More harm than good: A summary of scientific research on the intended and unintended effects of corporal punishment on children

Law and Contemporary Problems

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 31-56

  Gershoff, Elizabeth T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 78649428784     PISSN: 00239186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (158)

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23. A third meta-analysis combined disparate child outcomes into three overly broad categories (for example, affective, cognitive, and behavioral), which does not allow a precise understanding of the effects of corporal punishment on particular outcomes and thus is not discussed here.
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107. See generally Christopher E. Smith, The Use of Research in Local Policy Making: A Case Study of Corporal Punishment in Public Education, 10 EDUC. POL'Y 502 (1996).
108. 430 U.S. 651, 671 (1977).
109. Susan H. Bitensky, The Poverty of Precedent for School Corporal Punishment's Constitutionality Under the Eighth Amendment, 77 U. CIN. L. REV. 1327, 1341-52 (2009).
110. IOWA CODE § 280.21 (2009).
111. N.J. STAT. ANN. § 18A:6-1 (2009).
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115. See generally An Act to Prohibit the Use of Corporal Punishment in the Public Schools, H.R. 853, 2007-2008 Session (N.C. 2007).
116. See generally A Bill to Amend Sections 3314.03, 3319.088, 3319.41, and 3326.11 of the Revised Code to Prohibit Corporal Punishment in All Public Schools, H.R. 406, 127th Gen. Assem. (Ohio 2007).
117. See generally An Act Relating to Corporal Punishment in Public Schools, H.R. 379, 80th Gen. Assem., Reg. Sess. (Tex. 2007).
118. H.B. 853, Gen. Assem., 2007-2008 Sess. (N.C. 2007); H.B. 379, 80th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Tex. 2007).
119. H.R. 1 §3319.41, 128th Gen. Assem. (Ohio 2009).
120. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, A VIOLENT EDUCATION: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN IN US PUBLIC SCHOOLS 3 (2009).
121. Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670-71 (1977).
122. Sometime separately, for example, Diana Baumrind, Necessary Distinctions, 8 PSYCHOL. INQUIRY 176 (1997).
123. See also Baumrind & Larzelere, Are Spanking Injunctions Scientifically Supported, 73 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 2 (Spring 2010).
124. Robert E. Larzelere, The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research, 130 PSYCHOL. BULL. 289, 289-92 (2004).
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134. Clifton P. Flynn, To Spank or Not to Spank: The Effect of Situation and Age of Child on Support for Corporal Punishment, 13 J. FAM. VIOLENCE 21, 30 (1998).
135. Andrew Grogan-Kaylor & Melanie D. Otis, The Predictors of Parental Use of Corporal Punishment, 56 FAM. REL. 80, 85 (2007).
136. Lawrence S. Wissow, Ethnicity, Income, and Parenting Contexts of Physical Punishment in a National Sample of Families with Young Children, 6 CHILD MALTREATMENT 118, 122 (2001).
137. Jennifer E. Lansford et al., Ethnic Differences in the Link Between Physical Discipline and Later Adolescent Externalizing Behaviors, 45 J. CHILD PSYCHOL. & PSYCHIATRY 801, 807 tbl.4 (2004).
138. Anna S. Lau et al., Factors Affecting the Link Between Physical Discipline and Child Externalizing Problems in Black and White Families, 34 J. COMMUNITY PSYCHOL. 89, 98 (2006).
139. Vonnie C. McLoyd & Julia Smith, Physical Discipline and Behavior Problems in African American, European American, and Hispanic Children: Emotional Support as a Moderator, 64 J. MARRIAGE & FAM. 40, 49 (2002).
140. Matthew K. Mulvaney & Carolyn J. Mebert, Parental Corporal Punishment Predicts Behavior Problems in Early Childhood, 21 J. FAM. PSYCHOL. 389, 395 tbl.4 (2007).
141. HOWARD C. STEVENSON ET AL., STICKIN' TO, WATCHIN' OVER, AND GETTING' WITH: AN AFRICAN AMERICAN PARENT'S GUIDE TO DISCIPLINE 67-70 (2001).
142. Joan E. Durrant, Physical Punishment, Culture and Rights: Current Issues for Professionals, 29 J. DEVELOPMENTAL & BEHAV. PEDIATRICS 55, 56-58 (2008).
143. SANDRA M. NUTLEY ET AL., USING EVIDENCE: HOW RESEARCH CAN INFORM PUBLIC SERVICES 1-2 (2007).
144. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, States with Full Abolition, http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/frame.html (last visited Sept. 14, 2010).
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148. U.N. Comm. on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 8: The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment (Articles 1, 28(2), and 37, Inter Alia), at 6, para.18, U.N. Doc. CRC/C/GC/8 (Mar. 2, 2007).
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150. See generally BETH WOOD ET AL., UNREASONABLE FORCE: NEW ZEALAND'S JOURNEY TOWARDS BANNING THE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN (2008).
151. Center for Effective Discipline, U.S. Organizations Opposed to School Corporal Punishment, http://www.stophitting.com/index.php?page=usorgs (last visited Dec. 10, 2009).
152. Phoenix Children's Hospital, Report on Physical Punishment of Children, List of Endorsers, October 1, 2009, http://www.phoenixchildrens.com/about/community-outreach-education/pdfs/childabuse-prevention/Report-on-PP-List-of-Endorsers-October-1-2009.pdf (last visited Dec. 10, 2009).
153. (Citing Elizabeth T. Gershoff, Cent. for Effective Discipline & Phoenix Children's Hosp., Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About its Effects on Children (2008), http://www.phoenixchildrens.com/PDFs/principles_and_practices-of_effective_discipline.pdf (last visited Dec. 10, 2009)).
154. See generally Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. § 5101 (1974).
155. JILL GOLDMAN ET AL., U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, A COORDINATED RESPONSE TO CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT: THE FOUNDATION FOR PRACTICE 9 (2003).
156. Murray A. Straus & Anita K. Mathur, Social Change and the Trends in Approval of Corporal Punishment by Parents from 1968 to 1994, in FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: A CHALLENGE FOR SOCIETY 91, 96 fig.1 (Detlev Frehsee et al. eds., 1996).
157. Joan E. Durrant, Legal Reform and Attitudes Toward Physical Punishment in Sweden, 11 INT'L J. CHILD. RIGHTS 147, 169 (2003).
158. Staffan Janson, Response to Beckett, C. (2005) "The Swedish Myth: The Corporal Punishment Ban and Child Death Statistics," 35 BRIT. J. SOC. WORK 1411, 1414 (2005).