressure distribution under hind claws of German Holstein cows. Proceedings of the 23rd World Buiatrics Congress, Quebec, Canada, July 11-16, 2004, p. 101.
79. Lischer ChJ, Ossent P, Raber M, Geyer H. Suspensory structures and supporting tissues of the third phalanx of cows and their relevance to the development of typical sole ulcers (Rusterholtz ulcers). Vet Rec, 2002, 151(23):694-698.
80. Logue DN. Report on the workshop on the biology of lameness. Cattle Pract, 1999, 7(3):321-328.
81. Maierl J, Bomisch R, Dickomeit M, Liebich HG. A method of biomechanical testing the suspensory apparatus of the third phalanx in cattle:Atechnical note. Anat Histol Embryol, 2002, 31(6):321-325.
82. Mair A, Diebschlag W, Krausslich H. Measuring device for the analysis of pressure distribution on the foot soles of cattle. J Vet Med, 1988, 35(9):696-704.
83. Mair A, Spielman C, Diebschlag W, Krausslich H, Graf F, Distl O. Measurement of pressure distribution on the soles of claws of cattle. Deutsche-Tierarztliche-Wochenscrift, 1988, 95(8):325-328.
84. Mc Daniel BT. Experience in using scores on feet and legs in selection of dairy cattle. Zuechtungskunde, 1995, 67(6):449-453.
85. Phillips CJ, Chiy PC, Bucktrout MJ, Collins SM, Gasson CJ, Jenkins AC, Paranhos da Costa MJ. Frictional properties of cattle hooves and their conformation after trimming. 2000, 20(146):607-609.
86. Phillips CJ, Morris ID. The locomotion of dairy cows on concrete floors that are dry, wet or covered with slurry of excreta. J Dairy Sci, 2000, 83(8):1767-1772.
87. Phillips CJ, Morris ID. The locomotion of dairy cows on floor surfaces with different frictional properties. J Dairy Sci, 2001, 84(3):623-628.
88. Phillips CJ, Patterson SJ, Ap Dewi IA, Whitaker CJ. Volume assessment of the bovine hoof. Res Vet Sci, 1996, 61(2):125-128.
89. Scott TD, Naylor JM, Greenough PR. A simple formula for predicting claw volume. Vet J, 1999, 158(3):190-195.
90. van der Tol PPJ, Metz JHM, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, BackW, Braam CR,Weijs WA. The vertical ground reaction force and the pressure distribution on the claws of dairy cows while walking on a flat substrate. J Dairy Sci, 2003, 86(9):2875-2883.
91. van der Tol PPJ, Metz JHM, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, BackW, Braam CR, Weijs WA. Pressure distribution on the bovine claw while standing. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, pp. 202-205.
92. De Belie N, Rombaut E. Characterization of claw-floor pressures for standing cattle and the dependency on concrete roughness. Biosyst Eng, 2003, 85(3):339-346.
93. Manson FJ, Lever JD. The influence of dietary protein intake and of hoof trimming on lameness in dairy cattle. Anim Prod, 1988, 47:191-199.
94. Morrow DA. Laminitis in Cattle. Vet Med, February 1966, 2:138-146.
95. Raijkondawar PG, Tasch U, Lefcourt AM, Erez B, Dye RM, Varner MA, A system for identifying lameness in dairy cattle. Appl Eng Agric, 2002, 18(1):87-96.
96. Sprecher DJ, Hostetler DE, Kaneene JB. A Lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance. Theriogenology, 1997, 47:1179-1187.
97. Toussaint Raven E. Structure and functions (Chapter 1) and Trimming (Chapter 3). In Toussaint Raven E (ed): Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989, pp. 24-26 and 75-94.
98. Van der Tol PPJ, Metz JHM, Noordhuizeen-Stassen EN, Back W, Braam CR, Weijs WA. Frictional forces required for unrestrained locomotion in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 2005, 88:615-624.
99. Wells SJ, Trent AM, Marsh WE, Robinson RA. Prevalence and severity of lameness in lactating dairy cows in a sample of Minnesota andWisconsin herds. JAVMA, 1993, 202(1):78-82.
100. Whay HR, Waterman AE, Webster AJF. Association between locomotion, claw lesions and nociceptive threshold in dairy heifers during the peripartum period. Vet J, 1997, 154:155-161.
101. Greenough PR,Vermunt JJ, McKinnon JJ, Fabby FA, Borg PA, Cohen RDH. Laminitis-like changes in the claws of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J, 1990, 31:202-208.
102. Kofler J, Kubber P, Henninger W. Ultrasonographic imaging of thickness measurement of the sole horn and the underlying soft tissue layer in bovine claws. Vet J, 1999, 157:322-331.
103. Mair A, Diebschlag W, Distl O, Krausslich H. Measuring device for the analysis of pressure distribution on the foot soles of cattle. J Vet Med, 1988, 35:696-704.
104. Manson FJ, Leaver JD. The influence of dietary protein intake and of hoof trimming on lameness in dairy cattle. Anim Prod, 1988, 47:191-199.
105. Prentice DE. Growth and wear rates in hoof horn inAyrshire cattle. ResVet Sci, 1973, 14:285-290.
106. Shearer JK, van Amstel SR. Functional and corrective claw trimming. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, March 2001, 17(1):53-72.
107. Toussaint Raven E. Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989.
108. van Amstel SR, Shearer JK. Toe abscess:Aserious cause of lameness in theUSdairy industry. XI International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit, Parma, Italy, September 3-7, 2000, pp. 212-214.
109. Cermak J. Design for slip-resistant surfaces for dairy cattle buildings. Bovine Pract, 1998, 23:76-78.
110. Kofler J, Kubber P, Henniger W. Ultrasonographic imaging and thickness measurement of the sole horn and the underlying soft tissue layer in bovine claws. Vet J, 1999, 157:322-331.
111. Toussaint Raven E. Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989.
112. van Amstel SR, Palin FL, Shearer JK. Anatomical measurement of sole thickness in cattle following application of two different trimming techniques. Bovine Pract, 2002, 36(2):136-140.
113. Gogoi SN, Nigam JM, Singh AP. Angiographic evaluation of bovine foot abnormalities. 6th International Veterinary Radiology Conference Proceeding, 1982, pp. 171-174.
114. Greenough PR. Sand cracks, horizontal fissures, and other conditions affecting the wall of the bovine claw. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, March 2001, 17(1):93-110.
115. Pijl R. Rotation of the medial claw in young heifers. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1998, pp. 18-22.
116. Prentice DE. Growth and wear rates of hoof horn in Ayrshire cattle. Res Vet Sci, 1973, 14:285-290.
117. Toussaint Raven E. Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989.
118. Acuna R, Scarci R. Toe ulcer: The most important disease in first-calving Holstein cows under grazing conditions. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 276-279.
119. Belknap EB, Christmann U, Cochran A, Belknap J. Expression of proinflammatory mediators and vasoactive substances in lamanitic cattle. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, p. 387.
120. Bergsten C, Herlin AH. Sole hemorrhages and heel horn erosion in dairy cows: The influence of housing system on their prevalence and severity. Acta Vet Scand, 1996, 37:395-408.
121. Blowey RW, Watson CL, Green LE, Hedges VJ et al.. The incidence of heel ulcers in a study of lameness in five UK dairy herds. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and III International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, September 2000, pp. 163-164.
122. Boosman R, Koeman J, Nap R. Histopathology of the Bovine Pododerma in Relation to Age and Chronic Laminitis. J Vet Med, 1989, 36:438-446.
123. De Vecchis L. Field procedures for treatment and management of deep digital sepsis. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 109-116.
124. Desrochers A, Anderson DE, St-Jean G. Surgical treatment of lameness. Vet Clin NorthAm Food Anim Pract, 2001 (17)1:143-158.
125. Eggers T. Die Wundheilung des Rusterholzschen Klauengeschwúres beim Rind. Lichtund transmissionelektronenmikroskopische Auswertung einer kontrollierten klinischen Studie zur Wundheilung und zum Einfluss von Biotin auf den Heilungsverlauf. Project Online-Dissertationen Abstract. Veterinärmedizinische Bibliothek, 2001. Available at http://www.vetmed.fu-berlin.de/diss/db/view.php?x=2001/176
126. Eggers T, Mülling Ch KW, Lischer Ch J, Budras KD. Morphological aspects on wound healing of Rusterholz ulcer in the bovine hoof. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and III International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, September 2000, pp. 203-205.
127. Enevoldsen C, Gröhn YT, Thysen I. Sole ulcers in dairy cattle: Associations with season, cow characteristics, disease, and production. J Dairy Sci, 1991, 74:1284-1298.
128. Greenough PR. Pododermatitis circumscripta (ulceration of the sole) in cattle. Agri-Practice, November/December 1987, 8:17-22.
129. Hendry KAK, MacCallum AJ, Knight CH, Wilde CJ: Laminitis in the dairy cow: A cell biological approach. J Dairy Res, 1997, 64:475-486.
130. Hirschberg RM, Mülling Ch KW. Preferential pathways and haemodynamic bottlenecks in the vascular system of the healthy and diseased bovine claw. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 223-226.
131. Hoblet KH, Weiss W. Metabolic hoof horn disease. Claw horn disruption. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2001, 17:111-127.
132. Kempson SA, Langridge A, Jones JA. Slurry, formalin and copper sulphate: The effect on the claw horn. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, September 1998, pp. 216-217.
133. Lischer Ch J, Dietrich-Hunkeler A, Geyer H, Schulze J et al. Heilungsverlauf von unkomplizierten Sohlengeschwüren bei Milchkühen in Andindehaltung: Klinische Beschreibung und blutchemische Untersuchungen. Schweizer Archiv fúr Tierheilkunde, 2001, 143:125-133.
134. Lischer Ch J, Koller U, Geyer H, Múlling CH et al. Effect of therapeutic dietary biotin on the healing of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy cattle--A double blinded controlled study. Vet J, 2002, 163:51-60.
135. Lischer Ch J, Ossent P. Das Sohlengeschwúr beim Rind: Eine Literaturúbersicht. BerlMünch Tier ärztl Wschr, 2001, 114:13-21.
136. Lischer Ch J, Ossent P. Pathogenesis of sole lesions attributed to laminitis in cattle. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 83-89.
137. Manabe H, Yoshitani K, Ishii R. Consider function of deep digital flexor tendon in cattle claw trimming. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 422-424.
138. Midla LT, Hoblet KH, Weiss WP, Moeschberger ML: Supplemental dietary biotin for prevention of lesions associated with aseptic subclinical laminitis (pododermatitis aseptica diffusa) in primiparous cows. Am J Vet Res, 1998, 59(6):733-738.
139. Mochizuki M, Itoh T, Yamada Y, Kadosawa T et al. Histopathological changes in digits of dairy cows affected with sole ulcers. J Vet Med Sci, 1996, 58(10):1031-1035.
140. Müller M, Hermanns W, Feist M, Schwarzmann B, Nuss K: Pathology of Pododermatitis Septica Profunda. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 390-393.
141. Mülling CH, Lischer Ch J. New aspects on etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis in cattle. Proceedings of the International Buiatrics Conference, Hanover, Germany, 2002, pp. 236-247.
142. Nuss K, Tiefenthaler I, Schäfer R. Design and clinical applicability of different claw blocks. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, September 1998, pp. 303-306.
143. Ossent P, Lischer Ch J. Bovine laminitis: The lesions and their pathogenesis. In Pract, September 1998, 20:415-427.
144. Pyman MFS. Comparison of bandaging and elevation of the claw for treatment of foot lameness in dairy cows. Aust Vet J, 1997, 75:132-135.
145. Russel AM, Rowlands GJ, Shaw SR, Weaver AD. Survey of lameness in British dairy cattle. Vet Rec, August 21, 1982, 111(8):155-182.
146. Sangues Gonzalez A. The biomechanics of weight bearing and its significance with lameness. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 117-121.
147. Shearer JK, van Amstel SR. Functional and corrective claw trimming. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2001, 53-72.
148. Singh SS, Murray RD, Ward WR. Gross and histopathological study of endotoxin-induced hoof lesions in cattle. J Comp Pathol, 1994, 110:103-115.
149. Singh SS, Ward WR, Murray RD. An angiographic evaluation of vascular changes in sole lesions in the hooves of cattle. Br Vet J, 1994, 150:41-51.
150. Stanek C. Tendons and tendon sheaths. In Greenough PR (ed): Lameness in Cattle. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1997, pp. 188-192.
151. Tarlton JF, Webster AJF. Abiochemical and biomechanical basis for the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, January 2002, pp. 395-398.
152. Toussaint Raven E. Structure and functions (Chapter 1) and Trimming (Chapter 3). In Toussaint Raven E (ed): Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989, pp. 24-26 and 75-94.
153. van Amstel SR, Shearer JK. Abnormalities of hoof growth and development. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2001, pp. 73-91.
154. van Amstel, Shearer JK, Palin FL. Moisture content, thickness, and lesions of sole horn associated with thin soles in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 2004, 87:757-763.
155. Webster J. Effect of environment and management on the development of claw and leg diseases. Proceedings of the International Buiatrics Conference, Hanover, Germany, 2002, pp. 248-256.
156. Greenough PR. Lameness in Cattle, 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders Co., 1997.
157. Greenough PR, Vermunt JJ, McKinnon JJ, Fabby FA et al. Laminitis-like changes in the feet of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J, 1990, 31:202-208.
158. Desrochers A, Anderson DE, St-Jean G. Surgical treatment of lameness. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2001, 17 (1):143-147.
159. Greenough PR, Ferguson JG. Alternatives to amputation. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 1985, 1 (1):195-211.
160. Kofler J. Arthrosonography-The use of diagnostic ultrasound in septic and traumatic arthritis in cattle-A retrospective study of 25 patients. Br Vet J, 1996, 152:683-697.
161. Kofler J. Ultrasonographic imaging of pathology of the digital flexor tendon sheath in cattle. Vet Rec, 1996, 139:36-41.
162. Kofler J, Buchner A, Sendhofer A. Application of real-time ultrasonography for the detection of tarsal vein thrombosis in cattle. Vet Rec, 1996, 138:34-38.
163. Nuss K, Weaver MP. Resection of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle: An alternative to amputation. Vet Rec. 1991, 128:540-543.
164. Stanek Ch. Basis of intravenous regional antibiosis in digital surgery in cattle. Isr J Vet Med, 1994, 49 (2):88-190.
165. Stanek Ch. Tendons and tendon sheaths. In Greenough PR (ed): Lameness in Cattle. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1997, 188-191.
166. Toussaint Raven E. Structure and function. In Toussaint Raven E (ed): Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswitch, UK: Farming Press, 1989, 50 pp.
167. van Amstel SR, Bemis D. Aspects of the microbiology of interdigital dermatitis in dairy cows. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1998, pp. 274-275.
168. Andersson L, Bergman A. Pathology of bovine laminitis especially as regards vascular lesions. Acta Vet Scand, 1980, 21:559-566.
169. Bargai U. Risk factors for subclinical laminitis (SL): A study of 32 kibbutz herds in Isreal. Isr J Vet Med, 1998, 53 (3):80-82.
170. Belge F, Bildik A, Belge A, Kilicalp D, Atasoy N. Possible association between laminitis and some biochemical parameters in dairy cows. Aust Vet J, 2004, 82:556-557.
171. Belknap EB, Cochran A, Schwartzkopf E, Belknap JK. Digital expression of isoforms of Cyclooxygenase in a model of bovine laminitis. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, September 18-20, 2003, p. 191.
172. Bergsten C, Frank B. Sole hemorrhages in tied primiparous cows as an indicator of periparturient laminitis: Effects on diet, flooring and season. Acta Vet Scand, 1996, 37:383-394.
173. Bergsten C, Herlin AH. Sole hemorrhages and heel erosion in dairy cows: The influence of housing system on their prevalence and severity. Acta Vet Scand, 1996, 37 (4):395-407.
174. Boosman R, Koeman J, Nap R. Histopathology of the bovine pododerma in relation to age and chronic laminitis. J Vet Med, A, 1989, 36:438-446.
175. Boosman R, Mutsaers CWAAM, Dieleman SJ. Sympathico-adrenal effects of endotoxemia in cattle. Vet Rec, 1990, 127:11-14.
176. Boosman R, Mutsaers CWAAM, Klarenbeek A. the role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of acute bovine laminitis. Vet Q, 1991, 13 (3):155-162.
177. Boosman R, Nemeth F, Gruys E. Bovine laminitis: Clinical aspects, pathology and pathogenesis with reference to acute equine laminitis. Vet Q, 1991, 13 (3):163-171.
178. Buda S, Muelling Ch KW. Innervation of dermal blood vessels provides basis for the neural control of microcirculation in the bovine claw. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 230-231.
179. Christmann U, Belknap EB, Lin HC, Belknap JK. Evaluation of hemodynamics in the normal and lamanitic bovine digit. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 165-166.
180. Colam-Ainsworth P, Lunn GA, Thomas RC, Eddy RG. Behaviour of cows in cubicles and its possible relationship with laminitis in replacement dairy heifers. Vet Rec, 1889, 125:573-575.
181. Elmes PJ, Eyre P. Vascular reactivity of the bovine foot to neurohormones, antigens, and chemical mediators of anaphylaxis. Am J Vet Res, 1977, 38 (1):107-112.
182. Fontaine G, Belknap JK, Allen D, Moore Jn, Kroll DL. Expression of interleukin-1β in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis. AJVR, 2001, 62 (5):714-719.
183. Frankena K, van Keulen KAS, Noordhuizen JP, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, Gundelach J, de Jong DJ, Saedt I. A cross-sectional study into prevalence and risk indicators of digital haemorrhages in female dairy calves. Prev Vet Med, 1992, 14:1-12.
184. Greenough PR, Vermunt JJ. Evaluation of subclinical laminitis in a dairy herd and observations on associated nutritional and management factors. Vet Rec, 1991, 128:11-17.
185. Greenough PR, Vermunt JJ, McKinnon JJ, Fathy FA, Berg PA, Cohen DH. Laminitis-like changes in the claws of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J, 1990, 31:202-208.
186. Hendry KAK, Knight CH, Galbraith H, Wilde CJ. Basement membrane role in keritinization of healthy and diseased hooves. In 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and 3rd International Conference on Bovine Lameness. Parma, Italy, 2000, 128-129.
187. Hendry KAK, MacCullum AJ, Knight CH, Wilde CJ. Effect of endocrine and paracrine factors on protein synthesis and cell proliferation in bovine hoof tissue culture. J Dairy Res, 1999, 66:23-33.
188. Hendry KAK, MacCullum AJ, Knight CH, Wilde CJ. Laminitis in the diary cow: A cell biological approach. J Dairy Res, 1997, 64:475-486.
189. Higuchi H, Nagahata H. Relationship between serum biotin concentration and moisture content of sole horn in cows with clinical laminitis or sound hooves. Vet Rec, 2001, 148:209-210.
190. Hirshberg RM. Microvasculature and microcirculation of the healthy and diseased bovine claw. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit, Parma, Italy, September 3-7, 2000, 97-101.
191. Hirschberg RM, Mulling Ch KW. Preferential pathways and haemodynamic bottlenecks in the vascular system of the healthy and diseased bovine claw. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 223-226.
192. Hirschberg RM, Plendl J. Pododermal angiogenesis-new aspects of development and function of the bovine claw. In 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and 3rd International Conference on Bovine Lameness. Parma, Italy, 2000, 67-69.
193. Hoyer MJ. Hereditary laminitis in jersey calves in Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc, 1991, 62 (2):62-64.
194. Knott L, Webster AJ, Tarlton JF. Biochemical and Biophysical changes to connective tissues of the bovine hoof around parturition. In 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and 3rd International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, 2000, 88-89.
195. Maierl J, Bottcher P, Bohmisch R, Hecht S, Liebich HG. A method to assess the volume of the fat pads in the bovine bulb. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 227-228.
196. Mgasa MN, Kempson SA. Functional anatomy of the laminar region of normal bovine claws. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 180-181.
197. Midla LT, Hoblet KH, Weiss WP, Moeschberger ML. Supplemental dietary biotin for prevention of lesions associated with aseptic subclinical laminitis (pododermatitis aseptica diffusa) in primiparous cows. AJVR, 1998, 59 (6):733-738.
198. Mochizuki M, Itoh T, Yamada Y, Kadosawa T, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Takeuchi A. Histopathological changes in digits of dairy cows affected with sole ulcers. J Vet Med Sci, 1996, 58(10):1031-1035.
199. Morrow LL, Tumbleson ME, Kintner LD, Pjander WH, Preston RL. Laminitis in lambs injected with lactic acid. Am J Vet Res, 1973, 34 (10):1305-1307.
200. Ossent P, Lischer C. Bovine laminitis:The lesions and their pathogenesis. In Pract, September 1998, 20:415-427.
201. Roderson DH, Belknap JK, Moore JN, Fontaine GL. Investigation of mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured equine digital smooth muscle cells after exposure to endotoxin. Am J Vet Res, 2001, 62 (12):1957-1962.
202. Singh SS, Murray RD, Ward WR. Histopathological and morphometric studies on the hooves of dairy and beef cattle in relation to overgrown sole and laminitis. J Comp Pathol, 1992, 107:319-328.
203. Singh SS, Ward WR, Murray RD. An angiographic evaluation of vascular changes in sole lesions in the hooves of cattle. Br Vet J, 1994, 150:41-52.
204. Singh SS, Ward WR, Murray RD. Gross and histopathological study of endotoxin-induced hoof lesions in cattle. J Comp Pathol, 1994, 110:103-115.
205. Smilie RH, Hoblet KH, Eastridge ML, Weiss WP, Schnitkey GL, Moeschberger ML. Subclinical laminitis in dairy cows: Use of severity of hoof lesions to rank and evaluate herds. Vet Rec, January 2, 1999, 144:17-21.
206. Smilie RH, Hoblet KH, Weiss WP, Eastridge ML, Rings DM, Schnitkey GL. Prevalence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis in first-lactation cows from herds with high milk production. JAVMA, 1996, 208 (9):1445-1451.
207. Tarlton JF, Webster AJF. A biochemical and biomechanical basis for the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, 2002, 395-398.
208. Toussaint Raven E. Structure and Functions (Chapter 1) and Trimming (Chapter 3). In Toussaint Raven E (ed): Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1989, 19-32.
209. Vermunt JJ. Risk Factors of laminitis-an overview. In 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and 3rd International Conference on Bovine Lameness. Parma, Italy, 2000, 34-42.
210. Vermunt JJ, Greenough PR. Lesions associated with subclinical laminitis of the claws of dairy cows in two management systems. Br Vet J, 1995, 151:391-398.
211. Vermunt JJ, Greenough PR. Predisposing factors of laminitis in cattle.Br Vet J, 1994, 150:151-160.
212. Vermunt JJ, Greenough PR. Sole hemorrhages in dairy heifers managed under different underfoot and environmental conditions. Br Vet J, 1996, 152:57-72.
213. Westerfield I, Mulling Ch KW, Budras KD. Suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (Ph III) in the bovine hoof. In 11th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and 3rd International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, 2000, 103-104.
214. Dobromylskyj P, Flecknell PA, Lascelles BD, Pascoe PJ, Taylor P, Waterman-Pearson A. Management of postoperative and other acute pain in animals. In: Pain management in animals, edited by Paul Flecknell and Avril Waterman-Pearson. WB Saunders/Harcourt Publishers Limited: London, 2000, 81-147.
215. Hassall SA, Ward WR, Murray RD. Effects of lameness on the behavior of cows during the summer. Veterinary Record, 1993, 132: 578-580.
216. Ley SJ, Waterman AE, Livingston A. A field study of the effect of lameness on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in sheep. Veterinary Record, 1995, 137: 85-87.
217. Livingston A, Chambers P. The physiology of pain. In: Pain Management in Animals, edited by Paul Flecknell and Avril Waterman-Pearson. WB Saunders/Harcourt Publishers Limited:London, 2000, 9-19.
218. Whay HR, Waterman AE, Webster AJF. Associations between locomotion, Claw lesions and nociceptive threshold in dairy heifers during the peri-partum period. The Veterinary Journal, 1997, 154: 155-161.
219. Guard C. Lameness above the digit. In: Proceedings of the 2000 Hoof Health Conference, Duluth, MN, July 19-22, pp. 22-23.
220. Mc Cracken TO, Kainer RA, Spurgeon TL. Spurgeon's Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: The Essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 1999.
221. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW. Arthritis and synovitis. In: Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses, eds. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW.WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1997, pp. 572-577.
222. Sisson SB, Grossman JD. The Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 4th edition. WB Saunders:Philadelphia, PA. Smith-Maxie L. Pheripheral nerve diseases. In: Lameness in Cattle, Diseases of the nervous system Chapter 13 ed. Paul R Greenough.WBSaunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1997, Chapter 13, pp. 203-218.
223. Stanek CS. Lameness in Cattle, ed. Paul R Greenough. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1997, Chapter 12, pp. 190-194.
224. Weaver AD. Spastic paresis and Downer cow. In: Lameness in Cattle Diseases of the nervous system Chapter 13, ed. Paul RGreenough.WBSaunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1997, Chapter 13, pp. 213-217.
225. Allenstein, L. C. 1992. Wart-like foot lesions caused lameness. Hoard's Dairyman, 137:696-697.
226. Arkins, S., J. Hannan, and J. Sherington. 1986. Effects of formalin footbathing on foot disease and claw quality in dairy cows. Vet Rec, 118:580-583.
227. Bargai, U. 1994. Excessive dietary protein as the cause of herd outbreaks of "Mortellaro's Disease." In: Proc Int Symp on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit, 8:183.
228. Basset, H. F., M. L. Monaghan, and P. Lenham. 1990. Bovine digital dermatitis. Vet Rec, 126:164-165.
229. Berry, S. L., R. A. Ertze, D. H. Read, and D.W. Hird. 2004. Field evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a vaccine against (papillomatous) digital dermatitis of dairy cattle in two California dairies. In: Proc 13th Int Symp on Ruminant Lameness, Malibor, Slovenia, 11-15 February.
230. Berry, S. L., T. W. Graham, A. Mongini, and M. Arana. 1999a. The efficacy of serpens spp bacterin combined with topical administration of lincomycin hydrochloride for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cows on a dairy in California. Bov Pract, 33:6-11.
231. Berry, S. L. and J. Maas. 1997. Clinical treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) on dairy cattle. In: Proc 1997 Hoof Health Conf, Batavia, NY, pp. 4-7.
232. Berry, S. L., J. Maas, B. A. Reed, and A. Schechter. 1996. The efficacy of 5 topical spray treatments for control of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy herds. In: Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract, 29:188 (Abstract).
233. Berry, S. L., D. H. Read, and R. L. Walker. 1999b. Recurrence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (foot-warts) in dairy cows after treatment with lincomycin HCl or oxytetracycline HCl. J Dairy Sci, 82:34 (Abstract).
234. Berry, S. L., D. H. Read, and R. L. Walker. 1998. Topical treatment with oxytetracycline or lincomycin HCl for papillomatous digital dermatitis: Gross and histological evaluation. In: Proc 10th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 291-292.
235. Blowey, R. W. 1993. Cattle Lameness and Hoofcare. Farming Press, Ipswich, UK.
236. Blowey, R.W., S. H. Done, and W. Cooley. 1994. Observations on the pathogenesis of digital dermatitis in cattle. Vet Rec, 135:115-117.
237. Blowey, R.W. and M.W. Sharp. 1988. Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec, 122:505-508.
238. Blowey, R. W., M. W. Sharp, and S. H. Done. 1992. Digital dermatitis. Vet Rec, 131:39.
239. Borgmann, I. E., J. Bailey, and E. G. Clark. 1996. Spirochete-associated bovine digital dermatitis. Can Vet J, 37:35-37.
240. Britt, J. S., M. C. Carson, J. D. von Bredow, and R. J. Condon. 1999. Antibiotic residues in milk samples obtained from cows after treatment for papillomatous digital dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 215:833-836.
241. Britt, J. S., J. Gaska, E. F. Garrett, D. Konkle, and M. Mealy. 1996. Comparison of topical application of 3 products for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 209:1134-1136.
242. Britt, J. S. and J. McClure. 1998. Field trials with antibiotic and non antibiotic treatments for papillomatous digital dermatitis. Bov Pract, 32:25-28.
243. Brizzi, A. 1993. Bovine digital dermatitis. Bov Pract 27:33-37.
244. Cheli, R. and C. Mortellaro. 1974. La dermatite digitale del bovino. In: Proc VIII Int Meeting on Diseases of Cattle, pp. 208-213.
245. Choi, B. K., H. Nattermann, S. Grund, W. Haider, and U. B. Gobel. 1997. Spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in cattle are closely related to Treponemes associated with human periodontitis. Int J Syst Bacteriol, 47:175-181.
246. Collighan, R. J. and M. J. Woodward. 1997. Spirochaetes and other bacterial species associated with bovine digital dermatitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 156:37-41.
247. Cruz, C., D. Driemeier, C. Cerva, and L. C. Corbellini. 2001. Bovine digital dermatitis in southern Brazil. Vet Rec, 148:576-577.
248. Demirkan, I., S. D. Carter, R. D. Murray, R. W. Blowey, and M. J. Woodward. 1998. The frequent detection of a Treponeme in bovine digital dermatitis by immunocytochemistry and polymerase-chain-reaction. Vet Microbiol, 60:285-292.
249. Demirkan, I., R.D. Murray, and S.D. Carter. 2000. Skin diseases of the bovine digit associated with lameness. Vet Bull 70:149-171.
250. Demirkan, I., R. L.Walker, R. D. Murray, R.W. Blowey, and S. D. Carter. 1999. Serological evidence of spirochaetal infections associated with digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet J 157:69-77.
251. Doherty, M. L., H. F. Bassett, B. Markey, A. M. Healy, and D. Sammin. 1998. Severe foot lameness in cattle associated with invasive spirochetes. Irish Vet J, 51:195-198.
252. Döpfer, D., A. Koopmans, F. A. Meijer, I. Szakáll, Y. H. Schukken, W. Klee, R. B. Bosma, J. L. Cornelisse, A. J. van Asten, and A. A. H. M. ter Huurne. 1997. Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to spirochaetes and Campylobacter faecalis. Vet Rec, 140:620-623.
253. Edwards, A. M., D. Dymock, and H. F. Jenkinson. 2003a. From tooth to hoof: Treponemes in tissue-destructive diseases. J Appl Microbiol, 94:767-780.
254. Edwards, A. M., D. Dymock, M. J. Woodward, and H. F. Jenkinson. 2003b. Genetic relatedness and phenotypic characteristics of Treponema associated with human periodontal tissues and ruminant foot disease. Microbiology, 149:1083-1093.
255. Gourreau, J. M., D.W. Scott, J. F. Rousseau. 1992. La dermatite digitee des bovins. Le Point Vet, 24:49-57.
256. Graham, P. D. 1994. A survey of digital dermatitis treatment regimes used by veterinarians in England and Wales. In: Proc 8th Int Symp on Disorders of Ruminant Lameness and Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Banff, Canada, pp. 205-206.
257. Guard, C. 1995. Recognizing and managing infectious causes of lameness in cattle. In: Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract, 27:80-82.
258. Guterbock, W. and C. Borelli. 1995. Footwart treatment trial report. Western Dairyman, 76:17.
259. Hartog, B. J., S. H. M. Tap, H. J. Pouw, D.A. Poole, and R. A. Laven. 2001. Systemic bioavailability of erythromycin in cattle when applied by footbath. Vet Rec 148:782-783.
260. Hernandez, J., J. K. Shearer. 2000. Therapeutic trial of oxytetracycline in dairy cows with papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on the interdigital cleft, heels, or dewclaw. JAVMA, 216(8):1288-1290.
261. Hernandez, J., J. K. Shearer, and J. B. Elliott. 1999. Comparison of topical application of oxytetracycline and four nonantibiotic solutions for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 214:688-690.
262. Hernandez, J., J. K. Shearer, and D.W. Webb. 2002. Effect of lameness on milk yield in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:640-644.
263. Hoblet, K. 2002. Footbaths: Separating truth from fiction and clinical impressions. In: Proc 12th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, pp. 35-38.
264. Keil, D. J., A. Liem, D. L. Stine, and G. A. Anderson. 2002. Serological and clinical response of cattle to farm-specific digital dermatitis bacterins. In: Proc 12th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, p. 385.
265. Kempson, S. A., A. Langridge, and J. A. Jones. 2000. Slurry, formalin, and copper sulphate:The effect on the claw horn. In: Proc 10th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, Parma, Italy, pp. 216-217.
266. Laven, R. 1999. The environment and digital dermatitis. Cattle Pract, 7:349-356.
267. Laven, R. A. and H. Hunt. 2001. Comparison of valnemulin and lincomycin in the treatment of digital dermatitis by individually applied topical spray. Vet Rec, 149:302-303.
268. Lindley, W. H. 1974. Malignant verrucae of bulls. Vet Med Agric Pract, 69:1547-1550.
269. Mortellaro, C. M. 1994. Digital dermatitis. In: Proc 8th Int Symp on Disorders of Ruminant Lameness and Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Banff, Canada, pp. 137-141.
270. Moter, A., G. Leist, R. Rudolph, K. Schrank, B. K. Choi, M. Wagner, and U. B. Gobel. 1998. Fluorescence in situ hybridization shows spatial distribution of as yet uncultured Treponemes in biopsies from digital dermatitis lesions. Microbiology, 144:2459-2467.
271. Nowrouzian, I. 1994. Risk factors in the development of digital dermatitis in dairies in Tehran, Iran. In: Proc Int Symp on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit, 8:155.
272. Radostitts, O. M., C. C. Gay, D. C. Blood, and K. W. Hinchcliff. 1994. Veterinary Medicine, 8th edition. Baillere Tendall, London.
273. Read, D. H. 1997. Pathogenesis of experimental papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in cattle: Bacterial morphotypes associated with early lesion development. In: Proc 78th Conf of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, No. 32 (Abstract).
274. Read, D. and R.Walker. 1996. Experimental transmission of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cattle. Vet Pathol, 33:607 (Abstract).
275. Read, D. H. and R. L. Walker. 1998a. Comparison of papillomatous digital dermatitis and digital dermatitis of cattle by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In: Proc 10th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 268-269.
276. Read, D. H. and R. L. Walker. 1998b. Papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in California dairy cattle: Clinical and gross pathologic findings. J Vet Diagn Invest, 10:67-76.
277. Read, D. H., R. L. Walker, A. E. Castro, J. P. Sundberg, and M. C. Thurmond. 1992. An invasive spirochaete associated with interdigital papillomatosis of dairy cattle. Vet Rec, 130:59-60.
278. Read, D. H., R. L. Walker, D. W. Hird, J. P. Maas, and S. L. Berry. 1995a. Footwarts of cattle-papillomatous digital dermatitis. UC Davis, Ca Vet Diagn Lab (Pamphlet).
279. Read, D. H., R. L. Walker, M. Van Ranst, and R. W. Nordhausen. 1995b. Studies on the etiology of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) of dairy cattle. In: Proc 38th Ann Meet Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn, Sparks, NV68 (Abstract).
280. Rodriguez-Lainz, A., D. W. Hird, T. E. Carpenter, and D. H. Read. 1996a. Case-control study of papillomatous digital dermatitis in southern California dairy farms. Prev Vet Med, 28:117-131.
281. Rodriguez-Lainz, A., D.W. Hird, R. L.Walker, and D. H. Read. 1996b. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in 458 dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 209:1464-1467.
282. Scavia, G., G. Sironi, C. M. Mortellaro, S. Romussi. 1994. Digtial dermatitis: Further contribution on clinical and pathological aspects in some herds in northern Italy. In: Proc 8th Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Banff, Canada, pp. 174-176.
283. Schütz, W., M. Metzner, R. Pijl, W. Klee, and D. Urbaneck. 2000. Evaluation of the efficacy of herd-specific vaccines for the control of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. In: Proc XI Int Symp on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and III Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, pp. 183-185.
284. Shearer, J. K. and J. B. Elliott. 1994. Preliminary results from a spray application of oxytetracycline to treat control, and prevent digital dermatitis in dairy herds. In: Proc 8th Int Symp on Disorders of Ruminant Lameness and Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Banff, Canada, p. 182.
285. Shearer, J. K. and J. B. Elliott. 1998. Papillomatous digital dermatitis: Treatment and control strategies-Part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 20:S158-S173.
286. Shearer J. K., and J. Hernandez. 2000. Efficacy of two modified nonantibiotic formulations (victory TM) for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83:741-745.
287. Shearer, J. K., J. Hernandez, and J. B. Elliott. 1998. Papillomatous digital dermatitis: Treatment and control strategies-Part II. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 20:S213-S223.
288. Thomas, E. D. 2001. Foot bath solutions may cause crop problems. Hoard's Dairyman, July: 458-459.
289. Toussaint Raven, E. 1989. Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming. Farming Press, Ipswich, UK.
290. van Amstel, S. R., S. van Vuuren, and C. L. Tutt. 1995. Digital dermatitis: Report of an outbreak. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 66:177-181.
291. Walker, R. L., D. H. Read, K. J. Loretz, and R. W. Nordhausen. 1995. Spirochetes isolated from dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis and interdigital dermatitis. Vet Microbiol, 47:343-355.
292. Walker, R. L., D. H. Read, S. J. Sawyer, and K. J. Loretz. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions in cattle. In: Proc Ann Meet Conf of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 79:17 (Abstract).
293. Wells, S. J., L. P. Garber, and B. A. Wagner. 1999. Papillomatous digital dermatitis and associated risk factors in US dairy herds. Prev Vet Med, 38:11-24.
294. Wells, S. J., L. P. Garber, B. Wagner, and G. W. Hill. 1997. Papillomatous digital dermatitis on U.S. dairy operations (footwarts). NAHMS, May:1-28.
295. Zemljic, B. 1994. Current investigations into the cause of dermatitis digitalis in cattle. In: Proc 8th Int Symp on Disorders of Ruminant Lameness and Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Banff, Canada, pp. 164-167.
296. Zemljic, B. 2000. Pathohystological features and possible infective reasons for papilomatous digital dermatitis on dairy farms in Slovenia. In: Proc XI Int Symp on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and III Int Conf on Bovine Lameness, Parma, Italy, pp. 186-189.
297. Dopfer D, Willemen W: Standardization of infectious claw diseases (workshop report). In:Proc 10th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, September 7-10, 1998, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 244-264.
298. Greenough PR, Vermunt J: In search of an epidemiologic approach to investigating bovine lameness problems. In: Proc 8th Int Symp on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit, June 26-30, 1994, Banff, Canada, pp. 186-196.
299. Greenough PR, Weaver AD: Lameness in Cattle, 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA, WBSaunders Co., 1997, pp. 9-12.
300. Hernandez J, Shearer JK: Therapeutic trial of oxytetracycline in dairy cows with papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on the interdigital cleft, heels, or dewclaw. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2000, 216 (8):1288-1290.
301. Robinson PH, Juarez ST: Locomotion scoring your cows: Use and interpretation. In: Proc Mid-South Nutrition Conf, Fort Worth, TX, May 1, 2003.
302. Shearer JK, Belknap E, Berry S, Guard C, Hoblet K, Hovingh E, Kirksey G, Langill A, van Amstel SR: The standardization of input codes for capture of lameness data in dairy records. In: Proc 12th Int Symp on Lameness in Ruminants, January 9-13, 2002, Orlando, FL, pp. 346-349.
303. Arkins S, Hannan J, and Sherington J. (1986) Effect of formalin footbathing on foot disease and claw quality in dairy cows. Vet Rec, 118(21):580-583.
304. David GP. (1997) Severe foul-in-the-foot in dairy cattle. Vet Rec, 133:567-569.
305. Davies RC. (1998) Effect of regular formalin footbaths on the incidence of foot lameness in dairy cattle. Vet Rec, 111:394.
306. Greenough PR and Weaver DA. (1997) Lameness in Cattle, 3rd edition. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 134-135.
307. Hernandez J and Shearer JK. (2000) Efficacy of oxytetracycline for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on various anatomic locations in dairy cows. J Am Vet Assoc, 216(8):1288-1290.
308. Hernandez J, Shearer JK, and Elliott JB. (1999) Comparison of topical application of oxytetracycline and four non-antibiotic solutions for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 214:688-690.
309. Hernandez J, Shearer JK, and Webb DW. (2002) Effect of lameness on milk yield in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 220(5):640-644.
310. Hoblet KH. (2002) Footbaths-separating truth from fiction and clinical impressions. In:Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, January 9-13, Orlando, FL, pp. 35-38.
311. Kempson SA, Langridge A, and Jones JA. (1998) Slurry, formalin and copper sulfate: The effect on the claw horn. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, September 7-10, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 216-221.
312. Peterse DJ. (1985) Laminitis and interdigital dermatitis and heel horn erosion. Vet Clin North Am: Food Anim Pract, 1:83-89.
313. Raven T. (1989) Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming. Farming Press, Ipswich, UK.
314. Shearer JK and Elliott JB. (1998) Papillomatous digital dermatitis: Treatment and control strategies-Part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 20:S158-S166.
315. Shearer JK and Hernandez J. (2000) Efficacy of two modified non-antibiotic formulations of (Victory TM) for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83:741-745.
316. Shearer JK, Hernandez J, and Elliott JB. (1998) Papillomatous digital dermatitis: Treatment and control strategies-Part II. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 20:S213-S223.
317. Shearer JK and van Amstel SR. (2002) Claw health management and therapy of infectious claw diseases. In: Proceedings of the XXIIWorld Buiatrics Congress, August 18-23, pp. 258-267.
318. Socha M, Shearer J, and Tomlinson D. (2005) Alternatives to copper sulfate footbaths. In:Proceedings of the Western Integrated Nutrition and Nutrient Management/Feed Management Education for the Agri-Professional Conference, in press.
319. Thomas ED. (2001) Foot bath solutions may cause crop problems. Hoard's Dairyman, July:458-459.