Statin use and fracture risk: Can we quantify the healthy-user effect?

Epidemiology

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 743-752

  McCandless, Lawrence C ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; DRUG; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISONE; RALOXIFENE; SEDATIVE AGENT; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; THYROID HORMONE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CHARLSON COMORBIDITY INDEX; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOLLOW UP; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH STATUS; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; MULTICENTER STUDY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OSTEOMALACIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

BAYES THEOREM; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; RISK; SELECTION BIAS;

EID: 84881555924     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829eef0a     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Hennessy S, Strom BL. Statins and fracture risk. JAMA. 2001;285:1888-1889
2. Bauer DC, Mundy GR, Jamal SA, et al. Use of statins and fracture: Results of 4 prospective studies and cumulative meta-Analysis of observational studies and controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:146-152
3. Edwards CJ, Arden NK. Statins and fracture: Why the confusion? Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1312-1313
4. Toh S, Hernández-Dìaz S. Statins and fracture risk. A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:627-640
5. Cummings SR, Bauer DC. Do statins prevent both cardiovascular disease and fracture? JAMA. 2000;283:3255-3257
6. Shrank WH, Patrick AR, Brookhart MA. Healthy user and related biases in observational studies of preventive interventions: A primer for physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:546-550
7. Brookhart MA, Patrick AR, Dormuth C, et al. Adherence to lipid-Lowering therapy and the use of preventive health services: An investigation of the healthy user effect. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:348-354
8. Dormuth CR, Patrick AR, Shrank WH, et al. Statin adherence and risk of accidents: A cautionary tale. Circulation. 2009;119:2051-2057
9. Schneeweiss S, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Mogun H, Brookhart MA. High-Dimensional propensity score adjustment in studies of treatment effects using health care claims data. Epidemiology. 2009;20:512-522
10. Hernán MA, Hernández-Dìaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology. 2004;15:615-625
11. Hernán MA. The hazards of hazard ratios. Epidemiology. 2010;21:13-15
12. Ray WA. Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: New-user designs. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:915-920
13. Danaei G, Tavakkoli M, Hernán MA. Bias in observational studies of prevalent users: Lessons for comparative effectiveness research from a meta-Analysis of statins. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175:250-262
14. McCandless LC. Meta-Analysis of observational studies with unmeasured confounders. Int J Biostat. 2012;8:1-33
15. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008
16. Geneletti S, Best N, Toledano MB, Elliott P, Richardson S. Uncovering selection bias in case-control studies using Bayesian post-stratification. Stat Med. 2013;32:2555-2570
17. Lash TL, Fox MP, Fink AK. Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data. New York, NY: Springer; 2009
18. Jewell NP. Statistics for Epidemiology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2004
19. Greenland S. The impact of prior distributions for uncontrolled confounding and response bias: A case study of the relation of wire codes and magnetic fields to childhood leukemia. J Am Stat Assoc. 2003;98:47-54
20. Schooler J. Unpublished results hide the decline effect. Nature. 2011;470:437
21. Pasco JA, Kotowicz MA, Henry MJ, Sanders KM, Nicholson GC; Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Statin use, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:537-540
22. Chan KA, Andrade SE, Boles M, et al. Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase and risk of fracture among older women. Lancet. 2000;355:2185-2188
23. Meier CR, Schlienger RG, Kraenzlin ME, Schlegel B, Jick H. HMGCoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of fractures. JAMA. 2000;283: 3205-3210
24. Wang PS, Solomon DH, Mogun H, Avorn J. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients. JAMA. 2000;283:3211-3216
25. Van Staa TP, Wegman S, De Vries F, et al. Use of statins and risk of fractures. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285:1850-1855
26. Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Lipid-Lowering agents and the risk of hip fracture in a Medicaid population. Inj Prev. 2002;8:276-279
27. LaCroix AZ, Cauley JA, Pettinger M, et al. Statin use, clinical fracture, and bone density in postmenopausal women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:97-104
28. Rejnmark L, Olsen ML, Johnsen SP, et al. Hip fracture risk in statin users-A population-based Danish case-control study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:452-458
29. Schoofs MW, Sturkenboom MC, van der Klift M, Hofman A, Pols HA, Stricker BH. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1525-1530
30. Scranton RE, Young M, Lawler, E, et al. Statin use and fracture risk: A study of a US veterans population. Arch Intern Men. 2005;165:2007-2012
31. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Statin but not non-statin lipidlowering drugs decrease fracture risk: A nation-wide case-control study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;79:27-36
32. Smeeth L, Douglas I, Hall AJ, et al. Effects of statins on a wide range of health outcomes: A cohort study validated by comparison with randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;67:99-109
33. Bakhireva LN, Shainline MR, Carter S, et al. Synergistic effect of statins and postmenopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of skeletal fractures in elderly women. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:879-887
34. Turner RM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Smith GC, Thompson SG. Bias modelling in evidence synthesis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2009;172:21-47
35. Welton NJ, Ades AE, Carlin JB, et al. Models for potentially biased evidence in meta-Analysis using empirically based priors. J R Stat Soc Ser A. 2008;172:119-136
36. Peel NM, McClure RJ, Hendrikz JK. Health-protective behaviours and risk of fall-related hip fractures: A population-based case-control study. Br Geriatrics Soc. 2006;35:491-497
37. RDevelopment Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012. Available at: Http://www.R-project.org Accessed 24 September 2012
38. Carlin JB. Meta-Analysis for 2 x 2 tables: A Bayesian approach. Stat Med. 1992;11:141-158
39. McCandless LC, Richardson S, Best N. Adjustment for missing confounders using external validation data and propensity scores. J Am Stat Assoc. 2012;107:40-51