Spanking and child development: We know enough now to stop hitting our children

Child Development Perspectives

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 133-137

  Gershoff, Elizabeth T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Corporal punishment; Spanking; Violence against children

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881609171     PISSN: 17508592     EISSN: 17508606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12038     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2012). Policy statement on corporal punishment. Retrieved from http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/policy_statements/policy_statement_on_corporal_punishment
2. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (1998). Guidance for effective discipline [published correction appears in Pediatrics]. Pediatrics, 102(2 Pt 1), 723-728, 101 (2 Pt 1).
3. American Humane Association. (2009). Child protection position statements. Retrieved from http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/child-welfare-migration/au-childrens-division-position-statements-1.pdf
4. Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Cowan, P. A. (2002). Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 580-589. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.580
5. Bender, H. L., Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., Antonishak, J., Moore, C. M., Kelly, H. O., et al. (2007). Use of harsh physical discipline and developmental outcomes in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 227-242. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070125
6. Berlin, L. J., Ispa, J. M., Fine, M. A., Malone, P. S., Brooks-Gunn, J., Brady-Smith, C., et al. (2009). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers. Child Development, 80, 1403-1420. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x
7. Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2006). General comment No. 8 (2006): The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and or cruel or degrading forms of punishment (Articles 1, 28(2), and 37, inter alia), 42nd Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/C/GC/8. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC.C.GC.8.pdf
8. Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 161-175. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0803_1
9. Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. A., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065-1072.
10. Dobbs, T. A., Smith, A. B., & Taylor, N. J. (2006). "No, we don't get a say, children just suffer the consequences": Children talk about family discipline. International Journal of Children's Rights, 14, 137-156.
11. Dobson, J. C. (1996). The new dare to discipline. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House.
12. Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., & Brown, M. (1986). Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51(1, Serial No. 213). doi:10.2307/1165906
13. Durrant, J., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., Milne, C., Black, T., & Knoke, D. (2006). Punitive violence against children in Canada. CECW Information Sheet #41E. Toronto, Canada: Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://www.cecw-cepb.ca/DocsEng/PunitiveViolence41E.pdf
14. Eron, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Lefkowitz, M. M. (1971). Learning of aggression in children. Boston: Little, Brown.
15. Europe-Wide Ban on Corporal Punishment of Children, Recommendation 1666. (2004, June 23). Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe (21st Sitting). Retrieved from http://www.assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta04/EREC1666.htm#_ftn1
16. General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, USA. (2012, July 6). General assembly adopts wide range of social justice issues. Retrieved from http://www.pcusa.org/news/2012/7/6/general-assembly-adopts-wide-range-social-justice-/
17. Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539-579. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539
18. Gershoff, E. T. (2008). Report on physical punishment in the United States: What research tells us about its effects on children. Columbus, OH and Phoenix, AZ: Center for Effective Discipline and Phoenix Children's Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.phoenixchildrens.com/PDFs/principles_and_practices-of_effective_discipline.pdf
19. Gershoff, E. T. (2010). More harm than good: A summary of scientific research on the intended and unintended effects of corporal punishment on children. Law and Contemporary Problems, 73, 33-58.
20. Gershoff, E. T., & Bitensky, S. H. (2007). The case against corporal punishment of children: Converging evidence from social science research and international human rights law and implications for U.S. public policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 13, 231-272. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.13.4.231
21. Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2013). Spanking and its consequences for children: New meta-analyses and old controversies. Manuscript under review.
22. Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., et al. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81, 487-502. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x
23. Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Sameroff, A. J. (2012). Longitudinal links between spanking and children's externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American Families. Child Development, 83, 838-843. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01732.x
24. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2013). States with full abolition. London: Author. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org
25. Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4-19 doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4.
26. Hagan, J. F., Shaw, J. S., & Duncan, P. M. (Eds.). (2008). Bright futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents (3rd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
27. Hineline, P. N., & Rosales-Ruiz, J. (2012). Behavior in relation to aversive events: Punishment and negative reinforcement. In G. J. Madden, W. V. Dube, T. Hackenberg, G. Hanley, & K. A. Lattal (Eds.), APA handbook of behavior analysis (pp. 483-512). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
28. Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E. T. Higgins, D. N. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development (pp. 236-274). New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Holden, G. W., Coleman, S. W., & Schmidt, K. L. (1995). Why 3-year-old children get spanked: Parent and child determinants as reported by college-educated mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 431-452.
30. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child, Organization of American States. (2009, August 5). Report on corporal punishment and human rights of children and adolescents (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.135). Retrieved from http://www.cidh.oas.org/Ninez/CastigoCorporal2009/CastigoCorporal.TOC.htm
31. Lee, S. J., Altschul, I., & Gershoff, E. T. (2013). Does warmth moderate longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child aggression in early childhood? Developmental Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0031630
32. National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. (2011). NAPNAP position statement on corporal punishment. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 25, e31-e32. Retrieved from http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0891-5245/PIIS0891524511002288.pdf
33. National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks (9th ed.). NASW policy statements, 2012-2014. Washington, DC: Author.
34. Phoenix Children's Hospital. (2009, October 1). Report on the physical punishment of children: List of endorsers. Retrieved from http://www.phoenixchildrens.com/community/pdfs/child-abuse-prevention/Report-on-PP-List-of-Endorsers-October-1-2009.pdf
35. Regalado, M., Sareen, H., Inkelas, M., Wissow, L. S., & Halfon, N. (2004). Parents' discipline of young children: Results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health. Pediatrics, 113, 1952-1958.
36. Roberts, M. W., & Powers, S. W. (1990). Adjusting chair timeout enforcement procedures for oppositional children. Behavior Therapy, 21, 257-271.
37. Scott, G. R. (1996). The history of corporal punishment. London: Senate.
38. Sheehan, M. J., & Watson, M. W. (2008). Reciprocal influences between maternal discipline techniques and aggression in children and adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 245-255. doi:10.1002/ab.20241
39. UNICEF. (2010). Child disciplinary practices at home: Evidence from a range of low- and middle-income countries. Retrieved from http://www.childinfo.org/files/report_Disipl_FIN.pdf
40. United Methodist Church. (2008). Discipline children without corporal punishment (Social Principles, ¶ 162C). The Book of Resolutions of the United Methodist Church-2008. Retrieved from http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4951419&ct=6480593
41. United Nations. (1989, November 20). Convention on the rights of the child, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., at 3, U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/crc/