The role of carbon in fuel cells

Journal of Power Sources

Volumn 156, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 128-141

  Dicks, Andrew L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon components; Catalyst support; Direct carbon fuel cell; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON NANOTUBES; FOSSIL FUELS; PHOSPHORIC ACID; PROTONS; THERMODYNAMICS;

CARBON COMPONENTS; CATALYST SUPPORT; DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL; PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS;

FUEL CELLS;

EID: 33646830451     PISSN: 03787753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.054     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Bayer J., and Ergun S. An X-ray study of carbon blacks produced from coals. Carbon 5 2 (1967) 107-108
2. Frondel C., and Martin U.B. Nature 214 (1967) 587
3. 60: buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318 (1985) 162
4. Iijima S. Helical microtubes of graphitic carbon. Nature 354 (1991) 56-58
5. Ijima S. Nature 354 (1991) 56
6. Rode A.V., Gamaly E.G., and Luther-Davies B. Formation of cluster-assembled carbon nano-foam by high-repetition-rate laser ablation. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 70 2 (2000) 135-144
7. Rode A.V., Gamaly E.G., Christy A.G., FitzGerald J.G., Hyde S.T., Elliman R.G., Luther-Davies B., Veinger A.I., Androulakis J., and Giapintzakis J. Unconventional magnetism in all-carbon nanofoam, American Physical Society. Phys. Rev. B 70 5 (2004) 054407/1-054407/9
8. Charlier J.-C., Lambin Ph., and Ebbesen T.W. Electronic properties of carbon nanotubes with polygonized cross section, American Physical Society. Phys. Rev. B 54 12 (1996) 8377-8390
9. Larminie J., and Dicks A. Fuel Cell Systems Explained. second ed. (2003), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., UK. 0-470-84857-X
10. Kordesch K., and Simader G. Fuel Cells and Their Applications (1996), Wiley-VCH. 3-527-28579-2
11. Tomantschger K., McClusky F., Oporto L., Reid A., and Kordesch K. Alkaline fuel cells with carbon electrodes. J. Power Sources 18 (1986) 317
12. Kordesch K., Hacker V., Gsellmann J., Cifrain M., and Faleschini G. Alkaline fuel cell applications. J. Power Sources 86 (2000) 162-165
13. A.S. Hay, Multi-layer coating for protecting metallic substrates, Patent pending, Ref. No. 01172, McGill Office of Technology Transfer, available at http://www.mcgill.ca/ott/technologies/puerappsci/01172/, 2005.
14. Merida W.R., McLean G., and Djilali N. Non-planar architecture for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 102 (2001) 178-185
15. Ruge M., and Buchi F.N. PEM fuel cells: evaluation of concepts for a bipolar plate design and construction. Joint International Meeting-The 200th Meeting of The Electrochem. Soc. Inc. and the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Int. Soc. Electrochem. September 2-7, San Francisco, CA (2001)
16. Honeywell carbon nanotubular fiber composites for fuel cell bipolar plates, World Patent No. WO 01/89013.
17. G. Marchetti, Thin graphite bipolar plate with gaskets and carbon cloth flow-field, World Patent No. WO 00/57500.
18. F. Jousse, J. Granier, Towards a new conception of the bipolar plate, Clefs, 44 (2001) 52, CEA, France, available from http://www.cea.fr/gb/publications/clefs44.
19. Oh M.H., Yoon Y.S., and Park S.G. The electrical and physical properties of alternative material bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell systems. Electrochim. Acta 50 (2004) 773-776
20. Cho E.A., Jeon U.-S., Ha H.Y., Hong S.-A., and Oh L.-H. Characteristics of composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 125 (2004) 178-182
21. Wu M., and Shaw L.L. On the improved properties of injection-moulded, carbon nanotube-filled PET/PVDF blends. J. Power Sources 136 (2004) 37-44
22. Wu M., and Shaw L.L. A novel concept of carbon-filled polymer blends for applications in PEM fuel cell bipolar plates. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30 4 (2005) 373-380
23. Heinzel A., Mahlendorf F., Niemzig O., and Kreuz C. Injection moulded low cost bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells. J. Power Sources 131 (2004) 35-40
24. Middelman E., Kout W., Vogelaar B., Lenssen J., and de Waal E. Bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells. J. Power Sources 118 (2003) 44-46
25. Blunk R.H.J., Lisi D.J., Yoo Y.-E., and Tucker III C.L. Enhanced conductivity of fuel cell plates through controlled fibre orientation. AIChE J. 49 (2003) 18-29
26. T.M. Besmann, J.W. Klett, J.H. Henry Jr., E. Lara-Curzio, Carbon/carbon composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cells. Paper 02FCC 113, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 2001, available from http://www.ornl.gov.
27. D. Weber, Electrically conductive composites in fuel cell applications, Pittsburg State University, KA, Research Report from the Summer 2004 Fellowship in Interdisciplinary Materials Science, available from http://www.pittstate.edu/services/nsfreu.
28. Entegris, Cell Stack Plates, Data Sheet, Entegris Inc., Chaska Minnesota 55318, USA, 2003.
29. Nelson J.R., and Wissing W.K. Importance of carbon black morphology on its use in electrically conductive polymer composites. Carbon 22 2 (1984) 230
30. Ticona, Ticona Introduces First Engineering Thermoplastic Fuel Cell, Press Release, November 24, 2004, available http://www.ticona.com.
31. Timcal, Timrex graphite powders and dispersions for fuel cells, Data sheet, 2004, available from http://www.timcal.com.
32. Z. Iqbal, Nanocomposite for fuel cell bipolar plate, Honeywell, International Patent No. WO 01/89013, 2001.
33. J. Huang, D.G. Baird, J.E. McGrath, Highly Conductive Thermoplastic Composites for Rapid Production of Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates, VTIP Disclosure No.: 02-120 (2002), Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties Inc.
34. Chapman A., and Mellor I. Development of Biomimetic™ flow field plates for PEM fuel cells. Presented at the Eighth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium. London, September 24-26 (2003)
35. Chang H., Koschany P., Lim C., and Kim J. Materials and processes for light weight and high power density PEM fuel cells. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 3 (2000) 55-59
36. Gore-Tex Inc., Gas diffusion layer for PEM fuel cells using coated carbon fibre-cloth, US Patent No. 6,127,059.
37. Chan D.S., and Wan C.C. Effect of structure on porous gas diffusion electrodes for phosphoric acid fuel cells. J. Power Sources 50 (1994) 261-281
38. Hara N., Tsurumi K., and Watanabe M. An advanced gas diffusion electrode for high performance phosphoric acid fuel cells. J. Electroanal. Chem. 413 (1996) 81-88
39. Han E., Eroglu I., and Turker L. Performance of an alkaline fuel cell with single or double layer electrodes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 25 (2000) 157-165
40. Jordan L.R., Shukla A.K., Behrsing T., Avery N.R., Muddle B.C., and Forsyth M. Diffusion layer parameters influencing optimal fuel cell performance. J. Power Sources 86 (2000) 250-254
41. Neergat M., and Shukla A.K. Effect of diffusion layer morphology on the performance of solid polymer direct methanol fuel cells. J. Power Sources 104 (2002) 289-294
42. Antolini E., Passos R.R., and Ticianelli E.A. Effects of carbon powder characteristics in the cathode diffusion layer on the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Power Sources 109 (2002) 477-482
43. Bevers D., Rogers D., and von Bradke M. Examination of the influence of PTFE coating on the properties of carbon paper in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Power Sources 63 (1996) 193-201
44. Lim C., and Wang C.Y. Effects of hydrophobic polymer content in GDL on power performance of a PEM fuel cell. Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004) 4149-4156
45. Imazato M., Hommura H., Sudo G., Katori K., and Tanaka K. The amount of hydrophobic resin binder in the microdiffusion layer for DMFC. Trans. ASME 1 (2004) 66-68
46. Oedegaard A., Hebling C., Schmitz A., Moller-Holst S., and Tunold R. Influence of diffusion layer properties on low temperature DMFC. J. Power Sources 127 (2004) 187-196
47. Glora M., Wiener M., Petricevic R., Probstle H., and Fricke J. Integration of carbon aerogels in PEM fuel cells. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 285 (2001) 283-287
48. Nishikawa O., Doyama K., Miyatake K., Uchida H., and Watanabe M. Gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells using novel organic/inorganic hybrid electrolytes: effect of carbon black addition in the catalyst layer. Electrochim. Acta 50 13 (2005) 2719-2723
49. Higuchi E., Uchida H., Fujinami T., and Watanabe M. Gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells using borosiloxane electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 171 (2004) 45-49
50. Huang H., Zhang W., Li M., Gan Y., Chen J., and Kuang Y. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 284 (2005) 593-599
51. Auer E., Freund A., Pietsch J., and Tacke T. Carbons as supports for industrial precious metal catalyst. Appl. Catal. A 173 (1998) 259-271
52. Ralph T.R., and Hogarth M.P. Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells: part I, the cathode challenges. Platinum Met. Rev. 46 1 (2002) 3-14
53. Giordano N., Antonucci P.L., Passalcqua E., Pino L., Arico A.S., and Kinoshita K. Relationships between physicochemical properties and electrooxidation behaviour of carbon materials. Electrochim. Acta 36 13 (1991) 1931-1935
54. Paffett M.T., Hutchinson W., Farr J.D., Papin P., Beery J.G., Gottesfeld S., and Feret J. The physical and chemical state of phosphoric acid fuel cell assemblies after long term operation: surface and near-surface analysis. J. Power Sources 36 (1991) 137-153
55. Stevens D.A., and Dahn J.R. Thermal degradation of the support in carbon-supported platinum electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells. Carbon 43 1 (2005) 179-188
56. Ralph T.R., and Hogarth M.P. Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells: part II the anode challences. Platinum Met. Rev. 46 3 (2002) 117-135
57. Antolini E., Giorgi L., Cardellini F., and Passalcqua E. Physical and morphological characteristics and electrochemical behaviour in PEM fuel cells of PtRu/C catalysts. J. Solid State Electrochem. 5 (2001) 131-140
58. Van Nguyen T., Wiley S., and Nguyen M.V. Effect of catalyst support particle size on membrane electrode assembly performance. Pre-Print Archive-American Institute of Chemical Engineering (spring national Meeting). New Orleans, LA, United States, March 11-14 (2002)
59. Hall S.C., Subramanian V., Teeter G., and Rambabu B. Influence of metal-support interaction in Pt/C on CO and methanol oxidation reactions. Solid State Ionics 175 (2004) 809-813
60. Moreira J., del Angel P., Ocampo A.L., Sebastian P.J., Montoya J.A., and Castellanos R.H. Synthesis, characterisation and application of a Pd/Vulcan and Pd/C catalyst in a PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 29 (2004) 915-920
61. Xue B., Chen P., Hong Q., Lin J.Y., and Tan K.L. J. Mater. Chem. 11 (2001) 2387
62. Yu R.Q., Chen L.W., Liu Q.P., Lin J., Tan K.L., Ng S.C., Chan H.S.O., Xu G.Q., and Hor T.S.A. Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 718
63. Rajesh B., Thampi K.R., Bonard J.M., and Viswanathan B. J. Mater. Chem. 10 (2000) 1575
64. Boennemann H., Binkmann R., Britz P., Endruschat U., Moertel R., Paulus U.A., Feldmeyer G.J., Schmidt T.J., Gasteiger H.A., and Behm R.J. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 3 (2000) 199
65. Lukehart C.M., Boxall D.L., Corn J.D., Hariharasarma M., King W.D., Kwiatowski K.C., Stegenwalt E.S., and Kenik E.A. Preparation of Pt-Ru or Pt-Mo supported catalysts for PEM or direct methanol fuel cells from single-source molecular precursors. Preprints of Symposia. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 40 (1999) 982-986
66. Lukehart C.M., and Steigenwalt E.S. Preparation and characterisation of a PtRu/graphitic carbon nanofiber nanocomposite using a single source molecular precursor. Book of Abstracts, 218th ACS National Meeting. New Orleans, August 22-26 (1999)
67. Deivaraj T.C., and Lee J.Y. Preparation of carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles for direct methanol fuel cell applications-a comparative study. J. Power Sources 142 1-2 (2005) 43-49
68. Liu Z., Gan L.M., Hong L., Chen W., and Lee J.Y. Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 139 (2005) 73-78
69. Marie J., Berthon-Fabry S., Achard P., Chatenet M., Pradourat A., and Chainet E. Highly dispersed platinum on carbon aerogels as supported catalysts for PEM fuel cell electrodes: comparison of two different synthesis paths. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 350 (2004) 88-96
70. Smirnova A., Dong X., Hara H., Vasiliev A., and Sammes N. Novel carbon aerogel-supported catalysts for PEM fuel cell application. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30 (2005) 149-158
71. W.W. Jacques, US Patent No. 555,511, 1896.
72. Liebhafsky H.A., and Cairns E.J. Fuel Cells and Fuel Batteries: A Guide to their Research and Development (1968), John Wiley and Sons, New York
73. Gur T.M., and Huggins R.A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 139 10 (1992) L95-L97
74. Nakagava N., and Ishida M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27 7 (1988) 1181-1185
75. Ihara M., Matsuda K., Sato H., and Yokoyama C. Solid state fuel storage and utilization through reversible carbon deposition on an SOFC anode. Solid State Ionics 175 1-4 (2004) 51-54
76. Horita T., Sakai N., Kawada T., Yokokawa H., and Dokiya M.J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 8 (1995) 2621-2624
77. T. Horita, N. Sakai, T. Kawada, H. Yokokawa, M. Dokiya, Solid oxide fuel cell and a carbon direct-oxidizing-type electrode for the fuel cell, US Patent 6,183,896 B1, 2001.
78. F.H. Cocks, H. LaViers, Carbon-ion fuel cell for the flameless oxidation of coal, US Patent 5,348,812, 1994.
79. R.D. Weaver, S.C. Leach, A.E. Bayce, L. Nanis, Direct Electrochemical Generation of Electricity from Coal, Report May 16, 1977-February 15, 1979, SRI, Menlo Park, CA 94025; SAN-0115/105-1.
80. Vutetakis D.G., Skidmore D.R., and Byker H.J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 12 (1987) 3027-3035
81. Peelen W.H.A., Olivry M., Au S.F., Fehribach J.D., and Hemmes K.J. Appl. Electrochem. 30 (2000) 1389-1395
82. Cherepy N.J., Krueger R., Fiet K.J., Jankowski A.F., and Cooper J.F. Direct conversion of carbon fuels in a molten carbonate fuel cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 1 (2005) A80-A87
83. Stein W. Solar thermal developments in Australia. Presented at the Seminar on Australia and Europe Partnership for Sustainable Energy R&D. Sponsored by CSIRO, June 30 (2002)
84. Cooper J.F. Direct conversion of coal and coal-derived carbon in fuel cells, keynote address. Second International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASME, Rochester, NY, June 14-16 (2004)
85. R.J. Selman, Anodic oxidation in molten carbonate, Why molecular mechanism may be less relevant than wetting behavior, DOE Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Workshop, NETL, Pittsburgh, PA, July 30, 2003 (proceedings at http://www.netl.doe.gov).
86. J.F. Cooper, N. Cherepy, R. Upadhye, A. Pasternak, M. Steinberg, Direct Carbon Conversion: Review of Production and Electrochemical Conversion of Reactive Carbons, Economics and Potential Impact on the Carbon Cycle, US DOE Report, 2001, Preprint UCRL-ID-141818, December 12, 2000.
87. Cooper J.F. Design, efficiency and materials for carbon/air fuel cells. Presented at the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Workshop, NETL. Pittsburgh, PA, July 30 (2003) (US DOE Ref. URCL-PRES-154748)
88. Zecevic S., Patton E.M., and Parhami P. Carbon-air fuel cell without a reforming process. Carbon 42 (2004) 1983-1993
89. Goret J., and Tremillon B. Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 1065-1083
90. Plambeck J.A. Fused salt systems. In: Bard A. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements vol. 10 (1987), Marcel Decker, New York 283-318