메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 132, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Superficial vein thrombosis, thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance as predictors of thromboembolic events in lupus and antiphospholipid patients. A prospective cohort study

Author keywords

Activated Protein C resistance; Antiphospholipid antibodies; Superficial vein thrombosis; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Thrombin generation

Indexed keywords

THROMBIN;

EID: 84881313977     PISSN: 00493848     EISSN: 18792472     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.04.012     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (52)
  • 2
    • 0030779955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for venous thrombosis related to antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. A meta-analysis
    • D.G. Wahl, F. Guillemin, E. de Maistre, C. Perret, T. Lecompte, and G. Thibaut Risk for venous thrombosis related to antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus-a meta-analysis Lupus 6 1997 467 473 (Pubitemid 27395386)
    • (1997) Lupus , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 467-473
    • Wahl, D.G.1    Guillemin, F.2    De Maistre, E.3    Perret, C.4    Lecompte, T.5    Thibaut, G.6
  • 3
    • 0031982693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of the risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies without underlying autoimmune disease or previous thrombosis
    • DOI 10.1191/096120398678919688
    • D.G. Wahl, F. Guillemin, E. de Maistre, C. Perret-Guillaume, T. Lecompte, and G. Thibaut Meta-analysis of the risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies without underlying autoimmune disease or previous thrombosis Lupus 7 1998 15 22 (Pubitemid 28052657)
    • (1998) Lupus , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-22
    • Wahl, D.G.1    Guillemin, F.2    De Maistre, E.3    Perret-Guillaume, C.4    Lecompte, T.5    Thibaut, G.6
  • 5
    • 1842632417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of the Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome
    • DOI 10.1002/art.20105
    • R.H. Derksen, M.A. Khamashta, and D.W. Branch Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 1028 1039 (Pubitemid 38480813)
    • (2004) Arthritis and Rheumatism , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1028-1039
    • Derksen, R.H.W.M.1    Khamashta, M.A.2    Branch, D.W.3
  • 6
    • 33344458573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
    • S. Miyakis, M.D. Lockshin, T. Atsumi, D.W. Branch, R.L. Brey, and R. Cervera International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) J Thromb Haemost 4 2006 295 306
    • (2006) J Thromb Haemost , vol.4 , pp. 295-306
    • Miyakis, S.1    Lockshin, M.D.2    Atsumi, T.3    Branch, D.W.4    Brey, R.L.5    Cervera, R.6
  • 7
    • 77951209375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • D. Erkan, and M.D. Lockshin Non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus 19 2010 424 427
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 424-427
    • Erkan, D.1    Lockshin, M.D.2
  • 8
    • 79960408773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased Risk for Heart Valve Disease Associated with Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Meta-Analysis of Echocardiographic Studies
    • S. Zuily, V. Regnault, C. Selton-Suty, V. Eschwege, J.F. Bruntz, and E. Bode-Dotto Increased Risk for Heart Valve Disease Associated With Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Meta-Analysis of Echocardiographic Studies Circulation 124 2011 215 224
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.124 , pp. 215-224
    • Zuily, S.1    Regnault, V.2    Selton-Suty, C.3    Eschwege, V.4    Bruntz, J.F.5    Bode-Dotto, E.6
  • 9
    • 67649371944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: A multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients
    • R. Cervera, M.A. Khamashta, Y. Shoenfeld, M.T. Camps, S. Jacobsen, and E. Kiss Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients Ann Rheum Dis 68 2009 1428 1432
    • (2009) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.68 , pp. 1428-1432
    • Cervera, R.1    Khamashta, M.A.2    Shoenfeld, Y.3    Camps, M.T.4    Jacobsen, S.5    Kiss, E.6
  • 10
    • 84874980560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • B. Giannakopoulos, and S.A. Krilis The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome N Engl J Med 368 11 2013 1033 1044
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , Issue.11 , pp. 1033-1044
    • Giannakopoulos, B.1    Krilis, S.A.2
  • 11
    • 0026659095 scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients
    • M.H. Rosove, and P.M. Brewer Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients Ann Intern Med 117 1992 303 308
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 303-308
    • Rosove, M.H.1    Brewer, P.M.2
  • 13
    • 80054096602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of venous thrombosis in persons with clinically diagnosed superficial vein thrombosis: Results from the MEGA study
    • K. van Langevelde, W.M. Lijfering, F.R. Rosendaal, and S.C. Cannegieter Increased risk of venous thrombosis in persons with clinically diagnosed superficial vein thrombosis: results from the MEGA study Blood 118 2011 4239 4241
    • (2011) Blood , vol.118 , pp. 4239-4241
    • Van Langevelde, K.1    Lijfering, W.M.2    Rosendaal, F.R.3    Cannegieter, S.C.4
  • 14
    • 78650990279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How I, treat superficial venous thrombosis
    • C.S. Kitchens How I, treat superficial venous thrombosis Blood 117 2011 39 44
    • (2011) Blood , vol.117 , pp. 39-44
    • Kitchens, C.S.1
  • 16
    • 61449186513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A multicentre, retrospective follow-up study
    • A. Ruffatti, T. Del Ross, M. Ciprian, M. Nuzzo, M. Rampudda, and M.T. Bertero Risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A multicentre, retrospective follow-up study Ann Rheum Dis 68 2009 397 399
    • (2009) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.68 , pp. 397-399
    • Ruffatti, A.1    Del Ross, T.2    Ciprian, M.3    Nuzzo, M.4    Rampudda, M.5    Bertero, M.T.6
  • 17
    • 58349097555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies
    • M.G. Tektonidou, K. Laskari, D.B. Panagiotakos, and H.M. Moutsopoulos Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies Arthritis Rheum 61 2009 29 36
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.61 , pp. 29-36
    • Tektonidou, M.G.1    Laskari, K.2    Panagiotakos, D.B.3    Moutsopoulos, H.M.4
  • 18
    • 77949329048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombotic risk assessment in the antiphospholipid syndrome requires more than the quantification of lupus anticoagulants
    • K. Devreese, K. Peerlinck, and M.F. Hoylaerts Thrombotic risk assessment in the antiphospholipid syndrome requires more than the quantification of lupus anticoagulants Blood 115 2010 870 878
    • (2010) Blood , vol.115 , pp. 870-878
    • Devreese, K.1    Peerlinck, K.2    Hoylaerts, M.F.3
  • 19
    • 45549086562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of disease: Antiphospholipid antibodies-from clinical association to pathologic mechanism
    • B. de Laat, K. Mertens, and P.G. de Groot Mechanisms of disease: antiphospholipid antibodies-from clinical association to pathologic mechanism Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4 2008 192 199
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol , vol.4 , pp. 192-199
    • De Laat, B.1    Mertens, K.2    De Groot, P.G.3
  • 20
    • 80155184581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance in the absence of factor v Leiden correlates with the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in women aged 18-65 years
    • K. Sonnevi, S.N. Tchaikovski, M. Holmstrom, J. Rosing, K. Bremme, and G. Larfars Thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance in the absence of factor V Leiden correlates with the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in women aged 18-65 years Thromb Haemost 106 2011 901 907
    • (2011) Thromb Haemost , vol.106 , pp. 901-907
    • Sonnevi, K.1    Tchaikovski, S.N.2    Holmstrom, M.3    Rosing, J.4    Bremme, K.5    Larfars, G.6
  • 21
    • 33747160173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of acquired resistance to activated protein C associated with antiphospholipid antibodies using a novel clotting assay
    • DOI 10.1097/01.mbc.0000240921.50059.f2, PII 0000172120060900000008
    • C. Gardiner, H. Cohen, A. Jenkins, S.J. Machin, and I.J. Mackie Detection of acquired resistance to activated protein C associated with antiphospholipid antibodies using a novel clotting assay Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 17 2006 477 483 (Pubitemid 44231694)
    • (2006) Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 477-483
    • Gardiner, C.1    Cohen, H.2    Jenkins, A.3    Machin, S.J.4    Mackie, I.J.5
  • 22
    • 14544295676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin as a strong risk factor for venous thromboembolism
    • DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2004.043414
    • J. Nojima, H. Kuratsune, E. Suehisa, Y. Iwatani, and Y. Kanakura Acquired activated protein C resistance associated with IgG antibodies against beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin as a strong risk factor for venous thromboembolism Clin Chem 51 2005 545 552 (Pubitemid 40300230)
    • (2005) Clinical Chemistry , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 545-552
    • Nojima, J.1    Kuratsune, H.2    Suehisa, E.3    Iwatani, Y.4    Kanakura, Y.5
  • 23
    • 57149100983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between the potency of a beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent lupus anticoagulant and the level of resistance to activated protein C
    • B. de Laat, C.M. Eckmann, M. van Schagen, A.B. Meijer, K. Mertens, and J.A. van Mourik Correlation between the potency of a beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent lupus anticoagulant and the level of resistance to activated protein C Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 19 2008 757 764
    • (2008) Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis , vol.19 , pp. 757-764
    • De Laat, B.1    Eckmann, C.M.2    Van Schagen, M.3    Meijer, A.B.4    Mertens, K.5    Van Mourik, J.A.6
  • 24
    • 34447295147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypercoagulability resulting from opposite effects of lupus anticoagulants is associated strongly with thrombotic risk
    • DOI 10.3324/haematol.10577
    • T. Lecompte, D. Wahl, C. Perret-Guillaume, H.C. Hemker, P. Lacolley, and V. Regnault Hypercoagulability resulting from opposite effects of lupus anticoagulants is associated strongly with thrombotic risk Haematologica 92 2007 714 715 (Pubitemid 350144283)
    • (2007) Haematologica , vol.92 , Issue.5 , pp. 714-715
    • Lecompte, T.1    Wahl, D.2    Perret-Guillaume, C.3    Hemker, H.C.4    Lacolley, P.5    Regnauli, V.6
  • 25
    • 35449001281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated protein C resistance determined with a thrombin generation-based test is associated with thrombotic events in patients with lupus anticoagulants
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02734.x
    • S. Liestol, P.M. Sandset, M.C. Mowinckel, and F. Wisloff Activated protein C resistance determined with a thrombin generation-based test is associated with thrombotic events in patients with lupus anticoagulants J Thromb Haemost 5 2007 2204 2210 (Pubitemid 47617872)
    • (2007) Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 2204-2210
    • Liestol, S.1    Sandset, P.M.2    Mowinckel, M.-C.3    Wisloff, F.4
  • 26
    • 0020436689 scopus 로고
    • The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythrematosus
    • DOI 10.1002/art.1780251101
    • E.M. Tan, A.S. Cohen, J.F. Fries, A.T. Masi, D.J. McShane, and N.F. Rothfield The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 25 1982 1271 1277 (Pubitemid 13221242)
    • (1982) Arthritis and Rheumatism , vol.25 , Issue.11 , pp. 1271-1277
    • Tan, E.M.1    Cohen, A.S.2    Fries, J.F.3
  • 27
    • 0031229830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
    • M.C. Hochberg Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 40 1997 1725
    • (1997) Arthritis Rheum , vol.40 , pp. 1725
    • Hochberg, M.C.1
  • 28
    • 70350004861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
    • V. Pengo, A. Tripodi, G. Reber, J.H. Rand, T.L. Ortel, and M. Galli Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis J Thromb Haemost 7 2009 1737 1740
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 1737-1740
    • Pengo, V.1    Tripodi, A.2    Reber, G.3    Rand, J.H.4    Ortel, T.L.5    Galli, M.6
  • 32
    • 0004750551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02069.x
    • M. Greaves, H. Cohen, S.J. MacHin, and I. Mackie Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome Br J Haematol 109 2000 704 715 (Pubitemid 30609746)
    • (2000) British Journal of Haematology , vol.109 , Issue.4 , pp. 704-715
    • Greaves, M.1    Cohen, H.2    Machin, S.J.3    Mackie, I.4
  • 33
    • 0028810205 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants: An update. on behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH
    • J.T. Brandt, D.A. Triplett, B. Alving, and I. Scharrer Criteria for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants: an update. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH Thromb Haemost 74 1995 1185 1190
    • (1995) Thromb Haemost , vol.74 , pp. 1185-1190
    • Brandt, J.T.1    Triplett, D.A.2    Alving, B.3    Scharrer, I.4
  • 35
    • 77955042053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical and clinical performance of a new, automated assay panel for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • P. De Moerloose, G. Reber, J. Musial, and J. Arnout Analytical and clinical performance of a new, automated assay panel for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome J Thromb Haemost 8 2010 1540 1546
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 1540-1546
    • De Moerloose, P.1    Reber, G.2    Musial, J.3    Arnout, J.4
  • 36
    • 58449098695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelets and the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • R.T. Urbanus, R.H. Derksen, and P.G. de Groot Platelets and the antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus 17 2008 888 894
    • (2008) Lupus , vol.17 , pp. 888-894
    • Urbanus, R.T.1    Derksen, R.H.2    De Groot, P.G.3
  • 37
    • 0037324197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombinography shows acquired resistance to activated protein C in patients with lupus anticoagulants
    • V. Regnault, S. Beguin, D. Wahl, E. de Maistre, H.C. Hemker, and T. Lecompte Thrombinography shows acquired resistance to activated protein C in patients with lupus anticoagulants Thromb Haemost 89 2003 208 212 (Pubitemid 36227269)
    • (2003) Thrombosis and Haemostasis , vol.89 , Issue.2 , pp. 208-212
    • Regnault, V.1    Beguin, S.2    Wahl, D.3    De Maistre, E.4    Hemker, H.C.5    Lecompte, T.6
  • 38
    • 42149150991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of platelet activation on the hypercoagulability induced by murine monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies
    • DOI 10.3324/haematol.12364
    • A. Membre, D. Wahl, V. Latger-Cannard, J.P. Max, P. Lacolley, and T. Lecompte The effect of platelet activation on the hypercoagulability induced by murine monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies Haematologica 93 2008 566 573 (Pubitemid 351536385)
    • (2008) Haematologica , vol.93 , Issue.4 , pp. 566-573
    • Membre, A.1    Wahl, D.2    Latger-Cannard, V.3    Max, J.-P.4    Lacolley, P.5    Lecompte, T.6    Regnault, V.7
  • 39
    • 80052417114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a recommendation for the standardization of the measurement of platelet-dependent thrombin generation
    • Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the SSC of the ISTH
    • Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the SSC of the ISTH Towards a recommendation for the standardization of the measurement of platelet-dependent thrombin generation J Thromb Haemost 9 2011 1859 1861
    • (2011) J Thromb Haemost , vol.9 , pp. 1859-1861
  • 40
    • 0033693676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotyping the clotting system
    • H.C. Hemker, and S. Beguin Phenotyping the clotting system Thromb Haemost 84 2000 747 751
    • (2000) Thromb Haemost , vol.84 , pp. 747-751
    • Hemker, H.C.1    Beguin, S.2
  • 43
    • 35948998192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia on arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
    • DOI 10.1177/0961203307081847
    • A.W. de Souza, N.P. Silva, J.F. de Carvalho, V. D'Almeida, M.A. Noguti, and E.I. Sato Impact of hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia on arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus 16 2007 782 787 (Pubitemid 350069790)
    • (2007) Lupus , vol.16 , Issue.10 , pp. 782-787
    • De Souza, A.W.S.1    Silva, N.P.2    De Carvalho, J.F.3    D'Almeida, V.4    Noguti, M.A.E.5    Sato, E.I.6
  • 46
    • 77949529527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superficial venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism: A large, prospective epidemiologic study
    • H. Decousus, I. Quere, E. Presles, F. Becker, M.T. Barrellier, and M. Chanut Superficial venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism: a large, prospective epidemiologic study Ann Intern Med 152 2010 218 224
    • (2010) Ann Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 218-224
    • Decousus, H.1    Quere, I.2    Presles, E.3    Becker, F.4    Barrellier, M.T.5    Chanut, M.6
  • 47
    • 0035912154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Images in clinical medicine.Superficial thrombophlebitis
    • M.A. Lucia, and E.W. Ely Images in clinical medicine.Superficial thrombophlebitis N Engl J Med 344 2001 1214
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1214
    • Lucia, M.A.1    Ely, E.W.2
  • 48
    • 67149087369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of risk for venous and arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and in antiphospholipid syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • A. Danowski, M.N. de Azevedo, J.A. de Souza Papi, and M. Petri Determinants of risk for venous and arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and in antiphospholipid syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus J Rheumatol 36 2009 1195 1199
    • (2009) J Rheumatol , vol.36 , pp. 1195-1199
    • Danowski, A.1    De Azevedo, M.N.2    De Souza Papi, J.A.3    Petri, M.4
  • 50
    • 37349104557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: A meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709204, PII 0000301720080101000017
    • W. Ageno, C. Becattini, T. Brighton, R. Selby, and P.W. Kamphuisen Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis Circulation 117 2008 93 102 (Pubitemid 350301144)
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-102
    • Ageno, W.1    Becattini, C.2    Brighton, T.3    Selby, R.4    Kamphuisen, P.W.5
  • 51
    • 33645458000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of thrombin-generation assay in the screening of factor v G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A mutations and protein S deficiency
    • N. Hezard, L. Bouaziz-Borgi, M.G. Remy, and P. Nguyen Utility of thrombin-generation assay in the screening of factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A mutations and protein S deficiency Clin Chem 52 2006 665 670
    • (2006) Clin Chem , vol.52 , pp. 665-670
    • Hezard, N.1    Bouaziz-Borgi, L.2    Remy, M.G.3    Nguyen, P.4
  • 52
    • 60849121101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory detection of the antiphospholipid syndrome via calibrated automated thrombography
    • K. Devreese, K. Peerlinck, J. Arnout, and M.F. Hoylaerts Laboratory detection of the antiphospholipid syndrome via calibrated automated thrombography Thromb Haemost 101 2009 185 196
    • (2009) Thromb Haemost , vol.101 , pp. 185-196
    • Devreese, K.1    Peerlinck, K.2    Arnout, J.3    Hoylaerts, M.F.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.