메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 109, Issue , 2013, Pages 238-244

Discrete and dispersible hollow carbon spheres for PtRuelectrocatalyst support in DMFCs

Author keywords

Direct methanol fuel cell; Electrooxidation; Hollow carbon sphere; Pt; Ru nanoparticle

Indexed keywords

CATALYST ACTIVITY; CATALYSTS; CHRONOAMPEROMETRY; CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY; ELECTROCATALYSTS; ELECTROOXIDATION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; METHANOL; METHANOL FUELS; NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; PLATINUM; PLATINUM ALLOYS; PYROLYSIS; SILICA; SPHERES;

EID: 84881172545     PISSN: 00134686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.157     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (53)
  • 3
    • 0032634583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanol oxidation and direct methanol fuel cells: Aselective review
    • S.Wasmus,A.Küver,Methanol oxidation and direct methanol fuel cells: aselective review,Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 461 (1999) 14-31
    • (1999) Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry , vol.461 , pp. 14-31
    • Wasmus, S.1    Küver, A.2
  • 4
    • 33845656852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview on the challenges and developments of micro-direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.081, PII S0378775306020222, Papers presented at the FUEL PROCESSING FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM at the 230th American Chemical SocietyNational Meeting
    • S.K.Kamarudin,W.R.W.Daud,S.L.Ho,U.A.Hasran,Overview on the challengesand developments of micro-direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC),Journal of PowerSources 163 (2007) 743-754 (Pubitemid 44959610)
    • (2007) Journal of Power Sources , vol.163 , Issue.2 , pp. 743-754
    • Kamarudin, S.K.1    Daud, W.R.W.2    Ho, S.L.3    Hasran, U.A.4
  • 5
    • 11144306940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spherical carbon capsules with hollowmacroporous core and mesoporous shell structures as a highly efficient cata-lyst support in the direct methanol fuel cell
    • G.S.Chai,S.B.Yoon,J.H.Kim,J.S.Yu,Spherical carbon capsules with hollowmacroporous core and mesoporous shell structures as a highly efficient cata-lyst support in the direct methanol fuel cell,Chemical Communications (2004)2766-2767
    • (2004) Chemical Communications , pp. 2766-2767
    • Chai, G.S.1    Yoon, S.B.2    Kim, J.H.3    Yu, J.S.4
  • 6
    • 27144533207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation and characterization of a PtRu/C nanocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells
    • DOI 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.05.056, PII S0013468605005931
    • J.W.Guo,T.S.Zhao,J.Prabhuram,R.Chen,C.W.Wong,Preparation and charac-terization of a PtRu/C nanocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells,ElectrochimicaActa 51 (2005) 754-763 (Pubitemid 41500066)
    • (2005) Electrochimica Acta , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 754-763
    • Guo, J.W.1    Zhao, T.S.2    Prabhuram, J.3    Chen, R.4    Wong, C.W.5
  • 7
    • 0001586038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DMFCs: From fundamental aspects totechnology development
    • A.S.Aricò,S.Srinivasan,V.Antonucci,DMFCs: from fundamental aspects totechnology development,Fuel Cells 1 (2001) 133-161
    • (2001) Fuel Cells , vol.1 , pp. 133-161
    • Aricò, A.S.1    Srinivasan, S.2    Antonucci, V.3
  • 8
    • 68849106257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview on the application of directmethanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices
    • S.K.Kamarudin,F.Achmad,W.R.W.Daud,Overview on the application of directmethanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices,International Journalof Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 6902-6916.
    • (2009) International Journalof Hydrogen Energy , vol.34 , pp. 6902-6916
    • Kamarudin, S.K.1    Achmad, F.2    Daud, W.R.W.3
  • 9
    • 79953654573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-dimensional noble metal electrocatalysts: Apromising structural paradigm for direct methanol fuel cells
    • C.Koenigsmann,S.S.Wong,One-dimensional noble metal electrocatalysts: apromising structural paradigm for direct methanol fuel cells,Energy & Envi-ronmental Science 4 (2011) 1161-1176
    • (2011) Energy & Envi-ronmental Science , vol.4 , pp. 1161-1176
    • Koenigsmann, C.1    Wong, S.S.2
  • 12
    • 79961031257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported onpoly(ionic liquids) derived hollow carbon spheres for methanol oxidation
    • X.Bo,J.Bai,J.Ju,L.Guo,Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported onpoly(ionic liquids) derived hollow carbon spheres for methanol oxidation,Jour-nal of Power Sources 196 (2011) 8360-8365
    • (2011) Jour-nal of Power Sources , vol.196 , pp. 8360-8365
    • Bo, X.1    Bai, J.2    Ju, J.3    Guo, L.4
  • 13
  • 14
    • 33645691297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and characterization of plat-inum catalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by intermittent microwaveirradiation for fuel cell applications
    • Z.Q.Tian,S.P.Jiang,Y.M.Liang,P.K.Shen,Synthesis and characterization of plat-inum catalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by intermittent microwaveirradiation for fuel cell applications,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (2006)5343-5350
    • (2006) Journal of Physical Chemistry B , vol.110 , pp. 5343-5350
    • Tian, Z.Q.1    Jiang, S.P.2    Liang, Y.M.3    Shen, P.K.4
  • 15
    • 78650023055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide hydro-gen/carbon monoxide and methanol in acid medium on Pt-Sn catalysts forlow-temperature fuel cells: A comparative review of the effect of Pt-Sn struc-tural characteristics
    • E.Antolini,E.R.Gonzalez,The electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide,hydro-gen/carbon monoxide and methanol in acid medium on Pt-Sn catalysts forlow-temperature fuel cells: a comparative review of the effect of Pt-Sn struc-tural characteristics,Electrochimica Acta 56 (2010) 1-14
    • (2010) Electrochimica Acta , vol.56 , pp. 1-14
    • Antolini, E.1    Gonzalez, E.R.2
  • 16
    • 25444433659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of ptru nanoparticles from thehydrosilylation reaction and application as catalyst for direct methanol fuelcell
    • J.Huang,Z.Liu,C.He,L.M.Gan,Synthesis of PtRu nanoparticles from thehydrosilylation reaction and application as catalyst for direct methanol fuelcell,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 (2005) 16644-16649
    • (2005) Journal of Physical Chemistry B , vol.109 , pp. 16644-16649
    • Huang, J.1    Liu, Z.2    He, C.3    Gan, L.M.4
  • 17
    • 33646830451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of carbon in fuel cells
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.054, PII S0378775306003466
    • A.L.Dicks,The role of carbon in fuel cells,Journal of Power Sources 156 (2006)128-141 (Pubitemid 43775656)
    • (2006) Journal of Power Sources , vol.156 , Issue.2 , pp. 128-141
    • Dicks, A.L.1
  • 18
    • 0347480340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanosized pt and ptru colloids asprecursors for direct methanol fuel cell catalysts
    • Z.Liu,X.Y.Ling,J.Y.Lee,X.Su,L.M.Gan,Nanosized Pt and PtRu colloids asprecursors for direct methanol fuel cell catalysts,Journal of Materials Chemistry13 (2003) 3049-3052
    • (2003) Journal of Materials Chemistry , vol.13 , pp. 3049-3052
    • Liu, Z.1    Ling, X.Y.2    Lee, J.Y.3    Su, X.4    Gan, L.M.5
  • 19
    • 44049106067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ni on ptru/c catalystperformance for ethanol electrooxidation in acidic medium
    • Z.B.Wang,P.J.Zuo,G.J.Wang,C.Y.Du,G.P.Yin,Effect of Ni on PtRu/C catalystperformance for ethanol electrooxidation in acidic medium,Journal of PhysicalChemistry C 112 (2008) 6582-6587
    • (2008) Journal of PhysicalChemistry C , vol.112 , pp. 6582-6587
    • Wang, Z.B.1    Zuo, P.J.2    Wang, G.J.3    Du, C.Y.4    Yin, G.P.5
  • 20
    • 84861937184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanol oxidation on model elemental andbimetallic transition metal surfaces
    • G.A.Tritsaris,J.Rossmeisl,Methanol oxidation on model elemental andbimetallic transition metal surfaces,Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 (2012)11980-11986
    • (2012) Journal of Physical Chemistry C , vol.116 , pp. 11980-11986
    • Tritsaris, G.A.1    Rossmeisl, J.2
  • 21
    • 1542317383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-situ atr-ftir spectroscopic study ofelectro-oxidation of methanol and adsorbed co at pt-ru alloy
    • T.Yajima,H.Uchida,M.Watanabe,In-situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopic study ofelectro-oxidation of methanol and adsorbed CO at Pt-Ru alloy,Journal of Phys-ical Chemistry B 108 (2004) 2654-2659
    • (2004) Journal of Phys-ical Chemistry B , vol.108 , pp. 2654-2659
    • Yajima, T.1    Uchida, H.2    Watanabe, M.3
  • 22
    • 0141569819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic study of methanol oxida-tion on carbon-supported PtRu electrocatalyst
    • S.L.Gojkovic,T.R.Vidakovic,D.R.urovic,Kinetic study of methanol oxida-tion on carbon-supported PtRu electrocatalyst,Electrochimica Acta 48 (2003)3607-3614
    • (2003) Electrochimica Acta , vol.48 , pp. 3607-3614
    • Gojkovic, S.L.1    Vidakovic, T.R.2    Urovic, D.R.3
  • 23
    • 23844525151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanostructured ptru/c as anode catalysts preparedin a pseudomicroemulsion with ionic surfactant for direct methanol fuel cell
    • W.Xu,T.Lu,C.Liu,W.Xing,Nanostructured PtRu/C as anode catalysts preparedin a pseudomicroemulsion with ionic surfactant for direct methanol fuel cell,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 (2005) 14325-14330
    • (2005) Journal of Physical Chemistry B , vol.109 , pp. 14325-14330
    • Xu, W.1    Lu, T.2    Liu, C.3    Xing, W.4
  • 25
    • 84862580443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonization of ionicliquid polymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes for high dispersion of PtRunanoparticles and their electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol
    • B.H.Wu,Y.J.Kuang,Y.S.Zhang,X.H.Zhang,J.H.Chen,Carbonization of ionicliquid polymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes for high dispersion of PtRunanoparticles and their electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol,Journal of Mate-rials Chemistry 22 (2012) 13085-13090
    • (2012) Journal of Mate-rials Chemistry , vol.22 , pp. 13085-13090
    • Wu, B.H.1    Kuang, Y.J.2    Zhang, Y.S.3    Zhang, X.H.4    Chen, J.H.5
  • 26
    • 84871156790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of carbonnanofiber properties as support for PtRu nanoparticles on the electrooxidationof alcohols
    • D.Sebastián,I.Suelves,E.Pastor,R.Moliner,M.J.Lázaro,The effect of carbonnanofiber properties as support for PtRu nanoparticles on the electrooxidationof alcohols,Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 132-133 (2012) 13-21
    • (2012) Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , vol.132-133 , pp. 13-21
    • Sebastián, D.1    Suelves, I.2    Pastor, E.3    Moliner, R.4    Lázaro, M.J.5
  • 28
    • 84862833679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation and characterization of PtRunanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon for electrooxidationof methanol
    • Z.L.Liu,F.B.Su,X.H.Zhang,S.W.Tay,Preparation and characterization of PtRunanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon for electrooxidationof methanol,ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 3 (2011) 3824-3830
    • (2011) ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , vol.3 , pp. 3824-3830
    • Liu, Z.L.1    Su, F.B.2    Zhang, X.H.3    Tay, S.W.4
  • 30
    • 38849089237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Well-ordered mesoporous carbon thinfilm with perpendicular channels: Application to direct methanol fuel cell
    • M.L.Lin,C.C.Huang,M.Y.Lo,C.Y.Mou,Well-ordered mesoporous carbon thinfilm with perpendicular channels: application to direct methanol fuel cell,Jour-nal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (2008) 867-873
    • (2008) Jour-nal of Physical Chemistry C , vol.112 , pp. 867-873
    • Lin, M.L.1    Huang, C.C.2    Lo, M.Y.3    Mou, C.Y.4
  • 32
    • 84861864002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical synthesis of car-bon materials with intriguing nanostructure and morphology
    • A.H.Lu,G.P.Hao,Q.Sun,X.Q.Zhang,W.C.Li,Chemical synthesis of car-bon materials with intriguing nanostructure and morphology,MacromolecularChemistry and Physics 213 (2012) 1107-1131
    • (2012) MacromolecularChemistry and Physics , vol.213 , pp. 1107-1131
    • Lu, A.H.1    Hao, G.P.2    Sun, Q.3    Zhang, X.Q.4    Li, W.C.5
  • 33
    • 70349959789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functionalizationof carbon nanotubes by an ionic-liquid polymer: Dispersion of Pt andPtRu nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their electrocatalytic oxi-dation of methanol
    • B.Wu,D.Hu,Y.Kuang,B.Liu,X.Zhang,J.Chen,Functionalizationof carbon nanotubes by an ionic-liquid polymer: dispersion of Pt andPtRu nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their electrocatalytic oxi-dation of methanol,Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2009)4751-4754
    • (2009) Angewandte Chemie International Edition , vol.48 , pp. 4751-4754
    • Wu, B.1    Hu, D.2    Kuang, Y.3    Liu, B.4    Zhang, X.5    Chen, J.6
  • 34
    • 61849121876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect ofvapor-grown carbon fiber as an additive to the catalyst layer on the per-formance of a direct methanol fuel cell
    • S.M.Park,D.H.Jung,S.K.Kim,S.Lim,D.Peck,W.H.Hong,The effect ofvapor-grown carbon fiber as an additive to the catalyst layer on the per-formance of a direct methanol fuel cell,Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009)3066-3072
    • (2009) Electrochimica Acta , vol.54 , pp. 3066-3072
    • Park, S.M.1    Jung, D.H.2    Kim, S.K.3    Lim, S.4    Peck, D.5    Hong, W.H.6
  • 35
    • 81155159735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hollow graphitic carbon spheres for Pt electrocatalyst support indirect methanol fuel cell
    • J.H.Bang,Hollow graphitic carbon spheres for Pt electrocatalyst support indirect methanol fuel cell,Electrochimica Acta 56 (2011) 8674-8679
    • (2011) Electrochimica Acta , vol.56 , pp. 8674-8679
    • Bang, J.H.1
  • 36
    • 76249088863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pt nanoparticlessupported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanospheres as an electrocatalystfor fuel cells
    • F.B.Su,Z.Q.Tian,C.K.Poh,Z.Wang,S.H.Lim,Z.L.Liu,J.Y.Lin,Pt nanoparticlessupported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanospheres as an electrocatalystfor fuel cells,Chemistry of Materials 22 (2010) 832-839
    • (2010) Chemistry of Materials , vol.22 , pp. 832-839
    • Su, F.B.1    Tian, Z.Q.2    Poh, C.K.3    Wang, Z.4    Lim, S.H.5    Liu, Z.L.6    Lin, J.Y.7
  • 40
    • 34548348335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective adsorption of glucose-derived carbon precursor on amino-functionalized porous silica for fabrication of hollow carbon spheres with porous walls
    • DOI 10.1021/cm0702969
    • S.Ikeda,K.Tachi,Y.H.Ng,Y.Ikoma,T.Sakata,H.Mori,T.Harada,M.Matsumura, Selective adsorption of glucose-derived carbon precursor onamino-functionalized porous silica for fabrication of hollow carbon sphereswith porous walls,Chemistry of Materials 19 (2007) 4335-4340 (Pubitemid 47340309)
    • (2007) Chemistry of Materials , vol.19 , Issue.17 , pp. 4335-4340
    • Ikeda, S.1    Tachi, K.2    Ng, Y.H.3    Ikoma, Y.4    Sakata, T.5    Mori, H.6    Harada, T.7    Matsumura, M.8
  • 41
    • 25844507156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hollow carbonaceous capsules from glucose solution
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.101, PII S0021979705004959
    • X.Sun,Y.Li,Hollow carbonaceous capsules from glucose solution,Journal ofColloid and Interface Science 291 (2005) 7-12 (Pubitemid 41392901)
    • (2005) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , vol.291 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-12
    • Sun, X.1    Li, Y.2
  • 42
    • 67649295059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designed synthesis of coaxial SnO2@carbon hol-low nanospheres for highly reversible lithium storage
    • X.W.Lou,C.M.Li,L.A.Archer,Designed synthesis of coaxial SnO2@carbon hol-low nanospheres for highly reversible lithium storage,Advanced Materials 21(2009) 2536-2539
    • (2009) Advanced Materials , vol.21 , pp. 2536-2539
    • Lou, X.W.1    Li, C.M.2    Archer, L.A.3
  • 44
    • 82455192740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of discreteand dispersible hollow carbon nanospheres with high uniformity by using con-fined nanospace pyrolysis
    • A.H.Lu,T.Sun,W.C.Li,Q.Sun,F.Han,D.H.Liu,Y.Guo,Synthesis of discreteand dispersible hollow carbon nanospheres with high uniformity by using con-fined nanospace pyrolysis,Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50 (2011)11765-11768
    • (2011) Angewandte Chemie International Edition , vol.50 , pp. 11765-11768
    • Lu, A.H.1    Sun, T.2    Li, W.C.3    Sun, Q.4    Han, F.5    Liu, D.H.6    Guo, Y.7
  • 46
    • 0035252167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of carbon supported PtRu alloys: An XRD analysis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0925-8388(00)01260-3
    • E.Antolini,F.Cardellini,Formation of carbon supported PtRu alloys: an XRDanalysis,Journal of Alloys and Compounds 315 (2001) 118-122 (Pubitemid 32195849)
    • (2001) Journal of Alloys and Compounds , vol.315 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 118-122
    • Antolini, E.1    Cardellini, F.2
  • 47
    • 0001162210 scopus 로고
    • The scherrer formula for x-ray particle size determination
    • A.L.Patterson,The Scherrer formula for X-Ray particle size determination,Physical Review 56 (1939) 978-982
    • (1939) Physical Review , vol.56 , pp. 978-982
    • Patterson, A.L.1
  • 49
    • 65249135093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of reduction temperature on the preparation and characterizationof Pt-Ru nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes
    • R.Chetty,W.Xia,S.Kundu,M.Bron,T.Reinecke,W.Schuhmann,M.Muh-ler,Effect of reduction temperature on the preparation and characterizationof Pt-Ru nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes,Langmuir 25 (2009)3853-3860
    • (2009) Langmuir , vol.25 , pp. 3853-3860
    • Chetty, R.1    Xia, W.2    Kundu, S.3    Bron, M.4    Reinecke, T.5    Schuhmann, W.6    Muh-Ler, M.7
  • 50
    • 33846796255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrochemicalimpedance studies on carbon supported PtRuNi and PtRu anode catalysts inacid medium for direct methanol fuel cell
    • Z.B.Wang,G.P.Yin,Y.Y.Shao,B.Q.Yang,P.F.Shi,P.X.Feng, Electrochemicalimpedance studies on carbon supported PtRuNi and PtRu anode catalysts inacid medium for direct methanol fuel cell,Journal of Power Sources 165 (2007)9-15
    • (2007) Journal of Power Sources , vol.165 , pp. 9-15
    • Wang, Z.B.1    Yin, G.P.2    Shao, Y.Y.3    Yang, B.Q.4    Shi, P.F.5    Feng, P.X.6
  • 51
    • 50649115290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved kinetics of methanol oxi-dation on Pt/hollow carbon sphere catalysts
    • J.Wu,F.P.Hu,X.D.Hu,Z.D.Wei,P.K.Shen,Improved kinetics of methanol oxi-dation on Pt/hollow carbon sphere catalysts,Electrochimica Acta 53 (2008)8341-8345
    • (2008) Electrochimica Acta , vol.53 , pp. 8341-8345
    • Wu, J.1    Hu, F.P.2    Hu, X.D.3    Wei, Z.D.4    Shen, P.K.5
  • 52
    • 84856336534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly stable pt-ru nanoparticles supportedon three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon (pt-ru/cmk-8) aspromising electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation
    • T.Maiyalagan,T.O.Alaje,K.Scott,Highly stable Pt-Ru nanoparticles supportedon three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon (Pt-Ru/CMK-8) aspromising electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation,Journal of Physical Chem-istry C 116 (2012) 2630-2638
    • (2012) Journal of Physical Chem-istry C , vol.116 , pp. 2630-2638
    • Maiyalagan, T.1    Alaje, T.O.2    Scott, K.3
  • 53
    • 70350228649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving pemfuel cell catalyst activity and durability using nitrogen-doped carbon supports: Observations from model pt/hopg systems
    • Y.Zhou,R.Pasquarelli,T.Holme,J.Berry,D.Ginley,R.O'Hayre,Improving PEMfuel cell catalyst activity and durability using nitrogen-doped carbon supports:observations from model Pt/HOPG systems,Journal of Materials Chemistry 19(2009) 7830-7838.
    • (2009) Journal of Materials Chemistry , vol.19 , pp. 7830-7838
    • Zhou, Y.1    Pasquarelli, R.2    Holme, T.3    Berry, J.4    Ginley, D.5    O'hayre, R.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.