Spatial and temporal occurrence of N-nitrosamines in seven drinking water supply systems

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 185, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 7693-7708

  Brisson, Isabelle J ^a   Levallois, Patrick ^a   Tremblay, Hélène ^b   Sérodes, Jean ^a   Deblois, Christian ^b   Charrois, Jeffrey ^c   Taguchi, Vincent ^d   Boyd, Jessica ^e   Li, Xingfang ^e   Rodriguez, Manuel J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b Ministere du Developpement durable de l'Environnement et des Parcs   (Canada)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chloramination; Disinfection by products; Drinking water; Haloacetic acids; Nitrosamines; Spatiotemporal variations; Supply system; Trihalomethanes; Water quality

Indexed keywords

CHLORAMINATION; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT; HALOACETIC ACIDS; SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION; SUPPLY SYSTEM; TRIHALOMETHANES;

AMINATION; DISINFECTION; POTABLE WATER; WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

NITROSAMINES;

1 NITROSOPIPERIDINE; ACETIC ACID; CHLORAMINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORINE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; HALOACETIC ACID; TRIHALOMETHANE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CARBOXYLIC ACID; CARCINOGEN; CHEMICAL COMPOUND; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISINFECTION; DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM; DRINKING WATER; RISK FACTOR; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

ARTICLE; CANADA; CHLORAMINATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER STANDARD; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

DISINFECTANTS; DRINKING WATER; NITROSAMINES; QUEBEC; SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

CANADA; QUEBEC [CANADA];

EID: 84881131570     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3128-0     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. American Public Health Association (APHA). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation.
2. Asami, M.; Oya, M.; & Kosaka, K. (2009). A nationwide survey of NDMA in raw and drinking water in Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 3540-3545.
3. Astel, A.; Biziuk, M.; Przyjazny, A.; & NamieÅ"nik, J. (2006). Chemometrics in monitoring spatial and temporal variations in drinking water quality. Water Research, 40(8), 1706-1716. (Pubitemid 44389564)
4. Bayless, W.; & Andrews, C. (2008). Biodegradation of six haloacetic acids in drinking water. Journal of Water and Health, 6, 15-21. (Pubitemid 351320986)
5. Bierman, P.; Lewis, M.; Ostendorf, B.; & Tanner, J. (2011). A review of methods for analysing spatial and temporal patterns in coastal water quality. Ecological Indicators, 11, 103-114.
6. California Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA). (2006). Public health goals for chemicals in drinking water, N-nitrosodimethylamine. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2008.
7. Charrois, J. W. A.; Arend, M. W.; Froese, K. L.; & Hrudey, S. E. (2004). Detecting N-nitrosamines in drinking water at nanogram per liter levels using ammonia positive chemical ionization. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 4835-4841. (Pubitemid 39238097)
8. Charrois, J. W. A.; Boyd, J. M.; Froese, K. L.; & Hrudey, S. E. (2007). Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in Alberta public drinking-water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 6, 103-114.
9. Chen, W. J.; & Weisel, C. P. (1998). Halogenated DBP concentrations in a distribution system. Journal of American Water Works Association, 90(4), 151-163.
10. Chen, W. H.; & Young, T. M. (2009). Influence of nitrogen source on NDMA formation during chlorination of diuron. Water Research, 43, 3047-3056.
11. Choi, J.; & Valentine, R. L. (2002). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloramine: a new disinfection by-product. Water Research, 36, 817-824. (Pubitemid 34019231)
12. Dillon, G.; Blake, S.; Rumsby, P. Rockett, L.; Hall, T.; Jackson, P. and Rawlinson, A. (2008). NDMA - concentrations in drinking water and factors affecting its formation, final report, DEFRA report 7348. http://www.dwi.gov.uk/ research/completed-researcg/reposrts/DWI70-2-210.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2008.
13. Gerecke, A. C.; & Sedlak, D. L. (2003). Precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine in natural waters. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 1331-1336. (Pubitemid 36504948)
14. Government of Quebec. (2012). Règlement modifiant le Règlement sur la qualité de l'eau potable. http://www.mddep.gouv. qc.ca/eau/potable/reglement/rqep201011.htm. Accessed 22 Feb 2012.
15. Guilherme, S. and Rodriguez MJ. (2012). Spatio-temporal occurrence of regulated and non-regulated disinfection by-products in small systems, Presented at AWWA-Water Quality Technology Conference, Toronto, Nov 5-7.
16. Hach. (2009). Hach DR 890 Procedure Manual, Method #10200. http://www.hach.com/fmmimghach?/CODE%A4847022-2009-0219233%7C1. Accessed 16 June 2010.
17. Health Canada. (2010). Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality - summary table. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/2010-sum-guide-res- recom/index-eng.php. Accessed 4 March 2012.
18. Health Canada. (2011). N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/consult/-2010/ndma/draft-ebauche-eng.php#a49. Accessed 20 Jan 2011
19. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987). IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans - some N-nitroso compounds, vol. 17, 19 pp. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/ Monographs/vol17/volume17.pdf. Accessed 5 Nov 2008.
20. Jobb, D. B.; Hunsinger, R. B.; Meresz, O.; & Taguchi, V. (1994). Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine from the Ohsweken (Six Nations) water supply final report. Ontario, Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME).
21. LeBel, G.L.; Benoit, F.M.; Williams, D.T. (1996). A one-year survey of halogenated disinfection by-products in the distribution system of treatment plants using three different disinfection processes, Health Canada, H46-2/96-206E, Ottawa, Ontario.
22. LeRoux, J.; Gallard, H.; & Croué, J. P. (2011). Chloramination of nitrogenous contaminants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides): NDMA and halogenated DBPs formation. Water Research, 45, 3164-3174.
23. Mitch, W. A.; Sharp, J. O.; Rhodes Trussell, R.; Valentine, R. L.; Alvarez-Cohen, L.; & Sedlak, D. L. (2003). NDMA as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environmental Engineering Science, 20, 389-404.
24. Mitch, W. A.; Gerecke, A. C.; & Sedlak, D. L. (2003). A NDMA precursor analysis for chlorination of water and wastewater. Water Research, 37, 3733-3741. (Pubitemid 36818984)
25. Najm, I.; & Rhodes Trussell, R. (2001). NDMA formation in water and wastewater. Journal of American Water Works Association, 93, 92-99. (Pubitemid 32869479)
26. OME. (2006). Technical support document for Ontario Drinking Water Standards, objectives and guidelines. http://www.ontario.ca/drinkingwater/ stel01-046947.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2010.
27. OME. (2008). The determination of N-nitrosamines in water by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), #NITROSO-E3388. Toronto, Canada: Laboratory Services Branch.
28. Pluchon C.; Sérodes J.B.; Berthiaume C.; Charette S.J.; Gilbert Y.; Filion G.; Fournier-Larente J.; Rodriguez M.J.; Duchaine. C. (2012). Haloacetic acid degradation by a biofilm in a simulated drinking water distribution system. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply. doi: 10.2166/ws.2013.041.
29. Richardson, S. D.; Plewa, M. J.; Wagner, E. D.; Schoeny, R.; & DeMarini, D. M. (2007). Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research, 636, 178-242. (Pubitemid 350130339)
30. Rodriguez, M. J.; & Sérodes, J. B. (2001). Spatial and temporal evolution of trihalomethanes in three water distribution systems. Water Research, 35(6), 1572-1586. (Pubitemid 32208620)
31. Rodriguez, M. J.; Sérodes, J. B.; & Levallois, P. (2004). Behavior of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in a drinking water distribution system. Water Research, 38, 4367-4382. (Pubitemid 39534938)
32. Russell, G. C.; Blute, N. K.; Via, S.; Wu, X.; & Chowdhury, Z. (2012). Nationwide assessment of nitrosamine occurrence and trends. Journal of American Water Works Association, 104, 57-58.
33. Schmidt, C. K.; & Brauch, H. J. (2008). N,N-dimethylsulfamide as precursor for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation upon ozonation and its fate during drinking water treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 6340-6346.
34. Schreiber, I. M.; & Mitch, W. A. (2005). Influence of the order of reagent addition on NDMA formation during chloramination. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3811-3818. (Pubitemid 40711210)
35. Schreiber, I. M.; & Mitch, W. A. (2006). Nitrosamine formation pathway revisited: the importance of chloramine speciation and dissolved oxygen. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 6007-6014. (Pubitemid 44508603)
36. Sharp, J. O.; Wood, T. K.; & Alvarez-Cohen, L. (2005). Aerobic biodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by axenic bacterial strains. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 89, 608-618. (Pubitemid 40444815)
37. Singer, P. C. (1994). Control of disinfection by-products in drinking water. J Environ Eng-ASCE, 120, 727-744. (Pubitemid 24226491)
38. Templeton, M. R.; & Chen, Z. (2010). NDMA and seven other nitrosamines in selected UK drinking water supply systems. J Water Supply Res T, 59, 277-283.
39. Underwood, A. J. (1994). Spatial and temporal problems with monitoring. In P. Calow & G. Petts (Eds.), The rivers handbook. Oxford: Blackwell.
40. USEPA. (1993). N-nitrosodimethylamine (CASRN 62-75-9) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0045.htm. Accessed June 7 2010.
41. USEPA. (1995a). Method 524.2 Determination of purgeable organic compounds in water by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Revision 4.1, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 47 pp.
42. USEPA. (1995b). Method 522.2 Determination of haloacetic acids in drinking water by liquid liquid extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
43. USEPA. (2003). Method 415.3 Determination of total organic carbon and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm in source water and drinking water, Revision 1.0, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 56 pp.
44. USEPA. (2006). National primary drinking water regulations: stage 2 disinfectants and disinfection by-products rule. Fed Reg 71, 388-493.
45. USEPA. (2009). Drinking water contaminant list 3 - final, Fed. Reg, 74, 850-862. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2009/October/Day-08/w24287.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2010.
46. Valentine, R. L.; Choi, J.; Chen, Z.; Barrett, S. E.; Hwang, C.; Guo, Y.; et al. (2005). Factors affecting the formation of NDMA in water and occurrence. Denver, CO: AWWARF/AWWA. 252 pp.
47. Wilczak, A.; Assadi-Rad, A.; Lai, H. H.; Hoover, L. L.; Smith, J. F.; Berger, R.; et al. (2003). Formation of NDMA in chloraminated water coagulated with DADMAC cationic polymer. Journal of American Water Works Association, 95, 94-106.
48. Zhang, X.; Echigo, S.; Minear, R. A.; & Plewa, M. J. (2000). Characterization and comparison of disinfectant by-products of four major disinfectants, natural organic matter and disinfection by-products (pp. 299-314). Washington, D.C: ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society.
49. Zhao, Y. Y.; Boyd, J. M.; Hrudey, S. E.; & Li, X. F. (2006). Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7636-7641. (Pubitemid 46012557)