메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 229, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 209-218

Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum

Author keywords

Craving; Nicotine gum; Smoking; Temporary abstinence; Withdrawal symptoms

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE GUM; PLACEBO;

EID: 84881614744     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3100-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association 4 American Psychiatric Association Washington
    • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington
    • (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 2
    • 0742306157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement
    • 10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 14756584 10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
    • Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC (2004) Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev 111(1):33-51. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33
    • (2004) Psychol Rev , vol.111 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-51
    • Baker, T.B.1    Piper, M.E.2    McCarthy, D.E.3    Majeskie, M.R.4    Fiore, M.C.5
  • 3
    • 84855951584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: A critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x 21919989 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03657. x
    • Baker TB, Breslau N, Covey L, Shiffman S (2012) DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: a critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5*. Addiction 107(2):263-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.107 , Issue.2 , pp. 263-275
    • Baker, T.B.1    Breslau, N.2    Covey, L.3    Shiffman, S.4
  • 4
    • 84860558349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking reduction and temporary abstinence: An update of Beard et al. (2011)
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03839.x 22507570 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03839. x
    • Beard E, West R (2012) Use of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking reduction and temporary abstinence: an update of Beard et al. (2011). Addiction 107(6):1186-1187. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03839.x
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.107 , Issue.6 , pp. 1186-1187
    • Beard, E.1    West, R.2
  • 5
    • 84864708176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediation analysis of the association between use of NRT for smoking reduction and attempts to stop smoking
    • 10.1080/08870446.2012.685739 22583084 10.1080/08870446.2012.685739 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38nivFSjuw%3D%3D
    • Beard E, Aveyard P, McNeill A, Michie S, Fidler JA, Brown J, West R (2012) Mediation analysis of the association between use of NRT for smoking reduction and attempts to stop smoking. Psychol Health 27(9):1118-1133. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2012.685739
    • (2012) Psychol Health , vol.27 , Issue.9 , pp. 1118-1133
    • Beard, E.1    Aveyard, P.2    McNeill, A.3    Michie, S.4    Fidler, J.A.5    Brown, J.6    West, R.7
  • 6
    • 84880562512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does use of nicotine replacement therapy while continuing to smoke undermine cessation?: A systematic review
    • doi: 10.1017/jsc.2012.21
    • Beard E, Aveyard P, Michie S, McNeill A, West R (2013a) Does use of nicotine replacement therapy while continuing to smoke undermine cessation?: a systematic review. J Smok Cessat. doi: 10.1017/jsc.2012.21
    • (2013) J Smok Cessat
    • Beard, E.1    Aveyard, P.2    Michie, S.3    McNeill, A.4    West, R.5
  • 7
    • 84872841626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of nicotine replacement therapy in situations involving temporary abstinence from smoking: A national survey of English smokers
    • doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.09.013
    • Beard E, Michie S, Fidler J, West R (2013b) Use of nicotine replacement therapy in situations involving temporary abstinence from smoking: a national survey of English smokers. Addict Behav 38: 1876-1879. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh. 2012.09.013
    • (2013) Addict Behav , vol.38 , pp. 1876-1879
    • Beard, E.1    Michie, S.2    Fidler, J.3    West, R.4
  • 8
    • 79952572702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incubation of cue-induced cigarette craving during abstinence in human smokers
    • 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.014 20817135 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.014
    • Bedi G, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Heishman SJ, Marrone GF, Shaham Y, de Wit H (2011) Incubation of cue-induced cigarette craving during abstinence in human smokers. Biol Psychiatry 69(7):708-711. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.014
    • (2011) Biol Psychiatry , vol.69 , Issue.7 , pp. 708-711
    • Bedi, G.1    Preston, K.L.2    Epstein, D.H.3    Heishman, S.J.4    Marrone, G.F.5    Shaham, Y.6    De Wit, H.7
  • 9
    • 80053241178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes for an effective stop-smoking service?
    • 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200251 21709164 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200251
    • Brose LS, West R, McDermott MS, Fidler JA, Croghan E, McEwen A (2011) What makes for an effective stop-smoking service? Thorax 66(10):924-926. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200251
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , Issue.10 , pp. 924-926
    • Brose, L.S.1    West, R.2    McDermott, M.S.3    Fidler, J.A.4    Croghan, E.5    McEwen, A.6
  • 10
    • 0017003716 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol-related problems in the disability perspective. A summary of the consensus of the WHO group of investigators on criteria for identifying and classifying disabilities related to alcohol consumption
    • 979285 1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FjtlWksw%3D%3D
    • Edwards G, Gross MM, Keller M, Moser J (1976) Alcohol-related problems in the disability perspective. A summary of the consensus of the WHO group of investigators on criteria for identifying and classifying disabilities related to alcohol consumption. J Stud Alcohol 37(9):1360-1382
    • (1976) J Stud Alcohol , vol.37 , Issue.9 , pp. 1360-1382
    • Edwards, G.1    Gross, M.M.2    Keller, M.3    Moser, J.4
  • 11
    • 79551640961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: Comparison with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and its components
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03226.x 21134020 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03226. x
    • Fidler JA, Shahab L, West R (2010) Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: comparison with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and its components. Addiction 106:631-638. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03226.x
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.106 , pp. 631-638
    • Fidler, J.A.1    Shahab, L.2    West, R.3
  • 12
    • 82555194483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug cue induced overshadowing: Selective disruption of natural reward processing by cigarette cues amongst abstinent but not satiated smokers
    • 10.1017/s0033291711001139 21733292 10.1017/S0033291711001139 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38%2FivFGhtA%3D%3D
    • Freeman TP, Morgan CJ, Beesley T, Curran HV (2012) Drug cue induced overshadowing: selective disruption of natural reward processing by cigarette cues amongst abstinent but not satiated smokers. Psychol Med 42(1):161-171. doi: 10.1017/s0033291711001139
    • (2012) Psychol Med , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 161-171
    • Freeman, T.P.1    Morgan, C.J.2    Beesley, T.3    Curran, H.V.4
  • 13
    • 0030987168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine-containing versus de-nicotinized cigarettes: Effects on craving and withdrawal
    • 9164567 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00309-7 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtlGgurs%3D
    • Gross J, Lee J, Stitzer ML (1997) Nicotine-containing versus de-nicotinized cigarettes: effects on craving and withdrawal. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57(1-2):159-165
    • (1997) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.57 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 159-165
    • Gross, J.1    Lee, J.2    Stitzer, M.L.3
  • 14
    • 33751415043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imitation of cigarette smoking: An experimental study on smoking in a naturalistic setting
    • 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.006 16870357 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06. 006
    • Harakeh Z, Engels RCME, Van Baaren RB, Scholte RHJ (2007) Imitation of cigarette smoking: an experimental study on smoking in a naturalistic setting. Drug Alcohol Depend 86(2-3):199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.006
    • (2007) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.86 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 199-206
    • Harakeh, Z.1    Engels, R.2    Van Baaren, R.B.3    Scholte, R.H.J.4
  • 15
    • 0024354012 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the heaviness of smoking - Using self-reported time to the 1st cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day
    • 2758152 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzjsF2qsg%3D%3D
    • Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Rickert W, Robinson J (1989) Measuring the heaviness of smoking - using self-reported time to the 1st cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Br J Addict 84(7):791-800
    • (1989) Br J Addict , vol.84 , Issue.7 , pp. 791-800
    • Heatherton, T.F.1    Kozlowski, L.T.2    Frecker, R.C.3    Rickert, W.4    Robinson, J.5
  • 16
    • 33746099711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects
    • 10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9 16752139 10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntVCqtbs%3D
    • Hendricks P, Ditre J, Drobes D, Brandon T (2006) The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects. Psychopharmacology 187(3):385-396. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9
    • (2006) Psychopharmacology , vol.187 , Issue.3 , pp. 385-396
    • Hendricks, P.1    Ditre, J.2    Drobes, D.3    Brandon, T.4
  • 17
    • 33947182514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course
    • 10.1080/14622200701188919 17365764 10.1080/14622200701188919
    • Hughes JR (2007a) Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob Res 9(3):315-327. doi: 10.1080/14622200701188919
    • (2007) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-327
    • Hughes, J.R.1
  • 18
    • 34548859863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of the effects of abstinence from tobacco: A qualitative review
    • 10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.127 17563132 10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.127
    • Hughes JR (2007b) Measurement of the effects of abstinence from tobacco: a qualitative review. Psychol Addict Behav 21(2):127-137. doi: 10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.127
    • (2007) Psychol Addict Behav , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-137
    • Hughes, J.R.1
  • 19
    • 0000073396 scopus 로고
    • Effects of abstinence from tobacco: A critical review
    • L.T. Kozlowski H.M. Annis H.D. Cappell F.B. Glaser M.S. Goodstat Y. Israel H. Kalant E.M. Seelera E.R. Vingilis (eds) Plenum New York 10.1007/978-1-4899-1669-3-10
    • Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Hatsukami DK (1990) Effects of abstinence from tobacco: a critical review. In: Kozlowski LT, Annis HM, Cappell HD, Glaser FB, Goodstat MS, Israel Y, Kalant H, Seelera EM, Vingilis ER (eds) Research advances in alcohol and drug problems. Plenum, New York, pp 317-398
    • (1990) Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems , pp. 317-398
    • Hughes, J.R.1    Higgins, S.T.2    Hatsukami, D.K.3
  • 20
    • 0025968331 scopus 로고
    • Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension
    • 1984762 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810250054007 1:STN:280: DyaK3M%2FotlCltA%3D%3D
    • Hughes JR, Gust SW, Skoog K, Keenan RM, Fenwick JW (1991) Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(1):52-59
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-59
    • Hughes, J.R.1    Gust, S.W.2    Skoog, K.3    Keenan, R.M.4    Fenwick, J.W.5
  • 21
    • 0028149603 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: Similarities and dissimilarities
    • 7841857 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03744.x 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ksVSjuw%3D%3D
    • Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Bickel WK (1994) Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: similarities and dissimilarities. Addiction 89(11):1461-1470
    • (1994) Addiction , vol.89 , Issue.11 , pp. 1461-1470
    • Hughes, J.R.1    Higgins, S.T.2    Bickel, W.K.3
  • 22
    • 79953794381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applicability of DSM criteria to nicotine dependence
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03281.x 21477244 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03281. x
    • Hughes JR, Baker T, Breslau N, Covey L, Shiffman S (2011) Applicability of DSM criteria to nicotine dependence. Addiction 106(5):894-895. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03281.x
    • (2011) Addiction , vol.106 , Issue.5 , pp. 894-895
    • Hughes, J.R.1    Baker, T.2    Breslau, N.3    Covey, L.4    Shiffman, S.5
  • 23
    • 0031009812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Craving is associated with smoking relapse: Findings from three prospective studies
    • 9234050 10.1037/1064-1297.5.2.137 1:STN:280:DyaK2sznvVChsw%3D%3D
    • Killen JD, Fortmann SP (1997) Craving is associated with smoking relapse: findings from three prospective studies. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5(2):137-142
    • (1997) Exp Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-142
    • Killen, J.D.1    Fortmann, S.P.2
  • 24
    • 41549113416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction and the brain antireward system
    • 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548 18154498 10.1146/annurev.psych.59. 103006.093548
    • Koob GF, Le Moal M (2008) Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol 59:29-53. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548
    • (2008) Annu Rev Psychol , vol.59 , pp. 29-53
    • Koob, G.F.1    Le Moal, M.2
  • 25
    • 33748847186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life before and after quitting smoking: An electronic diary study
    • 10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.454 16866586 10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.454
    • McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Fiore MC, Baker TB (2006) Life before and after quitting smoking: an electronic diary study. J Abnorm Psychol 115(3):454-466. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.454
    • (2006) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.115 , Issue.3 , pp. 454-466
    • McCarthy, D.E.1    Piasecki, T.M.2    Fiore, M.C.3    Baker, T.B.4
  • 28
    • 0029904644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and abstinence: Comparative effects upon cognitive task performance and mood state over 24 hours
    • 10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199609)11:5<391: aid-hup780>3.0.co;2-z 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1077(199609)11:5<391: AID-HUP780>3.0.CO;2-Z
    • Parrott AC, Garnham NJ, Wesnes K, Pincock C (1996) Cigarette smoking and abstinence: comparative effects upon cognitive task performance and mood state over 24 hours. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 11(5):391-400. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199609)11:5<391::aid-hup780>3.0.co;2-z
    • (1996) Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 391-400
    • Parrott, A.C.1    Garnham, N.J.2    Wesnes, K.3    Pincock, C.4
  • 30
    • 0023778862 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine replacement: The role of blood nicotine levels, their rate of change, and nicotine tolerance
    • 3289011 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3kvVWitg%3D%3D
    • Russell MA (1988) Nicotine replacement: the role of blood nicotine levels, their rate of change, and nicotine tolerance. Prog Clin Biol Res 261:63-94
    • (1988) Prog Clin Biol Res , vol.261 , pp. 63-94
    • Russell, M.A.1
  • 32
    • 0029022080 scopus 로고
    • Desire to smoke during spaced smoking intervals
    • 10.1007/BF02311176 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotV2gtLk%3D
    • Schuh KJ, Stitzer ML (1995) Desire to smoke during spaced smoking intervals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 120(3):289-295
    • (1995) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.120 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-295
    • Schuh, K.J.1    Stitzer, M.L.2
  • 33
    • 0029879920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports
    • 8871421 10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.366 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FisFWqug%3D%3D
    • Shiffman S, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JA, Hickcox M (1996) First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. J Consult Clin Psychol 64(2):366-379
    • (1996) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 366-379
    • Shiffman, S.1    Paty, J.A.2    Gnys, M.3    Kassel, J.A.4    Hickcox, M.5
  • 34
    • 0036828862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment
    • 12428767 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.531
    • Shiffman S, Gwaltney CJ, Balabanis MH, Liu KS, Paty JA, Kassel JD, Gnys M (2002) Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. J Abnorm Psychol 111(4):531-545
    • (2002) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.111 , Issue.4 , pp. 531-545
    • Shiffman, S.1    Gwaltney, C.J.2    Balabanis, M.H.3    Liu, K.S.4    Paty, J.A.5    Kassel, J.D.6    Gnys, M.7
  • 35
    • 77649192638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models
    • 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024 19961872 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024
    • Skinner MD, Aubin HJ (2010) Craving's place in addiction theory: contributions of the major models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(4):606-623. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024
    • (2010) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 606-623
    • Skinner, M.D.1    Aubin, H.J.2
  • 37
    • 0029934784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers
    • 8830906 10.1016/0306-4603(95)00070-4 1:STN:280:DyaK28vislGqsg%3D%3D
    • Swan GE, Ward MM, Jack LM (1996) Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers. Addict Behav 21(4):481-490
    • (1996) Addict Behav , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 481-490
    • Swan, G.E.1    Ward, M.M.2    Jack, L.M.3
  • 38
    • 0025412207 scopus 로고
    • A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes
    • 2186423 10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.147 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3ksF2iug%3D%3D
    • Tiffany ST (1990) A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol Rev 97(2):147-168
    • (1990) Psychol Rev , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-168
    • Tiffany, S.T.1
  • 39
    • 0026009270 scopus 로고
    • The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges
    • 1777741 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01732.x 1:STN:280:DyaK387jsF2qsA%3D%3D
    • Tiffany ST, Drobes DJ (1991) The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. Br J Addict 86(11):1467-1476
    • (1991) Br J Addict , vol.86 , Issue.11 , pp. 1467-1476
    • Tiffany, S.T.1    Drobes, D.J.2
  • 42
    • 70350433681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple facets of cigarette addiction and what they mean for encouraging and helping smokers to stop
    • 10.1080/15412550903049181
    • West R (2009) The multiple facets of cigarette addiction and what they mean for encouraging and helping smokers to stop. J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 6(4):277-283
    • (2009) J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 277-283
    • West, R.1
  • 43
    • 4544328369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal
    • 10.1007/s00213-004-1923-6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVehtL3M
    • West R, Hajek P (2004) Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 177:195-199
    • (2004) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.177 , pp. 195-199
    • West, R.1    Hajek, P.2
  • 44
    • 0023198718 scopus 로고
    • Craving for cigarettes
    • 3555575 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01496.x 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3htl2ntA%3D%3D
    • West R, Schneider N (1987) Craving for cigarettes. Br J Addict 82(4):407-415
    • (1987) Br J Addict , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 407-415
    • West, R.1    Schneider, N.2
  • 45
    • 77649236003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the ten-item Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-brief) more sensitive to abstinence than shorter craving measures?
    • 10.1007/s00213-009-1742-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisVWmtQ%3D%3D
    • West R, Ussher M (2010) Is the ten-item Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-brief) more sensitive to abstinence than shorter craving measures? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 208(3):427-432
    • (2010) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.208 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-432
    • West, R.1    Ussher, M.2
  • 46
    • 0021671499 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00265.x 6589006 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984. tb00265.x 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3lslaruw%3D%3D
    • West R, Jarvis MJ, Russell MAH, Carruthers ME, Feyerabend C (1984) Effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome. Br J Addict 79(2):215-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00265.x
    • (1984) Br J Addict , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 215-219
    • West, R.1    Jarvis, M.J.2    Russell, M.A.H.3    Carruthers, M.E.4    Feyerabend, C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.