Magmatism, ash-flow tuffs, and calderas of the ignimbrite flareup in the western Nevada volcanic field, Great Basin, USA

Geosphere

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 951-1008

  Henry, Christopher D ^a   John, David A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASH FLOW; CALDERA; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; IGNIMBRITE; MAGMATISM; RHYOLITE; TUFF; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

GREAT BASIN; NEVADA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84881598788     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00867.1     Document Type: Article

References (242)

1. Acocella, V., 2007, Understanding caldera structure and development: An overview of analog models compared to natural calderas: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 85, p. 125-160, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.08.004.
2. Albers, J.P., 1967, Belt of sigmoidal bending and right-lateral faulting in the western Great Basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 143-156, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1967)78[143:BOSBAR]2.0.CO;2.
3. Bachmann, O., and Bergantz, G.W., 2008, Rhyolites and their source mushes across tectonic settings: Journal of Petrology, v. 49, p. 2277-2285.
4. Barton, M.D., 1996, Granitic magmatism and metallogeny of southwestern North America, in Brown, M., Candela, P.A., Peck, D.L., Stephens, W.E., Walker, R.J., and Zen, E-An, eds., Origin of Granites and Related Rocks: Geological Society of America Special Paper 315, p. 261-280.
5. Best, M.G., and Christiansen, E.H., 1991, Limited extension during peak Tertiary volcanism, Great Basin of Nevada and Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 13,509-13,528, doi:10.1029/91JB00244.
6. Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Gromme, C.S., McKee, E.H., and Noble, D.C., 1989, Eocene through Miocene volcanism in the Great Basin of the western United States: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, v. 47, p. 91-133.
7. Best, M.G., Barr, D.L., Christiansen, E.H., Gromme, C.S., Deino, A.L., and Tingey, D.G., 2009, The Great Basin altiplano during the middle Cenozoic ignimbrite flare up: Insights from volcanic rocks: International Geology Review, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1-45.
8. Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., and Gromme, C.S., 2013a, Introduction: The 36-18 Ma southern Great Basin, USA, ignimbrite province and flareup: Swarms of subduction-related supervolcanoes: Geosphere, v. 9, p. 260-274, doi:10.1130/GES00870.1.
9. Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Gromme, C.S., and Tingey, D.G., 2013b, The 36-18 Ma Indian Peak-Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super eruptions: Geosphere, doi:10.1130/GES00902.1 (in press).
10. Best, M.G., Gromme, C.S., Deino, A.L., Christiansen, E.H., and Tingey, D.G., 2013c, Central Nevada volcanic field: Geosphere.
11. Bindeman, I.N., Schmitt, A.K., and Valley, J.W., 2006, U-Pb zircon geochronology of silicic tuffs from the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley caldera complex, Nevada: Rapid generation of large volume magmas by shallow-level remelting: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 152, p. 649-665, doi:10.1007/s00410-006-0124-1.
12. Bingler, E.C., 1977, New Empire geologic map: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 59, scale 1:24,000.
13. Bingler, E.C., 1978a, Abandonment of the name Hartford Hill Rhyolite Tuff and adoption of new formation names for middle Tertiary ash-flow tuffs in the Carson City-Silver City area, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1457-D, 19 p.
14. Bingler, E.C., 1978b, Geologic map of the Schurz quadrangle: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 60, scale 1:48,000.
15. Boden, D.R., 1986, Eruptive history and structural development of the Toquima caldera complex, central Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 61-74, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)9761:EHASDO2.0.CO;2.
16. Boden, D.R., 1987, Geology, structure, petrology, and mineralization of the Toquima caldera complex, central Nevada [Ph.D. thesis]: Palo Alto, California, Stanford University, 231 p.
17. Boden, D.R., 1992, Geologic map of the Toquima caldera complex, central Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 98, scale 1:48,000.
18. Boden, D.R., 1994, Mid-Tertiary magmatism of the Toquima caldera complex and vicinity, Nevada: Development of explosive high-K, calc-alkaline magmas in the central Great Basin, USA: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 116, p. 247-276, doi:10.1007/BF00306496.
19. Bonham, H.F., 1970, Geologic map and sections of a part of the Shoshone Mountains, Lander and Nye Counties, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines Map 38, scale 1:62,500.
20. Brem, G.F., and Snyder, D.B., 1983, Lithologic and gravity characteristics of the southern Peavine volcanic center, Toiyabe Range, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 15, p. 280.
21. Brem, G.F., John, D.A., Nash, J.T., Poole, F.G., and Snyder, D.B., 1991, Mineral resources of the Arc Dome wilderness recommendation area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1961, 21 p.
22. Brooks, E.R., Wood, M.M., Boehme, D.R., Potter, K.L., and Marcus, B.I., 2003, Geologic map of the Haskell Peak area, Sierra County, California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 55, 1:24,000.
23. Brooks, E.R., Henry, C.D., and Faulds, J.E., 2008, Age and character of silicic ash-flow tuffs at Haskell Peak, Sierra County, California: Part of a major Eocene(?)- Oligocene paleovalley spanning the Sierra Nevada- Basin and Range boundary: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 55A, scale 1:12,000, 39 p.
24. Brooks, J.W., Meinert, L.D., Kuyper, B.A., and Lane, M.L., 1991, Petrology and geochemistry of the McCoy gold skarn, Lander County, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Great Basin, Symposium Proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 419-442.
25. Brooks, W.E., Thorman, C.H., and Snee, L.W., 1995, The 40Ar/39Ar ages and tectonic setting of the middle Eocene northeast Nevada volcanic field: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,403-10,416, doi:10.1029/94JB03389.
26. Busby, C.J., and Putirka, K., 2009, Miocene evolution of the western edge of the Nevadaplano in the central and northern Sierra Nevada: Paleocanyons, magmatism, and structure: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 670-701, doi:10.1080/00206810902978265.
27. Busby, C.J., Hagan, J., Putirka, K., Pluhar, C., Gans, P., Wagner, D., Rood, D., DeOreo, S., and Skilling, I., 2008, The Ancestral Cascades arc: Cenozoic evolution of the central Sierra Nevada (California) and the birth of the new plate boundary, in Wright, J.E., and Shervais, J.W., eds., Ophiolites, Arcs and Batholiths: A Tribute to Cliff Hopson: Geological Society of America Special Paper 438, p. 331-378.
28. Cassel, E.J., Calvert, A.T., and Graham, S.A., 2009a, Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevada plano: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 723-742, doi: 10.1080/00206810902880370.
29. Cassel, E.J., Graham, S.A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2009b, Cenozoic tectonic and topographic evolution of the northern Sierra Nevada, California, through stable isotope paleoaltimetry in volcanic glass: Geology, v. 37, p. 547-550, doi:10.1130/G25572A.1.
30. Cassel, E.J., Graham, S.A., Chamberlain, C.P., and Henry, C.D., 2012, Early Cenozoic topography, morphology, and tectonics of the northern Sierra Nevada and western Basin and Range: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 229-249, doi:10.1130/GES00671.1.
31. Castor, S.B., Boden, D.R., Henry, C.D., Cline, J.S., Hofstra , A.H., McIntosh, W.C., Tosdal, R.M., and Wooden, J.P., 2003, Geology of the Eocene Tuscarora volcanichosted, epithermal precious metal district, Elko County, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 339-366.
32. Cather, S.M., Dunbar, N.W., McDowell, F.W., McIntosh, W.C., and Scholle, P.A., 2009, Climate forcing by iron fertilization from repeated ignimbrite eruptions: The icehouse-silicic large igneous province (SLIP) hypothesis: Geosphere, v. 5, p. 315-324, doi:10.1130 /GES00188.1.
33. Chapin, C.E., Wilks, M., and McIntosh, W.C., 2004, Spacetime patterns of Late Cretaceous to present magmatism in New Mexico-Comparison with Andean volcanism and potential for future volcanism, in Cather, S.M., McIntosh, W.C., and Kelley, S.A., eds., Tectonics, Geochronology, and Volcanism in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande Rift: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin 160, p. 13-40.
34. Christiansen, R.L., 1979, Cooling units and composite sheets in relation to caldera structure, in Chapin, C.E., and Elston, W.E., eds., Ash-Flow Tuffs: Geological Society of America Special Paper 180, p. 29-42.
35. Christiansen, R.L., and Yeats, R.S., 1992, Post-Laramide geology of the U.S. Cordilleran region, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lipman, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 261-406.
36. Colgan, J.P., and Henry, C.D., 2009, Rapid middle Miocene collapse of the Sevier orogenic plateau in north-central Nevada: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 920-961, doi:10.1080/00206810903056731.
37. Colgan, J.P., John, D.A., Henry, C.D., and Fleck, R.J., 2008, Large-magnitude extension of the Eocene Caetano caldera, Shoshone and Toiyabe Ranges, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 107-130, doi:10.1130/GES00115.1.
38. Colgan, J.P., Howard, K.A., Fleck, R.J., and Wooden, J.L., 2010, Rapid middle Miocene extension and unroofing of the southern Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Tectonics, v. 29, TC6022, doi:10.1029/2009TC002655.
39. Colgan, J.P., Egger, A.E., John, D.A., Cousens, B., Fleck, R.J., and Henry, C.D., 2011a, Oligocene and Miocene arc volcanism in northeastern California: Evidence for segmentation of the subducting Farallon plate: Geosphere, v. 7, p. 733-755, doi:10.1130/GES00650.1.
40. Colgan, J.P., Henry, C.D., and John, D.A., 2011b, Geologic map of the Caetano caldera, Lander and Eureka Counties, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 174, scale 1:75,000, 10 p.
41. Coney, P.J., 1978, Mesozoic-Cenozoic Cordilleran plate tectonics, in Smith, R.B., and Eaton, G.P., eds., Cenozoic Tectonics and Regional Geophysics of the Western Cordillera: Geological Society of America Memoir 152, p. 33-50.
42. Coney, P.J., and Reynolds, S.J., 1977, Cordilleran Benioff zones: Nature, v. 270, p. 403-406, doi:10.1038/270403a0.
43. Cousens, B., Prytulak, J., Henry, C., Alcazar, A., and Brownrigg, T., 2008, Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Miocene-Pliocene Ancestral Cascades arc, northern Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada: The roles of the upper mantle, subducting slab, and the Sierra Nevada lithosphere: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 829-853, doi:10.1130/GES00166.1.
44. Cousens, B., Henry, C.D., Stevens, C., and Varve, S., 2011, Multiple magmatic events over 40 Ma in the Fish Creek Mountains, north-central Great Basin, Nevada, USA: Abstract V21C-2518 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 5-9 December.
45. Crafford, A.E.J., 2007, Geologic map of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 249, CD-ROM, 46 p., 1 plate.
46. DeCelles, P.G., 2004, Late Jurassic to Eocene evolution of the Cordilleran thrust belt and foreland basin system, western USA: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 105-168, doi:10.2475/ajs.304.2.105.
47. Deino, A.L., 1985, Stratigraphy, chemistry, K-Ar dating, and paleomagnetism of the Nine Hill Tuff, Calfiornia- Nevada: Part I [unpub. Ph.D. thesis]: Berkeley, University of California, 338 p.
48. Deino, A.L., 1989, Single crystal 40Ar/39Ar dating as an aid in correlation of ash flows: Examples from the Chimney Springs/New Pass Tuffs and the Nine Hill/Bates Mountain Tuffs of California and Nevada: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Continental Magmatism Abstracts, v. 131, p. 70.
49. de Silva S., 2008, Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanoes: Geology, v. 36, p. 671-672, doi:10.1130 /focus082008.1.
50. Dickinson, W.R., 2006, Geotectonic evolution of the Great Basin: Geosphere, v. 2, p. 353-368, doi:10.1130 /GES00054.1.
51. Dickinson, W.R., and Snyder, W.S., 1978, Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny, in Matthews, V., III, ed., Laramide Folding Associated with Basement Block Faulting in the Western United States: Geological Society of America Memoir 151, p. 355-366.
52. Dilek, Y., and Moores, E.M., 1999, A Tibetan model for the early Tertiary western United States: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 156, p. 929-941, doi:10.1144 /gsjgs.156.5.0929.
53. Dilles, J.H., and Gans, P.B., 1995, The chronology of Cenozoic volcanism and deformation in the Yerington area, western Basin and Range and Walker Lane: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 474-486, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1995)1070474:TCOCVA2.3.CO;2.
54. Doebrich, J.L., 1995, Geology and mineral deposits of the Antler Peak 7.5-minute quadrangle, Lander County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 109, 44 p.
55. Druschke, P., Hanson, A.D., and Wells, M.L., 2009, Structural, stratigraphic, and geochronologic evidence for extension predating Palaeogene volcanism in the Sevier hinterland, east-central Nevada: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 743-775, doi:10.1080 /00206810902917941.
56. du Bray, E.A., Ressel, M.W., and Barnes, C.G., 2007, Geochemical database for intrusive rocks of north-central and northeastern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 244, CD-ROM.
57. Eckberg, E.E., Hitzman, M., Manydeeds, S., and Nelson, E.P., 2005, Evidence for pre-Walker Lane extension in the Copper Hills area, NW Gillis Range, Mineral County, Nevada, in Rhoden, H.N., Steininger, R.C., and Vikre, P.G., eds., Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005: Window into the World, Reno, Nevada, May 2005, p. 315-326.
58. Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1976, Ash-flow fissure vent in west-central Nevada: Geology, v. 4, p. 247-251, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4247:AFVIWN2.0.CO;2.
59. Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1985, Geologic map of the Gabbs Mountain, Mount Ferguson, Luning, and Sunrise Flat quadrangles, Mineral and Nye Counties, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1577, scale 1:48,000.
60. Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1986a, Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1576, scale 1:48,000.
61. Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1986b, Geologic map of the Win Wan Flat, Kinkaid NW, Kinkaid, and Indian Head Peak quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1578, scale 1:48,000.
62. Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1986c, Geologic map of the Mount Annie NE, Annie, Ramsey Spring, and Mount Annie SE quadrangles, Mineral and Nye Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1579, scale 1:48,000.
63. Ekren, E.B., Anderson, R.E., Rogers, C.L., and Noble, D.C., 1971, Geology of northern Nellis Air Force Base Bombing and Gunnery Range, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 651, 91 p.
64. Ekren, E.B., Quinlivan, W.D., Snyder, R.P., and Kleinhampl, F.J., 1974, Stratigraphy, structure, and geologic history of the Lunar Lake caldera of northern Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, p. 599-608.
65. Ekren, E.B., Byers, F.M., Jr., Hardyman, R.F., Marvin, R.F., and Silberman, M.L., 1980, Stratigraphy, preliminary petrology, and some structural features of Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Gabbs Valley and Gillis Ranges, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1464, 54 p.
66. Emmons, D.L., and Eng, T.L., 1995, Geologic map of the McCoy mining district, Lander County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 103, 12 p., 2 plates.
67. English, J.M., Johnston, S.T., and Wang, K., 2003, Thermal modeling of the Laramide orogeny: Testing the flat-slab subduction hypothesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 619-632, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00399-6.
68. Ernst, W.G., 2010, Young convergent-margin orogens, climate, and crustal thickness--A Late Cretaceous- Paleogene Nevadaplano in the American Southwest?: Lithosphere, v. 2, p. 67-75, doi:10.1130/L84.1.
69. Ewart, E., 1982, The mineralogy and petrology of Tertiary- Recent orogenic volcanic rocks with special reference to the andesite-basaltic composition range, in Thorpe, R.S., ed., Andesites: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 25-87.
70. Farmer, G.L., Bailley, T., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T., 2008, Mantle source volumes and the origin of the mid- Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up in the southern Rocky Mountains, western U.S.: Lithos, v. 102, p. 279-294, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.08.014.
71. Faulds, J.E., and Henry, C.D., 2008, Tectonic influences on the spatial and temporal evolution of the Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the evolving Pacific- North American plate boundary, in Spencer , J.E., and Titley, S.R., eds., Ores and Orogenesis: Circum-Pacific Tectonics, Geologic Evolution, and Ore Deposits: Arizona Geological Society Digest 22, p. 437-470.
72. Faulds, J.E., Henry, C.D., and Hinz, N.H., 2005a, Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific-North American plate boundary: Geology, v. 33, p. 505-508, doi:10.1130/G21274.1.
73. Faulds, J.E., Henry, C.D., Hinz, N.H., Drakos, P.S., and Delwiche, B., 2005b, Transect across the northern Walker Lane, northwest Nevada and northeast California: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific- North American plate boundary, in Pederson, J.L., and Dehler, C.M., eds. Interior Western United States: Geological Society of America Field Guide 6, p. 129-150.
74. Ferguson, H.G., 1921, The Round Mountain district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 725-I, p. 383-406.
75. Ferrari, L., Valencia Moreno, M., and Bryant, S., 2007, Magmatism and tectonics of the Sierra Madre Occidental and its relation with the evolution of the western margin of North America, in Alaniz-Álvarez, S.A., and Nieto-Samaniego, Á.F., eds., Geology of México: Celebrating the Centenary of the Geological Society of México: Geological Society of America Special Paper 422, p. 1-40, doi:10.1130
76. Fisher, F.S., McIntyre, D.H., and Johnson, K.M., 1992, compilers, Geologic map of the Challis 1°× 2°quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1819, scale 1:250,000.
77. Fosdick, J.C., and Colgan, J.P., 2008, Miocene extension in the East Range, Nevada: A two-stage history of normal faulting in the northern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 1198-1213, doi: 10.1130/B26201.1.
78. Fridrich, C.J., and Thompson, R.A., 2011, Cenozoic tectonic reorganizations of the Death Valley region, southeast California and southwest Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1783, 36 p.
79. Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, W.J., Ellis, D.J., and Frost, C.D., 2001, A geochemical classifi-cation for granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, p. 2033-2048, doi:10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033.
80. Gans, P.B., Mahood, G.A., and Schermer, E., 1989, Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range province: A case study from the eastern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Special Paper 233, 53 p.
81. Garside, L.J., Henry, C.D., and Boden, D.R., 2002, Far-flung ash-flow tuffs of Yerington, western Nevada, erupted from calderas in the Toquima Range, central Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 34, no. 6, p. 44.
82. Garside, L.J., Castor, S.B., dePolo, C.M., and Davis, D.A., 2003, Geologic map of the Fraser Flat quadrangle and the west half of the Moses Rock quadrangle, Washoe County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 146, scale 1:24,000, 25 p.
83. Garside, L.J., Henry, C.D., Faulds, J.E., and Hinz, N.H., 2005, The upper reaches of the Sierra Nevada auriferous gold channels, California and Nevada, in Rhoden, H.N., Steininger, R.C., and Vikre, P.G., eds., Window to the World: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium, Reno, Nevada, p. 209-235.
84. Giggenbach, W.F., 1997, The origin and evolution of fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (third edition): New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 737-796.
85. Gilbert, H., 2012, Crustal structure and signatures of recent tectonism as influenced by ancient terranes in the western United States: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 141-157, doi: 10.1130/GES00720.1.
86. Gill, J., 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics: New York, Springer-Verlag, 390 p.
87. Gilluly, J., and Gates, O., 1965, Tectonic and igneous geology of the northern Shoshone Range, Nevada, with sections on Gravity in Crescent Valley, by D. Plouff, and Economic geology, by K.B. Ketner: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 465, 153 p.
88. Glazner, A.F., Coleman, D.S., and Bartley, J.M., 2008, The tenuous connection between high-silica rhyolites and granodiorite plutons: Geology, v. 36, p. 183-186, doi: 10.1130/G24496A.1.
89. Gonsior, Z.J., 2006, The timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting in the southern Tobin Range, Pershing County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 06-4, 64 p.
90. Gonsior, Z.J., and Dilles, J.H., 2008, Timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting and magmatism in the southern Tobin Range, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 687-712, doi:10.1130/GES00137.1.
91. Griggs, R.F., 1922, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 341 p.
92. Gromme, C.S., McKee, E.H., and Blake, M.C., Jr., 1972, Paleomagnetic correlations and potassium-argon dating of middle Cenozoic ash-flow sheets in the eastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1619-1638, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1619:PCAPDO]2.0.CO;2.
93. Hardyman, R.F., 1980, Geologic map of the Gillis Canyon quadrangle, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1237, scale 1:48,000.
94. Hardyman, R.F., and Oldow, J.S., 1991, Tertiary tectonic framework and Cenozoic history of the central Walker Lane, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Great Basin: Symposium Proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological Survey, p. 279-301.
95. Hardyman, R.F., Brooks, W.E., Blaskowski, M.J., Barton , H.N., and Ponce, D.A., 1988, Mineral resources of the Clan Alpine Mountains wilderness study area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1727-B, 16 p., 1 plate.
96. Hedenquist, J.W., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1994, The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits: Nature, v. 370, p. 519-527, doi:10.1038/370519a0.
97. Henley, R.W., and Ellis, A.J., 1983, Geothermal systems ancient and modern: A geochemical review: Earth- Science Reviews, v. 19, p. 1-50, doi:10.1016/0012-8252(83)90075-2.
98. Henry, C.D., 1996a, Geologic map of the Bell Canyon quadrangle, western Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Field Studies Map 11, scale 1:24,000.
99. Henry, C.D., 1996b, Geologic map of the Bell Mountain quadrangle, western Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Field Studies Map 12, scale 1:24,000.
100. Henry, C.D., 1997, Recent progress in understanding caldera development and mineralization in the southern Toquima Range near Round Mountain, Nevada, in Margolis, J., ed., Low-Sulfidation Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposits of West-Central Nevada: Geological Society of Nevada Special Publication 26, p. 241-246.
101. Henry, C.D., 2008, Ash-flow tuffs and paleovalleys in northeastern Nevada: Implications for Eocene paleogeography and extension in the Sevier hinterland, northern Great Basin: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 1-35, doi:10.1130 /GES00122.1.
102. Henry, C.D., and Faulds, J.E., 2010, Ash-flow tuffs in the Nine Hill, Nevada, paleovalley and implications for tectonism and volcanism of the western Great Basin, USA: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 339-369, doi:10.1130/GES00548.1.
103. Henry, C.D., and McDowell, F.W., 1986, Geochronology of magmatism in the Tertiary volcanic field, Trans-Pecos Texas, in Price, J. G., Henry, C.D., Parker, D.F, and Barker, D.S., eds., Igneous Geology of Trans-Pecos Texas: University of Texas at Austin Bureau of Economic Geology Guidebook 23, p. 99-122.
104. Henry, C.D., and Ressel, M.W., 2000, Eocene magmatism and its role in generating sediment-hosted gold deposits of the Carlin trend: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2000 Field Trip Guidebook 4, 223 p.
105. Henry, C.D., Kunk, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1359-1376, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)1061359:AACAVO2.3.CO;2.
106. Henry, C.D., Castor, S.B., and Elson, H.B., 1996, Geology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of volcanism and mineralization at Round Mountain, Nevada, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds, Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, April 1995, p. 283-307.
107. Henry, C.D., Elson, H.B., McIntosh, W.C., Heizler, M.T., and Castor, S.B., 1997, Brief duration of hydrothermal activity at Round Mountain, Nevada determined from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 92, p. 807-826, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.7-8.807.
108. Henry, C.D., Faulds, J.E., dePolo, C.M., and Davis, D.A., 2004, Geology of the Dogskin Mountain quadrangle, northern Walker Lane, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 148, scale 1:24,000, 13 p.
109. Henry, C.D., Cousens, B., John, D.A., and Colgan, J.P., 2009a, Reestablishment of the Ancestral Cascades arc in western Nevada and eastern California by rollback of the shallow Farallon slab: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 90, no. 52, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V41B-2175.
110. Henry, C.D., Ramelli, A.R., and Faulds, J.E., 2009b, Geologic map of the Seven Lakes Mountain quadrangle, Washoe County, Nevada, and the eastern part of the Constantia quadrangle, Lassen County, California: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 164, scale 1:24,000, 27 p.
111. Henry, C.D., McIntosh, W.C., McDowell, F.W., Lipman, P.W., Chapin, C.E., and Richardson, M.T., 2010, Distribution, timing, and controls of the mid-Cenozoic ignimbrite flare up in western North America: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 5, p. 144.
112. Henry, C.D., McGrew, A.J., Colgan, J.P., Snoke, A.W., and Brueseke, M.E., 2011, Timing, distribution, amount, and style of Cenozoic extension in the northern Great Basin, in Lee, J., and Evans, J.P., eds., Geologic Field Trips to the Basin and Range, Rocky Mountains, Snake River Plain, and Terranes of the U.S. Cordillera: Geological Society of America Field Guide 21, p. 27-66.
113. Henry, C.D., Hinz, N.H., Faulds, J.E., Colgan, J.P., John, D.A., Brooks, E.R., Cassel, E.J., Garside, L.J., Davis, D.A., and Castor, S.B., 2012a, Eocene-Early Miocene paleotopography of the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin- Nevadaplano based on widespread ash-flow tuffs and paleovalleys: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 1-27, doi:10.1130/GES00727.1.
114. Henry, C.D., McIntosh, W.C., McDowell, F.W., Lipman, P.W., and Chapin, C.E., 2012b, The Cenozoic ignimbrite flareup in western North America: Distribution, timing, volume, and tectonic relations: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 44, no. 3, p. 21.
115. Hildreth, W., 1981, Gradients in silicic magma chambers: Implications for lithospheric magmatism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10,153-10,192, doi:10.1029/JB086iB11p10153.
116. Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., 1988, Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of central Chile: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, p. 455-489, doi:10.1007/BF00372365.
117. Hinz, N.H., Faulds, J.E., and Henry, C.D., 2009, Tertiary volcanic stratigraphy and paleotopography of the Diamond and Fort Sage Mountains: Constraining slip along the Honey Lake fault zone in the northern Walker Lane, northeastern California and western Nevada, in Oldow, J.S., and Cashman, P.H., eds., Late Cenozoic Structure and Evolution of the Great Basin-Sierra Nevada Transition: Geological Society of America Special Paper 447, p. 101-131.
118. Howard, K.A., 2010, Caldera collapse: Perspectives from comparing GalÁpagos volcanoes, nuclear-test sinks, sandbox models, and volcanoes on Mars: GSA Today, v. 20, no. 10, p. 4-10, doi:10.1130/GSATG82A.1.
119. Huber, C., Bachmann, O., and Dufek, J., 2012, Crystal-poor versus crystal-rich ignimbrites: A competition between stirring and reactivation: Geology, v. 40, p. 115-118.
120. Hudson, M.R., John, D.A., Conrad, J.E., and McKee, E.H., 2000, Style and age of late Oligocene-early Miocene deformation in the southern Stillwater Range, west central Nevada: Paleomagnetism, geochronology, and field relations: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 929-954, doi:10.1029/1999JB900338.
121. Humphreys, E.D., 1995, Post-Laramide removal of the Farallon slab, western United States: Geology, v. 23, p. 987-990, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)0230987:PLROTF2.3.CO;2.
122. Humphreys, E.D., Hessler, E., Dueker, K., Farmer, G.L., Erslev, E., and Atwater, T., 2003, How Laramide-age hydration of North American lithosphere by the Farallon slab controlled subsequent activity in the western United States: International Geology Review, v. 45, p. 575-595, doi:10.2747/0020-6814.45.7.575.
123. Janecke, S.U., Hammond, B.F., Snee, L.W., and Geissman, J.W., 1997, Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 253-267, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)1090253:REIAEV2.3.CO;2.
124. John, D.A., 1992a, Stratigraphy, regional distribution, and reconnaissance geochemistry of Oligocene and Miocene volcanic rocks in the Paradise Range and northern Pactolus Hills, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1974, 67 p.
125. John, D.A., 1992b, Late Cenozoic volcanotectonic evolution of the southern Stillwater Range, west-central Nevada, in Craig, S.D., ed., Structure, Tectonics, and Mineralization of the Walker Lane: Walker Lane Symposium, Proceedings Volume: Reno, Nevada, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 64-92.
126. John, D.A., 1992c, Chemical analyses of granitic rocks in the Reno 1°by 2°quadrangle and in the northern Pine Nut Mountains, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-246, 35 p.
127. John, D.A., 1993, Geologic map of the Job Peak quadrangle, Churchill County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Field Studies Map 5, scale 1:24,000, 8 p.
128. John, D.A., 1995, Tilted middle Tertiary ash-flow calderas and subjacent granitic plutons, southern Stillwater Range, Nevada: Cross-sections of an Oligocene igneous center: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 180-200, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1995)1070180:TMTAFC2.3.CO;2.
129. John, D.A., 1997, Geology of the Wonder Mountain quadrangle, Churchill County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 109, scale 1:24,000.
130. John, D.A., 2001, Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, USA: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to magmatism: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 96, p. 1827-1853.
131. John, D.A., and Pickthorn, W.J., 1996, Alteration and stable isotope studies of a deep meteoric-hydrothermal system in the Job Canyon caldera and IXL pluton, southern Stillwater Range, Nevada, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, April 1995, p. 733-756.
132. John, D.A., and Silberling, N.J., 1994, Geologic map of the La Plata Canyon quadrangle, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1710, scale 1:24,000, 8 p.
133. John, D.A., Henry, C.D., and Colgan, J.P., 2008, Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, northcentral Nevada: A tilted, mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 75-106, doi:10.1130/GES00116.1.
134. John, D.A., Colgan, J.P., Henry, C.D., and Wooden, J.L., 2009, Prolonged Eocene magmatism culminating with the Caetano caldera, Cortez area, Nevada: Inferences from SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 90, no. 52, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V41B-2187.
135. John, D.A., Rockwell, B.W., Henry, C.D., and Colgan, J.P., 2011, Hydrothermal alteration of the late Eocene Caetano ash-flow caldera, north-central Nevada: A field and ASTER remote sensing study, in Steininger, R., and Pennell, B., eds., Great Basin Evolution and Metallogeny Proceedings, Geological Society of Nevada 2010 Symposium, Reno, Nevada, p. 1055-1083.
136. John, D.A., du Bray, E.A., Blakely, R.J., Fleck, R.J., Vikre, P.G., Box, S.E., and Moring, B.C., 2012, Miocene magmatism in the Bodie Hills volcanic field, California and Nevada: A long-lived eruptive center in the southern segment of the ancestral Cascades arc: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 44-97, doi:10.1130/GES00674.1.
137. Johnston, M.K., Thompson, T.B., Emmons, D.L., and Jones, K., 2008, Geology of the Cove mine, Lander County, Nevada, and a genetic model for the McCoy-Cove hydrothermal system: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 103, p. 759-782, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.4.759.
138. Kelson, C.R., Crowe, D.E., and Stein, H.J., 2008, Geochemical and geochronological constraints on mineralization within the Hilltop, Lewis, and Bullion mining districts, Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 103, p. 1483-1506, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.7.1483.
139. Kennedy, B., Stix, J., Vallance, J.W., Lavallée, Y., and Longpre, M.-A., 2004, Controls on caldera structure: Results from analog sandbox modeling: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 515-524, doi: 10.1130/B25228.1.
140. Kistler, R.W., 1990, Two different lithosphere types in the Sierra Nevada, California, in Anderson, J.L., ed., The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism: Geological Society of America Memoir 174, p. 271-281.
141. Kuiper, K.F., Deino, A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Renne, P.R., and Wijbrans, J.R., 2008, Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history: Science, v. 320, p. 500-504, doi:10.1126/science.1154339.
142. Le Maitre, R.W., 1989, A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms: Boston, Blackwell Scientific, 193 p.
143. Lipman, P.W., 1984, Roots of ash flow calderas in western North America: Windows into the tops of granitic batholiths: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 8801-8841, doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08801.
144. Lipman, P.W., 1992, Magmatism in the Cordilleran United States: Progress and problems, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lipman, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 481-514.
145. Lipman, P.W., 2007, Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field: Geosphere, v. 3, p. 42-70, doi:10.1130/GES00061.1.
146. Lipman, P.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2008, Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from?: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 771-795, doi:10.1130/B26330.1.
147. Lipman, P.W., Steven, T.A., and Mehnert, H.H., 1970, Vol canic history of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, as indicated by potassium-argon dating: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 2329-2352, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1970)81[2329:VHOTSJ]2.0.CO;2.
148. Lipman, P.W., Prostka, H.J., and Christiansen, R.L., 1972, Cenozoic volcanism and plate tectonic evolution of western United States, Part 1: Early and middle Cenozoic: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, v. 271, p. 217-248, doi:10.1098/ rsta.1972.0008.
149. Long, S.P., 2012, Magnitudes and spatial patterns of erosional exhumation in the Sevier hinterland, eastern Nevada and western Utah, USA: Insights from a Paleogene paleogeologic map: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 881-901, doi:10.1130/GES00783.1.
150. McDowell, F.W., comp., 2007, Geologic transect across the northern Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic field, Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico: Geological Society of America Digital Map and Chart Series 6, doi: 10.1130/2007.DMCH006.
151. McDowell, F.W., and Clabaugh, S.E., 1979, Ignimbrites of the Sierra Madre Occidental and their relation to the tectonic history of western Mexico, in Chapin, C.E., and Elston, W.E., eds., Ash-Flow Tuffs: Geological Society of America Special Paper 180, p. 113-124.
152. McDowell, F.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2012, Timing of intense magmatic episodes in the northern and central Sierra Madre Occidental, western Mexico: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 44, no. 3, p. 21.
153. McGrew, A.J., and Snee, L.W., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Tectonophysics, v. 238, p. 425-450, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1.
154. McGrew, A.J., Peters, M.T., and Wright, J.E., 2000, Thermobarometric constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 45-60, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (2000)11245:TCOTTE2.0.CO;2.
155. McIntosh, W.C., and Chapin, C.E., 2004, Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field, in Cather, S.M., McIntosh, W.C., and Kelley, S.A., eds., Tec tonics, Geochronology, and Volcanism in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande Rift: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin 160, p. 205-238.
156. McIntosh, W.C., Chapin, C.E., Ratté, J.C., and Sutter, J.F., 1992, Time stratigraphic framework for the Eocene- Oligocene Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, southwest New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 851-871, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)1040851:TSFFTE2.3.CO;2.
157. McIntosh, W.C., Heizler, M., Peters, L., and Esser, R., 2003, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Report OF-AR-1, 10 p.
158. McKee, E.H., 1968, Geologic map of the Ackerman Canyon quadrangle, Lander and Eureka Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-761, scale 1:24,000.
159. McKee, E.H., 1970, Fish Creek Mountains Tuff and volcanic center, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 681, 17 p.
160. McKee, E.H., 1971, Tertiary igneous chronology of the Great Basin of the western United States-Implications for tectonic models: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 3497-3502, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3497:TICOTG]2.0.CO;2.
161. McKee, E.H., 1974, Northumberland caldera and Northumberland Tuff, in Guidebook to the Geology of Four Tertiary Volcanic Centers in Central Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report 19, p. 35-41.
162. McKee, E.H., 1976, Geology of the northern part of the Toquima Range, Lander, Eureka, and Nye Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 931, 49 p.
163. McKee, E.H., and Conrad, J.E., 1987, Geologic map of the Desatoya Mountains wilderness study area, Churchill and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1944, scale 1:62,500.
164. McKee, E.H., and Stewart, J.H., 1971, Stratigraphy and potassium-argon ages of some Tertiary tuffs from Lander and Churchill Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1311-B, 28 p.
165. Miller, C.F., and Wark, D.A., 2008, Supervolcanoes and their explosive supereruptions: Elements, v. 4, p. 11-15, doi:10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.11.
166. Mills, B.A., Boden, D.R., and Sander, M.V., 1988, Alteration and precious metal mineralization associated with the Toquima caldera complex, Nye County, Nevada, in Schafer, R.W., Cooper, J.J., and Vikre, P.G., eds., Bulk- Mineable Precious Metals Deposits of the Western United States: Symposium Proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 303-332.
167. Min, K., Mundil, R., Renne, P.R., and Ludwig, K.R., 2000, A test for systematic errors in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology through comparison with U/Pb analysis of a 1.1 Ga rhyolite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 73-98, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00204-5.
168. Mix, H.T., Mulch, A., Kent-Corson, M.L., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2011, Cenozoic migration of topography in the North American Cordillera: Geology, v. 39, p. 87-90, doi:10.1130/G31450.1.
169. Molnar, P., 2010, Deuterium and oxygen isotopes, paleoelevations of the Sierra Nevada, and Cenozoic climate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1106-1115, doi:10.1130/B30001.1.
170. Moore, S.C., and Henry, C.D., 2010, Preliminary geologic map of the northeastern margin of the Caetano caldera, Lander County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 10-10, scale 1:6000.
171. Moore, T.E., and O'Sullivan, P.B., 2005, Miocene gold mineralization and exhumation of the southern Shoshone Range, north-central Nevada, in Rhoden, H.N., Steininger, R.C., and Vikre, P.G., eds., Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005: Window to the World, Reno, Nevada, May 2005, p. 103-123.
172. Mueller, K.J., Cerveny, P.K., Perkins, M.E., and Snee, L.W., 1999, Chronology of polyphase extension in the Windermere Hills, northeast Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 11-27, doi:10.1130/0016 -7606(1999)1110011:COPEIT2.3.CO;2.
173. Mulch, A., Graham, S.A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2006, Hydrogen isotopes in Eocene river gravels and paleoelevation of the Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 313, p. 87-89, doi:10.1126/science.1125986.
174. Mulch, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Perkins, M.E., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2008, A Miocene to Pleistocene climate and elevation record of the Sierra Nevada (California): National Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 105, p. 6819-6824, doi:10.1073pnas.0708811105.105.
175. Muntean, J.L., Cline, J.S., Simon, A.C., and Longo, A.A., 2011, Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of Nevada's Carlin-type gold deposits: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, p. 122-127, doi:10.1038/ngeo1064.
176. Noble, D.C., 1972, Some observations on the Cenozoic volcano-tectonic evolution of the Great Basin, western United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 17, p. 142-150, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(72)90269-5.
177. Oldow, J.S., 1984, Evolution of a late Mesozoic back-arc fold and thrust belt, northwestern Great Basin, U.S.A: Tectonophysics, v. 102, p. 245-274, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(84)90016-7.
178. Oldow, J.S., 1992, Late Cenozoic displacement partitioning in the northwestern Great Basin, in Craig, S.D., ed., Structure, Tectonics, and Mineralization of the Walker Lane: Walker Lane Symposium, Proceedings Volume: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 17-52.
179. Page, B.M., 1959, Geology of the Candelaria mining district, Mineral County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin 56, 67 p.
180. Page, B.M., 1965, Preliminary geologic map of a part of the Stillwater Range, Churchill County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines Map 28, scale 1:125,000.
181. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956-983, doi:10.1093/petrology/25.4.956.
182. Petronis, M.S., and Geissman, J.W., 2009, Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data bearing on the transport direction of mid-Tertiary regional ignimbrites, Candelaria Hills area, west-central Nevada: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 71, p. 121-151, doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0212-3.
183. Petronis, M.S., Geissman, J.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2004, Transitional field clusters from uppermost Oligocene volcanic rocks in the central Walker Lane, western Nevada: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 141, p. 207-238, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.12.004.
184. Petronis, M.S., Geissman, J.W., Oldow, J.S., and McIntosh, W.C., 2009, Late Miocene to Pliocene vertical-axis rotation attending development of the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain displacement transfer zone, west-central Nevada, in Oldow, J.S., and Cashman, P.H., eds., Late Cenozoic Structure and Evolution of the Great Basin-Sierra Nevada Transition: Geological Society of America Special Paper 447, p. 215-253.
185. Presnell, R.D., 1998, Structural controls on the plutonism and metallogeny in the Wasatch and Oquirrh Mountains, Utah, in John, D.A., and Ballantyne, G.H., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook 29, p. 1-10.
186. Proffett, J.M., Jr., 1977, Cenozoic geology of the Yerington district, Nevada, and implications for the nature and origin of Basin and Range faulting: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 247-266, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88247:CGOTYD2.0.CO;2.
187. Proffett, J.M., Jr., and Dilles, J.H., 1984, Geologic map of the Yerington district, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 77, scale 1:24,000.
188. Proffett, J.M., Jr., and Dilles, J.H., 2008, Lower Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Yerington region, Nevada, and their regional context, in Wright, J.E., and Shervais, J.W., eds., Ophiolites, Arcs, and Batholiths: A Tribute to Cliff Hopson: Geological Society of America Special Paper 438, p. 251-288.
189. Proffett, J.M., and Proffett, B., 1976, Stratigraphy of the Tertiary ash-flow tuffs in the Yerington District, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report 27, 28 p.
190. Ressel, M.W., and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin trend, Nevada: Development of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 101, p. 347-383, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.101.2.347.
191. Richards, J.P., 2009, Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: Products of remelting of subduction- modified lithosphere: Geology, v. 37, p. 247- 250, doi:10.1130/G25451A.1.
192. Riehle, J.R., McKee, E.H., and Speed, R.C., 1972, Tertiary volcanic center, west-central Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1383-1396, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1383:TVCWN]2.0.CO;2.
193. Roberts, R.J., 1964, Stratigraphy and structure of the Antler Peak quadrangle, Humboldt and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 459-A, 93 p.
194. Roberts, R.J., Crittenden, M.D., Jr., Tooker, E.W., Morris, H.T., Hose, R.K., and Cheney, T.M., 1965, Pennsylvanian and Permian basins in northwestern Utah, northeastern Nevada and south-central Idaho: The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 49, p. 1926-1956.
195. Robinson, P.T., and Stewart, J.H., 1984, Uppermost Oligocene and lowermost Miocene ash-flow tuffs of western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1557, 53 p.
196. Rodriguez, B.D., and Williams, J.M., 2008, Tracking the Archean-Proterozoic suture zone in the northeastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 315-328, doi:10.1130/GES00120.1.
197. Samson, S.D., and Alexander, E.C., Jr., 1987, Calibration of the interlaboratory 40Ar/39Ar dating standard, MMhb-1: Chemical Geology Isotope Geoscience, v. 66, p. 27-34, doi:10.1016/0168-9622(87)90025-X.
198. Sander, M.V., and Einaudi, M.T., 1990, Epithermal deposition of gold during transition from propylitic to potassic alteration at Round Mountain, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 85, p. 285-311, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.2.285.
199. Sargent, K.A., and McKee, E.H., 1969, The Bates Mountain Tuff in northern Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1294-E, 12 p.
200. Sawyer, D.A., Fleck, R.J., Lanphere, M.A., Warren, R.G., Broxton, D.E., and Hudson, M.R., 1994, Episodic caldera volcanism in the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Revised stratigraphic framework, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and implications for magmatism and extension: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1304-1318, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1994)1061304:ECVITM2.3.CO;2.
201. Schweickert, R.A., and Lahren, M.M., 1990, Speculative reconstruction of the Mojave-Snow Lake fault: Implications for Paleozoic and Mesozoic orogenesis in the western United States: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 1609-1629, doi:10.1029/TC009i006p01609.
202. Seedorff, E., 1991, Magmatism, extension, and ore deposits of Eocene to Holocene age in the Great Basin-Mutual effects and preliminary proposed genetic relationships, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Great Basin: Geologic Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, Reno, Nevada, p. 133-178.
203. Shawe, D.R., 1995, Geologic map of the Round Mountain quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1756, scale 1:24,000.
204. Shawe, D.R., 1998, Geologic map of the Belmont West quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1801, scale 1:24,000.
205. Shawe, D.R., 1999a, Geologic map of the Manhattan quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1775, scale 1:24,000.
206. Shawe, D.R., 1999b, Geologic map of the Jefferson quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2670, scale 1:24,000.
207. Shawe, D.R., 2002, Geologic map of part of the southern Toquima Range and adjacent areas, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2327-A, scale 1:48,000.
208. Shawe, D.R., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1999, Geologic map of the Belmont East quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2675, scale 1:24,000.
209. Shawe, D.R., and Snyder, D.B., 1988, Ash-flow eruptive megabreccias of the Manhattan and Mount Jefferson calderas, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1471, 28 p.
210. Shawe, D.R., Marvin, R.F., Andriessen, P.A.M., Mehnert, H.H., and Merritt, V.M., 1986, Ages of igneous and hydrothermal events in the Round Mountain and Manhattan gold districts, Nye County, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 81, p. 388-407, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo. 81.2.388.
211. Shawe, D.R., Hardyman, R.F., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 2000, Geologic map of the Corcoran Canyon quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2680, scale 1:24,000.
212. Simmons, S.F., and Browne, P.R.L., 2000, Hydrothermal minerals and precious metals in the Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal system: Implications for understanding low-sulfidation epithermal environments: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 95, p. 971-999.
213. Smith, D.L., 1992, History and kinematics of Cenozoic extension in the northern Toiyabe Range, Lander County, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 789-801, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1992)1040789:HAKOCE2.3.CO;2.
214. Snee, L.W., and Rowley, P.D., 2000, New 40Ar/39Ar dates from the Caliente caldera complex, Nevada-Utah: At least 10 million years of Tertiary volcanism in one of the world's largest caldera complexes: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, no. 7, p. A-461.
215. Speed, R.C., and Cogbill, A.H., 1979, Cenozoic volcanism of the Candelaria region, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, Part II, p. 456-493, doi:10.1130/GSAB-P2-90-456.
216. Stewart, J.H., 1979, Geologic map of Miller Mountain and Columbus quadrangles, Mineral and Esmeralda Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 79-1145, scale 1:24,000, 23 p.
217. Stewart, J.H., 1981, Geology map of the Basalt quadrangle, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-369, scale 1:24,000.
218. Stewart, J.H., 1988, Tectonics of the Walker Lane belt, western Great Basin: Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation in a zone of shear, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution of the Western United States: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 681-713.
219. Stewart, J.H., and McKee, E.H., 1968, Geologic map of the Mount Callaghan quadrangle, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-730, scale 1:62,500.
220. Stewart, J.H., McKee, E.H., and Stager, H.K., 1977, Geology and mineral deposits of Lander County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 88, 106 p.
221. Stewart, J.H., Carlson, J.E., and Johannesen, D.C., 1983, Geologic map of the Walker Lake 1°by 2°quadrangle, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1382-A, scale 1:250,000.
222. Stewart, J.H., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Myer, C.E., and Wan, E., 1999, Stratigraphy, tephrochronology, and structural setting of Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Cobble Cuesta area, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-352, 21 p.
223. Streckeisen, A., 1976, To each plutonic rock its proper name: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 12, p. 1-33, doi: 10.1016/0012-8252(76)90052-0.
224. Sun, S.-S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society of London Special Publication 42, p. 313-345, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
225. Surpless, B.E., Stockli, D.F., Dumitru, T.A., and Miller, E.L., 2002, Two-phase westward encroachment of Basin and Range extension into the northern Sierra Nevada: Tectonics, v. 21, p. 2-1 to 2-13.
226. Tappa, M.J., Coleman, D.S., Mills, R.D., and Samperton, K.M., 2011, The plutonic record of a silicic ignimbrite from the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 12, Q10011, doi: 10.1029/2011GC003700.
227. Theodore, T.G., 2000, Geology of pluton-related gold mineralization at Battle Mountain, Nevada: Tucson, Arizona, Center for Mineral Resources, Monographs in Mineral Resource Science No. 2, 271 p.
228. Theodore, T.G., Silberman, M.L., and Blake, D.W., 1973, Geochemistry and K-Ar ages of plutonic rocks in the Battle Mountain mining district, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 798-A, 24 p.
229. Theodore, T.G., Blake, D.W., Loucks, T.A., and Johnson, C.A., 1992, Geology of the Buckingham stockwork molybdenum deposit and surrounding area, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 798-D, 307 p.
230. Tingley, J.V., and Berger, B.R., 1985, Lode gold deposits of Round Mountain, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 100, 62 p.
231. Tosdal, R.M., Wooden, J.L., and Kistler, R.W., 2000, Geom etry of the Neoproterozoic continental breakup, and implications for location of Nevadan mineral belts, in Cluer, J.K., Price, J.G., Struhsacker, E.M., Hardyman, R.F., and Morris, C.L., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits 2000, The Great Basin and Beyond, Symposium Proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 451-466.
232. Vikre, P.G., and Henry, C.D., 2011, Quartz-alunite alteration cells in the ancestral southern Cascades magmatic arc, in Steininger, R., and Pennell, B., eds., Great Basin Evolution and Metallogeny, Proceedings, Geological Society of Nevada, 2010 Symposium Reno, Nevada, p. 701-745.
233. Wakabayashi, J., and Sawyer, T.L., 2001, Stream incision, tectonics, uplift, and evolution of topography of the Sierra Nevada, California: The Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 539-562, doi:10.1086/321962.
234. Watts, K.E., Colgan, J.P., John, D.A., Bindeman, I.N., Schmitt, A.K., and Henry, C.D., 2012a, Large-volume silicic magma genesis at Yellowstone, Heise, and Caetano: Isotope and geochronology insights from three supervolcanoes in the western U.S.A.: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 76, p. 2529.
235. Watts, K.E., Colgan, J.P., John, D.A., and Henry, C.D., 2012b, Petrologic evolution of the Caetano magmatic system: What can we learn from a dissected, 34 Ma caldera in the northern Great Basin, western U.S.A.?: Abstract V43E-06 presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 3-7 December.
236. Wells, J.D., Stoiser, L.R., and Elliot, J.E., 1969, Geology and geochemistry of the Cortez gold deposit: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 64, p. 526-537, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo .64.5.526.
237. Whitebread, D.H., and Hardyman, R.F., 1987, Preliminary geologic map of part of the Cedar Mountains and Royston Hills, Esmeralda and Nye Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-613, scale 1:62,500.
238. Whitebread, D.H., and John, D.A., 1992, Geologic map of the Tonopah 1°by 2°quadrangle, central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1877-A, scale 1:250,000.
239. Whitebread, D.H., Silberling, N.J., Brem, G.F., and Andrews, T.D., 1988, Preliminary geologic map of the eastern half of the Ione quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-48, scale 1:625,000.
240. Wood, D.A., Joron, J.L., and Treuil, M., 1979, A re-appraisal of the use of trace elements to classify and discriminate between magma series erupted in different tectonic settings: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 45, p. 326-336, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(79)90133-X.
241. Zimmerer, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 2012, The geochronology of volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Questa caldera: Constraints on the origin of caldera-related silicic magmas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, p. 1394-1408, doi:10.1130/B30544.1.
242. Zimmerer, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 2013, Geochronologic evidence of upper-crustal in situ differentiation: Silicic magmatism at the Organ caldera complex, New Mexico: Geosphere, v. 9, p. 155-169, doi:10.1130/GES00841.1.