Factors Affecting the Delivery, Access, and Use of Interventions to Prevent Malaria in Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Hill, Jenny ^a   Hoyt, Jenna ^a   van Eijk, Anna Maria ^a   D'Mello Guyett, Lauren ^a   ter Kuile, Feiko O ^a   Steketee, Rick ^b   Smith, Helen ^a   Webster, Jayne ^c  

^a LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b PATH   (United States)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEBENDAZOLE; PYRIMETHAMINE PLUS SULFADOXINE; RETINOL;

ARTICLE; BED NET; DELIVERY; EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MALARIA; MARRIAGE; META ANALYSIS; ORGANIZATION; PARITY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; SOCIAL STATUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 84881235604     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001488     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, et al. (2007) Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 93-104.
2. Menendez C, D'Alessandro U, ter Kuile FO, (2007) Reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy by preventive strategies. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 126-135.
3. Gamble C, Ekwaru PJ, Garner P, ter Kuile FO, (2007) Insecticide-treated nets for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. PLoS Med 4: e107 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040107.
4. ter Kuile FO, van Eijk AM, Filler SJ, (2007) Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 297: 2603-2616.
5. Worrall E, Morel C, Yeung S, Borghi J, Webster J, et al. (2007) The economics of malaria in pregnancy-a review of the evidence and research priorities. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 156-168.
6. World Health Organization (2004) A strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the Africa region. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/afro/2004/AFR_MAL_04.01.pdf. Accessed 27 October 2012. Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.
7. World Health Organization Department for Making Pregnancy Safer (2006) Integrated management of pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn case: a guide for essential practice. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf. Accessed 4 February 2013.
8. World Health Organization, Department for Making Pregnancy Safer (2007) Integrated management of pregnancy and childbirth. Standards for maternal and neonatal care. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/a91272.pdf. Accessed 4 February 2013.
9. Roll Back Malaria Partnership (2008) The global malaria action plan. Available: http://www.rbm.who.int/gmap/gmap.pdf. Accessed 4 February 2013.
10. Roll Back Malaria Partnership (2011) Refined/updated global malaria action plan objectives, targets, milestones and priorities beyond 2011. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Partnership.
11. World Health Organization (2009) World Malaria Report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
12. van Eijk AM, Hill J, Alegana VA, Kirui V, Gething PW, et al. (2011) Coverage of malaria protection in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis and analysis of national survey data. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 190-207.
13. World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme (2007) Insecticide-treated mosquito nets: a WHO position statement. Available: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/itnspospaperfinal.pdf. Accessed 19 December 2012.
14. World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund (2010) Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000-2010): taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival. Available: http://www.childinfo.org/files/CountdownReport_2000-2010.pdf. Accessed 2 May 2012.
15. Pell C, Straus L, Andrew EV, Menaca A, Pool R, (2011) Social and cultural factors affecting uptake of interventions for malaria in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review of the qualitative research. PLoS ONE 6: e22452 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022452.
16. Hill J, Kazembe P, (2006) Reaching the Abuja target for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in African women: a review of progress and operational challenges. Trop Med Int Health 11: 409-418.
17. Crawley J, Hill J, Yartey J, Robalo M, Serufilira A, et al. (2007) From evidence to action? Challenges to policy change and programme delivery for malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 145-155.
18. Mubyazi GM, Bygbjerg IC, Magnussen P, Olsen O, Byskov J, et al. (2008) Prospects, achievements, challenges and opportunities for scaling-up malaria chemoprevention in pregnancy in Tanzania: the perspective of national level officers. Malar J 7: 135.
19. CABI (2013) Global Health Database [database]. Available: http://www.cabi.org/Default.aspx?site=170&page=1016&pid=328. Accessed 26 June 2013.
20. van Eijk AM, Hill J, Povall S, Reynolds A, Wong H, et al. (2013) The Malaria in Pregnancy Library: a bibliometric review. Malar J 11: 362.
21. Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J, Lalloo D, Medina Lara A, et al. (2004) Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 267-277.
22. Bates I, Fenton C, Gruber J, Lalloo D, Lara AM, et al. (2004) Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 368-375.
23. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzche PC, et al. (2007) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bull World Health Organ 85: 867-872.
24. Sanderson S, Tatt ID, T HJP, (2007) Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography. Int J Epidemiol 36: 666-676.
25. Barbour RS, (2001) Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog? BMJ 322: 1115-1117.
26. Mays N, Pope C, (2000) Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ 320: 50-52.
27. Sale JEM, Brazil K, (2004) A strategy to identify critical appraisal criteria for primary mixed-methods studies. Qual Quant 38: 351-365.
28. O'Cathain A, Murphy E, Nicholl J, (2008) The quality of mixed methods studies in health services research. J Health Serv Res Policy 13: 92-98.
29. Downs SH, Black N, (1998) The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 52: 377-384.
30. DerSimonian R, Laird N, (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7: 177-188.
31. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (2008) Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Holtz TH, Kachur SP, Roberts JM, Marum LH, Mkandala C, et al. (2004) Use of antenatal care services and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria among pregnant women in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 9: 77-82.
33. Gross K, Alba S, Schellenberg J, Kessy F, Mayumana I, et al. (2011) The combined effect of determinants on coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Malar J 10: 140.
34. Akaba GO, Otubu J, Agida ET, Onafowokan O, (2013) Knowledge and utilization of malaria preventive measures among pregnant women at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria's federal capital territory. Niger J Clin Pract 16: 201-206.
35. Amoran OE, Ariba AA, Iyaniwura CA, (2012) Determinants of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) utilization in a rural town in Western Nigeria. Reprod Health 9: 12.
36. Iliyasu Z, Gajida AU, Galadanci HS, Abubakar IS, Baba AS, et al. (2012) Adherence to intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in urban Kano, northern Nigeria. Pathog Glob Health 106: 323-329.
37. Onoka CA, Hanson K, Onwujekwe OE, (2012) Low coverage of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in Nigeria: demand-side influences. Malar J 11: 82.
38. Mbonye AK, Neema S, Magnussen P, (2006) Perceptions on use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy and the policy implications for malaria control in Uganda. Health Policy 77: 279-289.
39. Gates Malaria Partnership, DBL-Institute for Health Research and Development (2005) Evaluation of the intermittent preventive treatment component of the accelerated child survival and development project in the Gambia. Serekunda (Gambia): CIAM Public Health Research and Development Centre. Available: http://www.ciam.gm/_library/static/downloads/iptp-evaluation-the-gambia.pdf. Accessed 26 June 2013.
40. Diala C, Pennas T, Choi P, Rogers S (2012) Barriers to uptake of malaria prevention and treatment during pregnancy in Cross River and Nasawara States, Nigeria. Washington (District of Columbia): C-Change/FHI 360.
41. Mubyazi G, Bloch P, Kamugisha M, Kitua A, Ijumba J, (2005) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy: a qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practices of district health managers, antenatal care staff and pregnant women in Korogwe District, North-Eastern Tanzania. Malar J 4: 31.
42. Brabin L, Stokes E, Dumbaya I, Owens S, (2009) Rural Gambian women's reliance on health workers to deliver sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as recommended intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy. Malar J 8: 25.
43. Mutagonda R, Kamuhabwa AAR, Massawe S, Mpembeni R, (2012) Intermittent preventive therapy and treatment of malaria during pregnancy: a study of knowledge among pregnant women in Rufiji District, Southern Tanzania. Trop J Pharm Res 11: 835-845.
44. Launiala A, Honkasalo ML, (2007) Ethnographic study of factors influencing compliance to intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy among Yao women in rural Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 980-989.
45. Sande JH, Kaseje D, Nyapada L, Owino VO, (2010) Fear of being tested for HIV at ANC clinics associated with low uptake of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria among pregnant women attending Bondo District Hospital, Western Kenya. East Afr J Public Health 7: 92-96.
46. Ansah-Ofei A, Mwini-Nyaledzigbor PP, Affram CK, (2011) Improving the quality of life of pregnant women using the intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (IPT-SP): experiences from Dangme West District, Ghana. J Ghana Sci Assoc 13: 88-102.
47. Smith LA, Jones C, Adjei RO, Antwi GD, Afrah NA, et al. (2010) Intermittent screening and treatment versus intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: user acceptability. Malar J 9: 18.
48. Donkor ES, Asiedua E, (2011) Knowledge, practices and challenges of intermittent malaria preventive (IPT) treatment during pregnancy in Ghana. Afr J Nurs Midwifery 13: 34-45.
49. Adjei DJD (2009) Factors affecting the intermittent preventive therapy of malaria in pregnancy programme in the Ejisu-Juabeng municipality [Master's thesis]. Kumasi (Ghana): School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
50. Ndyomugyenyi R, Katamanywa J, (2010) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp): do frequent antenatal care visits ensure access and compliance to IPTp in Ugandan rural communities? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 536-540.
51. Grietens KP, Gies S, Coulibaly SO, Ky C, Somda J, et al. (2010) Bottlenecks for high coverage of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy: the case of adolescent pregnancies in rural Burkina Faso. PLoS ONE 5: e12013 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012013.
52. Mubyazi GM, Bloch P, Magnussen P, Olsen OE, Byskov J, et al. (2010) Women's experiences and views about costs of seeking malaria chemoprevention and other antenatal services: a qualitative study from two districts in rural Tanzania. Malar J 9: 54.
53. Antwi GD (2010) Factors influencing the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in the Bosomtwe district of Ghana [Master's thesis]. Kumasi (Ghana): Department of Community Health, School of Medical Sciences.
54. Ashwood-Smith H, Coombes Y, Kaimila N, Bokosi M, Lungu K, (2002) Availability and use of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in pregnancy in Blantyre District: a Safe Motherhood and Blantyre Integrated Malaria Initiative (BIMI) joint survey. Malawi Med J 14: 8-11.
55. Arulogun OS, Okereke CC, (2012) Knowledge and practices of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy among health workers in a southwest local government area of Nigeria. J Med Med Sci 3: 415-422.
56. Anders K, Marchant T, Chambo P, Mapunda P, Reyburn H, (2008) Timing of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy and the implications of current policy on early uptake in north-east Tanzania. Malar J 7: 79.
57. Sangare LR, Stergachis A, Brentlinger PE, Richardson BA, Staedke SG, et al. (2010) Determinants of use of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: Jinja, Uganda. PLoS ONE 5: e15066 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015066.
58. Marchant T, Nathan R, Jones C, Mponda H, Bruce J, et al. (2008) Individual, facility and policy level influences on national coverage estimates for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in Tanzania. Malar J 7: 260.
59. Namusoke F, Ntale M, Wahlgren M, Kironde F, Mirembe F, (2012) Validity of self-reported use of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent presumptive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp): a cross-sectional study. Malar J 11: 310.
60. Onyeaso NC, Fawole AO, (2007) Perception and practice of malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy among health care providers in Ibadan. Afr J Reprod Health 11: 60-69.
61. Onwujekwe OC, Soremekun RO, Uzochukwu B, Shu E, Onwujekwe O, (2012) Patterns of case management and chemoprevention for malaria-in-pregnancy by public and private sector health providers in Enugu state, Nigeria. BMC Res Notes 5: 211.
62. Brentlinger PE, Dgedge M, Correia MA, Rojas AJ, Saute F, et al. (2007) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in central Mozambique. Bull World Health Organ 85: 873-879.
63. Mubyazi GM, Bloch P, Byskov J, Magnussen P, Bygbjerg IC, et al. (2012) Supply-related drivers of staff motivation for providing intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in Tanzania: evidence from two rural districts. Malar J 11: 48.
64. Smith Paintain L, Antwi GD, Jones C, Amoako E, Adjei RO, et al. (2011) Intermittent screening and treatment versus intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: provider knowledge and acceptability. PLoS ONE 6: e24035 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024035.
65. Njoroge FK, Kimani VN, Ongore D, Akwale WS, (2009) Use of insecticide treated bed nets among pregnant women in Kilifi District, Kenya. East Afr Med J 86: 314-322.
66. Mbonye AK, Neema S, Magnussen P, (2006) Preventing malaria in pregnancy: a study of perceptions and policy implications in Mukono district, Uganda. Health Policy and Plan 21: 17-26.
67. Karunamoorthi K, Deboch B, Tafere Y, (2010) Knowledge and practice concerning malaria, insecticide-treated net (ITN) utilization and antimalarial treatment among pregnant women attending specialist antenatal clinics. J Public Health 18: 559-566.
68. van Eijk AM, Blokland IE, Slutsker L, Odhiambo F, Ayisi J, et al. (2005) Use of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in a rural area of western Kenya with high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1134-1140.
69. Musa OI, Salaudeen GA, Jimoh RO, (2009) Awareness and use of insecticide treated nets among women attending ante-natal clinic in a northern state of Nigeria. J Pak Med Assoc 59: 354-358.
70. Sangare LR (2010) Use of malaria prevention and control measures during pregnancy in Jinja, Uganda [PhD dissertation]. Seattle (Washington): University of Washington.
71. Aluko JO, Oluwatosin AO, (2012) Utilization of insecticide treated nets during pregnancy among postpartum women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 12: 21.
72. Amoran OE, Lawal KM, Jeminusi OA, Alabi AA, Oluwole FA, (2012) Determinants of uptake of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Ado-Odo Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. J Community Med Health Educ 2: 1000126.
73. Okonta PI, (2011) Utilization of insecticide-treated net during pregnancy in Delta State: a survey of recently delivered mothers. Ebonyi Med J 10: 105-111.
74. Olajide FO, Afolabi OT, Olajide AO, Omisore AG, Omomuniniyi OA, (2011) Challenges with the use of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Ife-Ijesha Zone, South Western Nigeria. J Community Med Prim Health Care 23: 79-86.
75. Marchant T, Schellenberg JA, Edgar T, Nathan R, Abdulla S, et al. (2002) Socially marketed insecticide-treated nets improve malaria and anaemia in pregnancy in southern Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7: 149-158.
76. Pettifor AE, Taylor E, Nku D, Duvall S, Tabala M, et al. (2008) Bed net ownership, use, and perceptions among women seeking antenatal care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): opportunities for improved maternal and child health. BMC Public Health 8: 331.
77. Ambrose EE, Mazigo HD, Heukelbach J, Gabone O, Mwizamholya DL, (2011) Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria and mosquito net use among women seeking antenatal care in Iringa, south-western Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 13: 188-195.
78. Van Geertruyden JP, Ntakirutimana D, Erhart A, Rwagacondo C, Kabano A, et al. (2005) Malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in six Rwandan districts. Trop Med Int Health 10: 681-688.
79. Belay M, Deressa W, (2008) Use of insecticide treated nets by pregnant women and associated factors in a pre-dominantly rural population in northern Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 13: 1303-1313.
80. Ankomah A, Adebayo SB, Arogundade ED, Anyanti J, Nwokolo E, et al. (2012) Determinants of insecticide-treated net ownership and utilization among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 12: 105.
81. Auta A, (2012) Demographic factors associated with insecticide treated net use among Nigerian women and children. N Am J Med Sci 4: 40-44.
82. De Allegri M, Louis VR, Tiendrebeogo J, Souares A, Ye M, et al. (2013) Moving towards universal coverage with malaria control interventions: achievements and challenges in rural Burkina Faso. Int J Health Plann Manage 28: 102-121.
83. Kweku M, Webster J, Taylor I, Burns S, Dedzo M, (2007) Public-private delivery of insecticide-treated nets: a voucher scheme in Volta Region, Ghana. Malar J 6: 14.
84. Beiersmann C, De AM, Tiendrebeogo J, Ye M, Jahn A, et al. (2010) Different delivery mechanisms for insecticide-treated nets in rural Burkina Faso: a provider's perspective. Malar J 9: 352.
85. O'Meara WP, Smith N, Ekal E, Cole D, Ndege S, (2011) Spatial distribution of bednet coverage under routine distribution through the public health sector in a rural district in Kenya. PLoS ONE 6: e25949 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025949.
86. Msyamboza KP, Savage EJ, Kazembe PN, Gies S, Kalanda G, et al. (2009) Community-based distribution of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy improved coverage but reduced antenatal attendance in southern Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 14: 183-189.
87. Mbonye AK, Bygbjerg I, Magnussen P, (2007) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: evaluation of a new delivery approach and the policy implications for malaria control in Uganda. Health Policy 81: 228-241.
88. Ndyomugyenyi R, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, (2009) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp): participation of community-directed distributors of ivermectin for onchocerciasis improves IPTp access in Ugandan rural communities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1221-1228.
89. Okeibunor JC, Orji BC, Brieger W, Ishola G, Otolorin E, et al. (2011) Preventing malaria in pregnancy through community-directed interventions: evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Malar J 10: 227.
90. Gies S, Coulibaly SO, Ky C, Ouattara FT, Brabin BJ, et al. (2009) Community-based promotional campaign to improve uptake of intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment in pregnancy in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 460-469.
91. Ouma PO, van Eijk AM, Hamel MJ, Sikuku E, Odhiambo F, et al. (2007) The effect of health care worker training on the use of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in rural western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 12: 953-961.
92. Thwing JI, Perry RT, Townes DA, Diouf MB, Ndiaye S, et al. (2011) Success of Senegal's first nationwide distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to children under five-contribution toward universal coverage. Malar J 10: 86.
93. Ahmed SM, Zerihun A, (2010) Possession and usage of insecticidal bed nets among the people of Uganda: is BRAC Uganda Health Programme pursuing a pro-poor path? PLoS ONE 5: e12660 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012660.
94. Khatib RA, Killeen GF, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, McElroy PD, et al. (2008) Markets, voucher subsidies and free nets combine to achieve high bed net coverage in rural Tanzania. Malar J 7: 98.
95. Population Services International (2008) Kenya (2007): Malaria TRaC Study evaluating bed net ownership and use among pregnant women and children under 5 (years). Third round. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
96. Population Services International (2009) Madagascar (2008): Malaria TRaC Study evaluating the use of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women and mothers/caregivers of children younger than five years in endemic area. Third round. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
97. Population Services International (2007) Burundi (2007): Malaria TRaC Study evaluating bed net use among pregnant women and children under 5 years. First round. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
98. Pettifor A, Taylor E, Nku D, Duvall S, Tabala M, et al. (2009) Free distribution of insecticide treated bed nets to pregnant women in Kinshasa: an effective way to achieve 80% use by women and their newborns. Trop Med Int Health 14: 20-28.
99. Guyatt H, Ochola S, (2003) Use of bednets given free to pregnant women in Kenya. Lancet 362: 1549-1550.
100. Marchant T, Schellenberg D, Nathan R, Armstrong-Schellenberg J, Mponda H, et al. (2010) Assessment of a national voucher scheme to deliver insecticide-treated mosquito nets to pregnant women. CMAJ 182: 152-156.
101. Hanson K, Marchant T, Nathan R, Mponda H, Jones C, et al. (2009) Household ownership and use of insecticide treated nets among target groups after implementation of a national voucher programme in the United Republic of Tanzania: plausibility study using three annual cross sectional household surveys. BMJ 339: b2434.
102. Muller O, De AM, Becher H, Tiendrebogo J, Beiersmann C, et al. (2008) Distribution systems of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control in rural Burkina Faso: cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 3: e3182 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003182.
103. Nonaka D, Maazou A, Yamagata S, Oumarou I, Uchida T, et al. (2012) Distribution of subsidized insecticide-treated bed nets through a community health committee in Boboye Health District, Niger. Trop Med Health 40: 125-131.
104. Kikumbih N, Hanson K, Mills A, Mponda H, Schellenberg JA, (2005) The economics of social marketing: the case of mosquito nets in Tanzania. Soc Sci Med 60: 369-381.
105. Willey B SS, Armstrong Schellenberg J (2010) How to scale up malaria control interventions: a systematic review using insecticide treated nets, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, and artemisinin combination treatment as tracer interventions. Backgound paper for the First Global Symposium on Health Systems Research; 16-19 Novermber 2010; Montreux, Switzerland.
106. World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme (2012) Updated WHO policy recommendation: intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Available: http://www.who.int/malaria/iptp_sp_updated_policy_recommendation_en_102012.pdf. Accessed 19 December 2012.
107. Simkhada B, Teijlingen ER, Porter M, Simkhada P, (2008) Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: systematic review of the literature. J Adv Nurs 61: 244-260.
108. Sexton A, (2011) Best practices for an insecticide-treated bed net distribution programme in sub-Saharan eastern Africa. Malar J 10: 157.
109. Pulford J, Hetzel MW, Bryant M, Siba PM, Mueller I, (2011) Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the published literature. Malar J 10: 83.
110. Smith HJ (2009) Understanding pregnant women's uptake of malaria prevention interventions: the role of qualitative evidence. London: Medical Research Council. Available: http://www.mrc.ac.uk/ResearchPortfolio/Grant/Record.htm?GrantRef=G0802009&CaseId=13664. Accessed 4 February 2013.
111. Chico RM, Chandramohan D, (2011) Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: at the crossroads of public health policy. Trop Med Int Health 16: 774-785.
112. Tagbor H, Bruce J, Agbo M, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D, (2010) Intermittent screening and treatment versus intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. PLoS ONE 5: e14425 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014425.
113. Bouyou-Akotet MK, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kombila M, (2013) Antenatal care visit attendance, intermittent preventive treatment and bed net use during pregnancy in Gabon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13: 52.
114. Onoka CA, Onwujekwe OE, Hanson K, Uzochukwu BS, (2012) Sub-optimal delivery of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in Nigeria: influence of provider factors. Malar J 11: 317.
115. d'Almeida TC, Agboton-Zoumenou MA, Garcia A, Massougbodji A, Briand V, et al. (2011) Field evaluation of the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) in Benin: evolution of the coverage rate since its implementation. Parasit Vectors 4: 108.
116. Manirakiza A, Serdouma E, Djalle D, Soula G, Laganier R, et al. (2011) Relatively low prevalence of peripheral and placental plasmodium infection at delivery in Bangui, Central African Republic. J Trop Med 2011: 434816.
117. Napoleon RP, Anyangu AS, Omolocan J, Ongus JR, (2011) Preventing malaria during pregnancy: factors determining the use of insecticide-treated bednets and intermittent preventive therapy in Juba. South Sudan Med J 4: 33-38.
118. Nduka FO, Nwosu E, Oguariri RM, (2011) Evaluation of the effectiveness and compliance of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in the control of malaria in pregnant women in south eastern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105: 599-605.
119. Tutu EO, Browne E, Lawson B, (2011) Effect of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine on neonatal birth weight and perceptions on its impact on malaria in pregnancy in an intermittent preventive treatment programme setting in Offinso District, Ghana. Int Health 3: 206-212.
120. Wagbatsoma VA, Aigbe EE, (2010) ITN utilization among pregnant women attending ANC in Etsako West Lga, Edo State, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 13: 144-148.
121. Akinleye SO, Falade CO, Ajayi IO, (2009) Knowledge and utilization of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in primary health care centers in rural southwest, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9: 28.
122. Takem EN, Achidi EA, Ndumbe PM, (2009) Use of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria by pregnant women in Buea, Cameroon. Acta Trop 112: 54-58.
123. Klebi GW (2009) Factors accounting for the decline in IPTp2/IPTp3 among pregnant mothers in the Keta municipality-Ghana [Master's thesis]. Kumasi (Ghana): School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
124. Mnyika KS, Kabalimu TK, Mbaruku G, (2006) Determinants of utilisation of mosquito bednets for malaria prevention among pregnant women in Kigoma urban district, western Tanzania. East Afr J Public Health 3: 31-34.
125. Nganda RY, Drakeley C, Reyburn H, Marchant T, (2004) Knowledge of malaria influences the use of insecticide treated nets but not intermittent presumptive treatment by pregnant women in Tanzania. Malar J 3: 42.
126. Hill J, Dellicour S, Bruce J, Ouma P, Smedley J, et al. (2013) Effectiveness of antenatal clinics to deliver intermittent preventive treatment and insecticide treated nets for the control of malaria in pregnancy in Kenya. PLoS ONE 8: e64913 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064913.
127. Zere E, Kirigia JM, Duale S, Akazili J, (2012) Inequities in maternal and child health outcomes and interventions in Ghana. BMC Public Health 12: 252.
128. Faye A, Manga NM, Seck I, Niang K, Leye MM, et al. (2011) Access to intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in a situation of abolition of user's fee: role of economic welfare. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 105: 215-219.
129. Mbonye AK, Hansen KS, Wamono F, Magnussen P, (2010) Integration of malaria and HIV/AIDS prevention through the private sector in Uganda. Int Health 2: 52-58.
130. Acquah AAK (2009) Controlling malaria in pregnancy: investigating the factors that influence the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment services in the Nzema-East District, Ghana [Master's thesis]. Kumasi (Ghana): Department of Community Health, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
131. Gikandi PW, Noor AM, Gitonga CW, Ajanga AA, Snow RW, (2008) Access and barriers to measures targeted to prevent malaria in pregnancy in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 13: 208-217.
132. Hassan SEH, Malik EM, Okoued SI, Eltayeb EM, (2008) Retention and efficacy of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets distributed in eastern Sudan: a two-step community-based study. Malar J 7: 85.
133. Kiwuwa MS, Mufubenga P, (2008) Use of antenatal care, maternity services, intermittent presumptive treatment and insecticide treated bed nets by pregnant women in Luwero district, Uganda. Malar J 7: 44.
134. Population Services International (2006) Burundi (2006): determinants of the use of bed nets among mothers of children less than 5 years of age and pregnant women in Burundi. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
135. Population Services International (2006) Rwanda (2006): Malaria TRaC Study evaluating the use of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women and children under 5 years of age. First round. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
136. Population Services International (2006) Zambia (2005): Malaria TRaC Study examining the use of inecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Zambia. First round. Washington (District of Columbia): Population Services International.
137. Guyatt HL, Noor AM, Ochola SA, Snow RW, (2004) Use of intermittent presumptive treatment and insecticide treated bed nets by pregnant women in four Kenyan districts. Trop Med Int Health 9: 255-261.
138. van Eijk AM, Hill J, Larsen DA, Webster J, Steketee RW,et al. (Forthcoming 2013) Are coverage targets for intermittent preventive therapy and insecticide-treated nets for the control of malaria in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa being reached? A synthesis and meta-analysis of national survey data for 2009-2011. Lancet Infectious Diseases.