메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1934-1943

Mortality among veterans with type 2 diabetes initiating metformin, sulfonylurea or rosiglitazone monotherapy

Author keywords

Cohort study; Diabetes mellitus; Monotherapy; Mortality; Oral hypoglycaemic medication; Pharmacoepidemiology; Veterans

Indexed keywords

GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIPIZIDE; METFORMIN; ROSIGLITAZONE; 2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE;

EID: 84881567755     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: 14320428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2958-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (42)
  • 2
    • 84856740961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians
    • 22312141 10.7326/0003-4819-156-3-201202070-00011
    • Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P (2012) Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 156:218-231
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 218-231
    • Qaseem, A.1    Humphrey, L.L.2    Sweet, D.E.3    Starkey, M.4    Shekelle, P.5
  • 3
    • 0032511583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)
    • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
    • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837-853
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 837-853
  • 4
    • 37349063760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of glyburide-metformin combination tablet in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • 18063500 10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70044-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjs1aitw%3D%3D
    • Chien HH, Chang CT, Chu NF et al (2007) Effect of glyburide-metformin combination tablet in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Chin Med Assoc 70:473-480
    • (2007) J Chin Med Assoc , vol.70 , pp. 473-480
    • Chien, H.H.1    Chang, C.T.2    Chu, N.F.3
  • 5
    • 0029099086 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group
    • 7623902 10.1056/NEJM199508313330902 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsVanurY%3D
    • DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM (1995) Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N Engl J Med 333:541-549
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 541-549
    • Defronzo, R.A.1    Goodman, A.M.2
  • 6
    • 0043132411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of glyburide/metformin tablets compared with initial monotherapy in type 2 diabetes
    • 12915642 10.1210/jc.2002-021225 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmsFOktr4%3D
    • Garber AJ, Donovan DS Jr, Dandona P, Bruce S, Park JS (2003) Efficacy of glyburide/metformin tablets compared with initial monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3598-3604
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 3598-3604
    • Garber, A.J.1    Donovan, Jr.D.S.2    Dandona, P.3    Bruce, S.4    Park, J.S.5
  • 7
    • 0037363570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group assessment of simultaneous glipizide/metformin as second-line pharmacologic treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that is inadequately controlled by a sulfonylurea
    • 12852706 10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80112-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsFymur0%3D
    • Goldstein BJ, Pans M, Rubin CJ (2003) Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group assessment of simultaneous glipizide/metformin as second-line pharmacologic treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that is inadequately controlled by a sulfonylurea. Clin Ther 25:890-903
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , pp. 890-903
    • Goldstein, B.J.1    Pans, M.2    Rubin, C.J.3
  • 8
    • 33845405222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy
    • 17145742 10.1056/NEJMoa066224 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht12ntrzF
    • Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA et al (2006) Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 355:2427-2443
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2427-2443
    • Kahn, S.E.1    Haffner, S.M.2    Heise, M.A.3
  • 9
    • 0014914649 scopus 로고
    • A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. II. Mortality results
    • 4926376
    • Meinert CL, Knatterud GL, Prout TE, Klimt CR (1970) A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. II. Mortality results. Diabetes 19(Suppl):789-830
    • (1970) Diabetes , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 789-830
    • Meinert, C.L.1    Knatterud, G.L.2    Prout, T.E.3    Klimt, C.R.4
  • 10
    • 34250212715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes
    • 17517853 10.1056/NEJMoa072761 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXms1SisrY%3D
    • Nissen SE, Wolski K (2007) Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 356:2457-2471
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 2457-2471
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Wolski, K.2
  • 11
    • 79956329654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there clear and convincing evidence of cardiovascular risk with rosiglitazone?
    • 21593750 10.1038/clpt.2011.65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtlagtr0%3D
    • Kaul S, Diamond GA (2011) Is there clear and convincing evidence of cardiovascular risk with rosiglitazone? Clin Pharmacol Ther 89:773-776
    • (2011) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.89 , pp. 773-776
    • Kaul, S.1    Diamond, G.A.2
  • 12
    • 79956318656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone and the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes
    • 21593751 10.1038/clpt.2011.43 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtlagtLg%3D
    • Winterstein AG (2011) Rosiglitazone and the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89:776-778
    • (2011) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.89 , pp. 776-778
    • Winterstein, A.G.1
  • 13
    • 79953203593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
    • 21415101 10.1136/bmj.d1309
    • Loke YK, Kwok CS, Singh S (2011) Comparative cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 342:d1309
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.342 , pp. 1309
    • Loke, Y.K.1    Kwok, C.S.2    Singh, S.3
  • 14
    • 77955285732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone revisited: An updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality
    • 20656674 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.207 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVyltr7E
    • Nissen SE, Wolski K (2010) Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 170:1191-1201
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , pp. 1191-1201
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Wolski, K.2
  • 15
    • 34548580881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: A meta-analysis
    • 17848653 10.1001/jama.298.10.1189 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVGmtL3K
    • Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD (2007) Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA 298:1189-1195
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 1189-1195
    • Singh, S.1    Loke, Y.K.2    Furberg, C.D.3
  • 16
    • 77950874655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin and the prevention of death in type 2 diabetes: A nested case-control study
    • 20052677 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlGgs74%3D
    • Azoulay L, Schneider-Lindner V, Dell'aniello S, Schiffrin A, Suissa S (2010) Combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin and the prevention of death in type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19:335-342
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf , vol.19 , pp. 335-342
    • Azoulay, L.1    Schneider-Lindner, V.2    Dell'Aniello, S.3    Schiffrin, A.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 17
    • 25644459350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure
    • 16186261 10.2337/diacare.28.10.2345 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFGqtr3P
    • Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA (2005) Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care 28:2345-2351
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 2345-2351
    • Eurich, D.T.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    McAlister, F.A.3    Tsuyuki, R.T.4    Johnson, J.A.5
  • 18
    • 33646422782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin
    • 16525843 10.1007/s00125-006-0176-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvFWrt7o%3D
    • Evans JM, Ogston SA, Emslie-Smith A, Morris AD (2006) Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin. Diabetologia 49:930-936
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 930-936
    • Evans, J.M.1    Ogston, S.A.2    Emslie-Smith, A.3    Morris, A.D.4
  • 19
    • 2642580716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects prescribed metformin and sulphonylurea drugs in combination: Cohort study
    • 15133756 10.1002/dmrr.457 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFOlu7k%3D
    • Gulliford M, Latinovic R (2004) Mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects prescribed metformin and sulphonylurea drugs in combination: cohort study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 20:239-245
    • (2004) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.20 , pp. 239-245
    • Gulliford, M.1    Latinovic, R.2
  • 20
    • 0038279359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes
    • 12453968 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2244 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1Kks7s%3D
    • Johnson JA, Majumdar SR, Simpson SH, Toth EL (2002) Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:2244-2248
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , pp. 2244-2248
    • Johnson, J.A.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Simpson, S.H.3    Toth, E.L.4
  • 21
    • 79958197888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: A nationwide study
    • 21471135 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr077 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVSiu7vK
    • Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Vaag A et al (2011) Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J 32:1900-1908
    • (2011) Eur Heart J , vol.32 , pp. 1900-1908
    • Schramm, T.K.1    Gislason, G.H.2    Vaag, A.3
  • 22
    • 31544482787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relation between sulfonylurea drugs and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study
    • 16415461 10.1503/cmaj.050748
    • Simpson SH, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Eurich DT, Johnson JA (2006) Dose-response relation between sulfonylurea drugs and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ 174:169-174
    • (2006) CMAJ , vol.174 , pp. 169-174
    • Simpson, S.H.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Tsuyuki, R.T.3    Eurich, D.T.4    Johnson, J.A.5
  • 23
    • 0142157169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: New-user designs
    • 14585769 10.1093/aje/kwg231
    • Ray WA (2003) Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs. Am J Epidemiol 158:915-920
    • (2003) Am J Epidemiol , vol.158 , pp. 915-920
    • Ray, W.A.1
  • 25
    • 0036790787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primer and comparative review of major US mortality databases
    • 12377423 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00285-X
    • Cowper DC, Kubal JD, Maynard C, Hynes DM (2002) A primer and comparative review of major US mortality databases. Ann Epidemiol 12:462-468
    • (2002) Ann Epidemiol , vol.12 , pp. 462-468
    • Cowper, D.C.1    Kubal, J.D.2    Maynard, C.3    Hynes, D.M.4
  • 26
    • 0032960273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple imputation: A primer
    • 10347857 10.1191/096228099671525676 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3nslajtw%3D%3D
    • Schafer JL (1999) Multiple imputation: a primer. Stat Methods Med Res 8:3-15
    • (1999) Stat Methods Med Res , vol.8 , pp. 3-15
    • Schafer, J.L.1
  • 27
    • 33846690465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis of hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events: A comparison of glyburide with other secretagogues and with insulin
    • 17259518 10.2337/dc06-1789
    • Gangji AS, Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Goldsmith CH, Clase CM (2007) A systematic review and meta-analysis of hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events: a comparison of glyburide with other secretagogues and with insulin. Diabetes Care 30:389-394
    • (2007) Diabetes Care , vol.30 , pp. 389-394
    • Gangji, A.S.1    Cukierman, T.2    Gerstein, H.C.3    Goldsmith, C.H.4    Clase, C.M.5
  • 28
    • 84868652782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus, a cohort study
    • 23128859 10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00003
    • Roumie CL, Hung AM, Greevy RA et al (2012) Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus, a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 157:601-610
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 601-610
    • Roumie, C.L.1    Hung, A.M.2    Greevy, R.A.3
  • 29
    • 84860117993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: Retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database
    • 19959591 10.1136/bmj.b4731
    • Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V et al (2009) Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 339:b4731
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339 , pp. 4731
    • Tzoulaki, I.1    Molokhia, M.2    Curcin, V.3
  • 30
    • 34447117471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of oral antihyperglycemic therapy on all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes in the Veterans Health Administration
    • 17440170 10.2337/dc06-2272 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotlWhsLY%3D
    • Kahler KH, Rajan M, Rhoads GG et al (2007) Impact of oral antihyperglycemic therapy on all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes in the Veterans Health Administration. Diabetes Care 30:1689-1693
    • (2007) Diabetes Care , vol.30 , pp. 1689-1693
    • Kahler, K.H.1    Rajan, M.2    Rhoads, G.G.3
  • 31
    • 67149146438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): A multicentre, randomised, open-label trial
    • 19501900 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsFSis78%3D
    • Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H et al (2009) Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 373:2125-2135
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 2125-2135
    • Home, P.D.1    Pocock, S.J.2    Beck-Nielsen, H.3
  • 32
    • 77954988618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone
    • 20584880 10.1001/jama.2010.920 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpslKqsbo%3D
    • Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE et al (2010) Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA 304:411-418
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.304 , pp. 411-418
    • Graham, D.J.1    Ouellet-Hellstrom, R.2    Macurdy, T.E.3
  • 33
    • 69949096990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone: Population based cohort study
    • 19690342 10.1136/bmj.b2942
    • Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Hux JE, Mamdani MM (2009) Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone: population based cohort study. BMJ 339:b2942
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339 , pp. 2942
    • Juurlink, D.N.1    Gomes, T.2    Lipscombe, L.L.3    Austin, P.C.4    Hux, J.E.5    Mamdani, M.M.6
  • 34
    • 37149034178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes
    • 18073359 10.1001/jama.298.22.2634 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVeqs77M
    • Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Levesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA (2007) Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA 298:2634-2643
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 2634-2643
    • Lipscombe, L.L.1    Gomes, T.2    Levesque, L.E.3    Hux, J.E.4    Juurlink, D.N.5    Alter, D.A.6
  • 35
    • 84859029647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes: Impact of metformin on survival
    • 22266734 10.2337/dc11-1313
    • Currie CJ, Poole CD, Jenkins-Jones S, Gale EA, Johnson JA, Morgan CL (2012) Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes: impact of metformin on survival. Diabetes Care 35:299-304
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 299-304
    • Currie, C.J.1    Poole, C.D.2    Jenkins-Jones, S.3    Gale, E.A.4    Johnson, J.A.5    Morgan, C.L.6
  • 36
    • 84866138849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: Systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
    • 22875195 10.1007/s00125-012-2653-7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlWlsrjP
    • Stevens RJ, Ali R, Bankhead CR et al (2012) Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Diabetologia 55:2593-2603
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 2593-2603
    • Stevens, R.J.1    Ali, R.2    Bankhead, C.R.3
  • 37
    • 0030187757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confounding by indication
    • 8793355 1:STN:280:DyaK28zosFGisw%3D%3D
    • Walker AM (1996) Confounding by indication. Epidemiology 7:335-336
    • (1996) Epidemiology , vol.7 , pp. 335-336
    • Walker, A.M.1
  • 38
    • 49349101757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity scores
    • 18678805 10.1001/archpedi.162.8.734
    • Cummings P (2008) Propensity scores. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162:734-737
    • (2008) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.162 , pp. 734-737
    • Cummings, P.1
  • 39
    • 18844452973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: A systematic review
    • 15878468 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.016
    • Shah BR, Laupacis A, Hux JE, Austin PC (2005) Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 58:550-559
    • (2005) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.58 , pp. 550-559
    • Shah, B.R.1    Laupacis, A.2    Hux, J.E.3    Austin, P.C.4
  • 40
    • 33645226210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods
    • 16632131 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.07.004
    • Sturmer T, Joshi M, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Rothman KJ, Schneeweiss S (2006) A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods. J Clin Epidemiol 59:437-447
    • (2006) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.59 , pp. 437-447
    • Sturmer, T.1    Joshi, M.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Avorn, J.4    Rothman, K.J.5    Schneeweiss, S.6
  • 41
    • 77951117416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking prevalence among US veterans
    • 19894079 10.1007/s11606-009-1160-0
    • Brown DW (2010) Smoking prevalence among US veterans. J Gen Intern Med 25:147-149
    • (2010) J Gen Intern Med , vol.25 , pp. 147-149
    • Brown, D.W.1
  • 42
    • 0033603785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogate end points, health outcomes, and the drug-approval process for the treatment of risk factors for cardiovascular disease
    • 10463718 10.1001/jama.282.8.786 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzptFemuw%3D%3D
    • Psaty BM, Weiss NS, Furberg CD et al (1999) Surrogate end points, health outcomes, and the drug-approval process for the treatment of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. JAMA 282:786-790
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 786-790
    • Psaty, B.M.1    Weiss, N.S.2    Furberg, C.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.