A record of the last 460 thousand years of upper ocean stratification from the central Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic

Paleoceanography

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 426-439

  Scussolini, Paolo ^a   Peeters, Frank J C ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Agulhas Leakage; Inter hemispheric seesaw; Pleistocene climate cycles; South Atlantic gyre; Terminations; Thermocline stratification

Indexed keywords

GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; GYRE; INTERMEDIATE WATER; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA; PLEISTOCENE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; THERMOCLINE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN; WALVIS RIDGE;

FORAMINIFERA; GLOBIGERINOIDES RUBER; GLOBOROTALIA TRUNCATULINOIDES;

EID: 84880946538     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: 19449186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/palo.20041     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Annan, J. D., and, J. C. Hargreaves, (2013), A new global reconstruction of temperature changes at the Last Glacial Maximum, Clim. Past, 9 (1), 367-376, doi: 10.5194/cp-9-367-2013.
2. Antonov, J. I., D. Seidov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, A. V. Mishonov, H. E. Garcia, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, and, D. R. Johnson, (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 2: Salinity. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 69. U. S. 184 pp., Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
3. Arhan, M., et al. (2011). Anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies of subtropical origin in the subantarctic zone south of Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11004, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007140.
4. Aurahs, R., Y. Treis, K. Darling, and, M. Kucera, (2011), A revised taxonomic and phylogenetic concept for the planktonic foraminifer species Globigerinoides ruber based on molecular and morphometric evidence, Mar. Micropaleont., 79, 1-14, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.12.001.
5. Bard, E., and, R. E. M. Rickaby, (2009), Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate, Nature, 460 (7253), 380-383, doi: 10.1038/nature08189.
6. Bemis, B. E., H. J. Spero, J. Bijma, and, D. W. Lea, (1998), Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations, Paleoceanography, 13 (2), 150-160, doi: 10.1029/98PA00070.
7. Berger, A., and, M.-F. Loutre, (2003), Climate 400,000 years ago, a key to the future?, in Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: The Marine Isotope Stage 11Question, edited by, A. W. Droxler, R. Z. Poore, and, L. H. Burckle, pp. 17-26, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. AGU, Washington, D. C.
8. Berger, A., M. F. Loutre, and, J. L. Mélice, (2006), Equatorial insolation: From precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies, Clim. Past, 2, 131-136, doi: 10.5194/cp-2-131-2006.
9. Biastoch, A., C. W. Boning, and, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, (2008), Agulhas leakage dynamics affects decadal variability in Atlantic overturning circulation, Nature, 456 (7221), 489-492, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1. (Pubitemid 352759005)
10. Bintanja, R., and, R. S. W. van de Wal, (2008), North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles, Nature, 454 (7206), 869-872, doi: 10.1038/nature07158.
11. Boebel, O, T. Rossby, J. Lutjeharms, W. Zenk, C. Barron, (2003), Path and variability of the Agulhas Return Current, Elsevier, Kidlington, ROYAUME-UNI, 22 pp, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00377-6.
12. Broecker, W. S., (1998), Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw?, Paleoceanography, 13 (2), 119-121.
13. Caley, T., et al. (2011), High-latitude obliquity forcing drives the Agulhas leakage, Clim. Past, 7, 1285-1296, doi: 10.5194/cp-7-1285-2011.
14. Charles, C. D., J. D. Wright, and, R. G. Fairbanks, (1993), Thermodynamic influences on the marine carbon isotope record, Paleoceanography, 8 (6), 691-697, doi: 10.1029/93PA01803.
15. Chen, M.-T., et al. (2002), Late Quaternary sea-surface temperature variations in the southeast Atlantic: A planktic foraminifer faunal record of the past 600,000 yr (IMAGES II MD962085), Mar. Geol., 180 (1-4), 163-181. (Pubitemid 34248729)
16. Clauzet, G., et al. (2007), A numerical study of the South Atlantic circulation at the Last Glacial Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 253 (3-4), 509-528, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.018. (Pubitemid 47384798)
17. Cleroux, C., E. Cortijo, J.-C. Duplessy, and, R. Zahn, (2007), Deep-dwelling foraminifera as thermocline temperature recorders, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q04N11, doi: 10.1029/2006GC001474.
18. 2 in the western Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1017, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001021.
19. de Abreu, L., et al. (2005). Ocean climate variability in the eastern North Atlantic during interglacial marine isotope stage 11: A partial analogue to the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3009, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001091.
20. Dekens, P. S., D. W. Lea, D. K. Pak, and, H. J. Spero, (2002), Core top calibration of Mg/Ca in tropical foraminifera: Refining paleotemperature estimation. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3 (4), 1022, doi: 10.1029/2001GC000200.
21. Dencausse, G., M. Arhan, and, S. Speich, (2010), Routes of Agulhas rings in the southeastern Cape Basin, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1406-1421, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.07.008.
22. Deuser, W. G., E. H. Ross, C. Hemleben, and, M. Spindler, (1981), Seasonal changes in species composition, numbers, mass, size, and isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera settling into the deep Sargasso sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 33 (1-3), 103-127, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(81)90034-1. (Pubitemid 11273283)
23. de Vargas, C., S. Renaud, H. Hilbrecht, and, J. Pawlowski, (2001), Pleistocene adaptive radiation in Globorotalia truncatulinoides: Genetic, morphologic, and environmental evidence, Paleobiology, 27 (1), 104-125, doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0104:PARIGT>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32386383)
24. Dickson, A. J., et al. (2010), Atlantic overturning circulation and Agulhas leakage influences on southeast Atlantic upper ocean hydrography during marine isotope stage 11, Paleoceanography, 25, PA3208, doi: 10.1029/ 2009PA001830.
25. Donners, J., and, S. S. Drijfhout, (2004), The lagrangian view of South Atlantic interocean exchange in a global ocean model compared with inverse model results, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34 (5), 1019-1035, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004) 034<1019:TLVOSA>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38762946)
26. Douglas, R. G., and, S. M. Savin, (1978), Oxygen isotopic evidence for the depth stratification of tertiary and cretaceous planktic foraminifera, Mar. Micropaleontol., 3 (2), 175-196.
27. Drysdale, R. N., et al. (2009), Evidence for obliquity forcing of glacial termination II, Science, 325 (5947), 1527-1531, doi: 10.1126/science.1170371.
28. Duplessy, J. C., P. L. Blanc, and, A. W. H. Bè, (1981), Oxygen-18 enrichment of planktonic foraminifera due to gametogenic calcification below the euphotic zone, Science, 213, 1247-1250.
29. Emiliani, C., (1955), Pleistocene Temperatures, J. Geol., 63, 538-578.
30. Franzese, A. M., S. R. Hemming, S. L. Goldstein, and, R. F. Anderson, (2006), Reduced Agulhas Leakage during the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from an integrated provenance and flux study, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 250, 72-88, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.002. (Pubitemid 44426261)
31. Ganssen, G., and, S. R. Troelstra, (1987), Paleoenvironmental changes from stable isotopes in planktonic foraminifera from Eastern Mediterranean sapropels, Mar. Geol., 75 (1-4), 221-230, doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(87)90105-8.
32. Garzoli, S. L., and, A. L. Gordon, (1996), Origins and variability of the Benguela current, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (C1), 897-906, doi: 10.1029/95JC03221.
33. Garzoli, S. L., and, R. Matano, (2011), The South Atlantic and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 1837-1847, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.063.
34. Gherardi, J. M., et al. (2005), Evidence from the Northeastern Atlantic basin for variability in the rate of the meridional overturning circulation through the last deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 240, 710-723, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.061.
35. Giulivi, C. F., and, A. L. Gordon, (2006), Isopycnal displacements within the Cape Basin thermocline as revealed by the Hydrographic Data Archive, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53 (8), 1285-1300, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.011. (Pubitemid 44307628)
36. Goni, G. J., S. L. Garzoli, A. J. Roubicek, D. B. Olson, and, O. B. Brown, (1997), Agulhas ring dynamics from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter data, J. Mar. Res., 55 (5), 861-883, doi: 10.1357/0022240973224175.
37. Gordon, A. L., (2003), The brawniest retroflection, Nature, 421 (6926), 904-905, doi: 10.1038/421904a. (Pubitemid 36288010)
38. Gordon, A. L., R. F. Weiss, W. M. Smethie, Jr., and, M. J. Warner, (1992), Thermocline and intermediate water communication between the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 97 (C5), 7223-7240, doi: 10.1029/92JC00485.
39. Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and, N. J. Shackleton, (1976a), Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages, Science, 194 (4270), 1121-1132.
40. Hays, J. D., J. A. Lozano, N. Shackleton, and, G. Irving, (1976b), Reconstruction of the Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean sectors of the 18,000 B.P. Antarctic Ocean, in Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem, edited by, R. M. Cline, and, J. D. Hays, pp. 337-372, Geol. Soc. Amer., Boulder.
41. 13C in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 26, PA3220, doi: 10.1029/2010PA002085.
42. Hodell, D. A., C. D. Charles, and, U. S. Ninnemann, (2000), Comparison of interglacial stages in the South Atlantic sector of the southern ocean for the past 450 kyr: implifications for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, Global Planet. Change, 24 (1), 7-26, doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00069-7. (Pubitemid 30147115)
43. 3 production and preservation in the Southern Ocean: Implications for oceanic and atmospheric carbon cycling, Paleoceanography, 9 (3), 453-482, doi: 10.1029/93PA03524. (Pubitemid 24405343)
44. Huang, E., et al. (2012), Response of eastern tropical Atlantic central waters to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1, Paleoceanography, 27, PA3229, doi: 10.1029/2012PA002294.
45. Hut, G., (1987), Consultants' group meeting on stable isotope reference samples for geochemical and hydrological investigations, Report to the Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
46. Huybers, P., (2007), Glacial variability over the last two million years: An extended depth-derived agemodel, continuous obliquity pacing, and the Pleistocene progression, Quaternary Sc. Rev., 26 (1-2), 37-55, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.013. (Pubitemid 46037940)
47. Ishimura, T., U. Tsunogai, and, F. Nakagawa, (2008), Grain-scale heterogeneities in the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the international standard calcite materials (NBS 19, NBS 18, IAEA-CO-1, and IAEA-CO-8), Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 22, 1925-1932, doi: 10.1002/rcm.3571. (Pubitemid 351947759)
48. Jansen, J. H. F., A. Kuijpers, and, S. R. Troelstra, (1986), A Mid-Brunhes Climatic Event: Long-Term Changes in Global Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation, Science, 232 (4750), 619-622. (Pubitemid 17266455)
49. Jouzel, J., et al. (2007), Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate cariability over the past 800,000 years, Science, 317 (5839), 793-796, doi: 10.1126/science.1141038. (Pubitemid 47263433)
50. Killingley, J. S., R. F. Johnson, and, W. H. Berger, (1981), Oxygen and carbon isotopes of individual shells of planktonic foraminifera from Ontong-Java plateau, equatorial pacific, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 33 (1-3), 193-204. (Pubitemid 11273289)
51. Kim, S.-T., and, J. R. O'Neil, (1997), Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61 (16), 3461-3475, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00169-5.
52. Knorr, G., and, G. Lohmann, (2003), Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation, Nature, 424 (6948), 532-536, doi: 10.1038/nature01855. (Pubitemid 36980596)
53. Kuroyanagi, A., M. Tsuchiya, H. Kawahata, and, H. Kitazato, (2008), The occurrence of two genotypes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white) and paleo-environmental implications, Mar. Micropaleontol., 68, 236-243, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.04.004.
54. Lambert, F., et al. (2008), Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core, Nature, 452 (7187), 616-619, doi: 10.1038/nature06763. (Pubitemid 351483357)
55. Lea, D. W., D. K. Pak, and, H. J. Spero, (2000), Climate Impact of Late Quaternary Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variations, Science, 289 (5485), 1719-1724, doi: 10.1126/science.289.5485.1719.
56. Lee, S.-Y., and, C. J. Poulsen, (2006), Sea ice control of Plio-Pleistocene tropical Pacific climate evolution, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett, 248, 253-262, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.030.
57. LeGrande, A. N., and, G. A. Schmidt, (2006), Global gridded data set of the oxygen isotopic composition in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12604, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026011.
58. LeGrande, A. N., J. Lynch-Stieglitz, and, E. C. Farmer, (2004), Oxygen isotopic composition of Globorotalia truncatulinoides as a proxy for intermediate depth density, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4025, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001045.
59. 18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001071.
60. Locarnini, R. A., et al. (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68, 184 pp, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
61. Lohmann, G. P., and, P. N. Schweitzer, (1990), Globorotalia truncatulinoides' growth and Chemistry as probes of the past thermocline: 1. Shell size, Paleoceanography, 5 (1), 55-75, doi: 10.1029/PA005i001p00055. (Pubitemid 20415995)
62. Lonçaric, N., F. J. C. Peeters, D. Kroon, and, G.-J. A. Brummer, (2006), Oxygen isotope ecology of recent planktic foraminifera at the central Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic), Paleoceanography, 21, PA3009, doi: 10.1029/2005PA001207.
63. Lonçaric, N., J. van Iperen, D. Kroon, and, G.-J. A. Brummer, (2007), Seasonal export and sediment preservation of diatomaceous, foraminiferal and organic matter mass fluxes in a trophic gradient across the SE Atlantic, Progr. Oceanogr., 73 (1), 27-59, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.008. (Pubitemid 46436110)
64. Lopes dos Santos, R. A., et al. (2010), Glacial-Interglacial variability in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and thermocline adjustments in the tropical North Atlantic, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 300, 407-414, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.030.
65. Luthi, D., et al. (2008), High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present, Nature, 453 (7193), 379-382, doi: 10.1038/nature06949. (Pubitemid 351693131)
66. Lutjeharms, J. R. E., (2006), The Agulhas Current, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
67. Lynch-Stieglitz, J., W. B. Curry, and, N. Slowey, (1999), A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida current from the oxygen isotope composition of Benthic Foraminifera, Paleoceanography, 14 (3), 360-373, doi: 10.1029/1999PA900001. (Pubitemid 29429412)
68. Lynch-Stieglitz, J., et al. (2007), Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial maximum, Science, 316 (5821), 66-69, doi: 10.1126/science.1137127. (Pubitemid 46559517)
69. 2 forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03605, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027815.
70. Matano, R. P., and, E. J. Beier, (2003), A kinematic analysis of the Indian/Atlantic interocean exchange, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 50 (1), 229-249, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00395-8. (Pubitemid 36035106)
71. McManus, J. F., R. Francois, J.-M. Gherardi, L. D. Keigwin, and, S. Brown-Leger, (2004), Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes, Nature, 428 (6985), 834-837, doi: 10.1038/nature02494. (Pubitemid 38529493)
72. Mix, A. C., W. F. Ruddiman, and, A. McIntyre, (1986), Late quaternary paleoceanography of the tropical atlantic, 1: Spatial variability of annual mean sea-surface temperatures, 0-20,000 years B.P, Paleoceanography, 1 (1), 43-66, doi: 10.1029/PA001i001p00043.
73. Mix, A. C., N. G. Pisias, W. Rugh, J. Wilson, A. Morey, T. Hagelberg, (1995), Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope record form Site 849, 0-5 Ma: Local and global climate changes, in Proc. ODP, Scientific Results, edited by, N. G. Pisias, et al., pp. 371-412, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, doi: 10.2973/odp.proc.sr.138.120.1995.
74. Mohtadi, M., D. W. Oppo, A. Lückge, R. DePol-Holz, S. Steinke, J. Groeneveld, N. Hemme, and, D. Hebbeln, (2011), Reconstructing the thermal structure of the upper ocean: Insights from planktic foraminifera shell chemistry and alkenones in modern sediments of the tropical eastern Indian Ocean, Paleoceanography, 26, PA3219, doi: 10.1029/2011PA002132.
75. Moreno, P. I., T. V. Lowell, G. H. Denton, G. L. Jacobson, Jr., and, B. G. Andersen, (1999), Abrupt changes in vegetation and climate during the last glacial maximum and last termination in the Chilean lake district: A case study from Canal de la Puntilla (41°s), Geogr. Ann., 81, 285-312, doi: 10.1111/1468-0459.00059.
76. Mulitza, S., A. Dürkoop, W. Hale, G. Wefer, and, H. S. Niebler, (1997), Planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past surface-water stratification, Geology, 25, 335-338, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0335: PFAROP>2.3.CO;2.
77. Mulitza, S., et al. (1998a), Temperature sensitivity of planktic foraminifera and its influence on the oxygen isotope record, Mar. Micropaleontol., 33 (3-4), 223-240, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(97)00040-6. (Pubitemid 28173798)
78. 13C gradients and carbonate accumulation in the western equatorial Atlantic, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett, 155, 237-249, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00012-0.
79. Negre, C., et al. (2010), Reversed flow of Atlantic deep water during the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, 468, 84-88, doi: 10.1038/nature09508.
80. Niebler, H. S., et al. (2003), Sea surface temperatures in the equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (23-19 ka), Paleoceanography, 18 (3), 1069, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000902.
81. Numberger, L., et al. (2009), Habitats, abundance patterns and isotopic signals of morphotypes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea since the Marine Isotopic Stage 12, Mar. Micropaleontol., 73 (1-2), 90-104, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.07.004.
82. Paillard, D., L. Labeyrie, and, P. Yiou, (1996), Macintosh program performs time-series analysis, Eos. Trans. AGU, 77 (39), 379-379, doi: 10.1029/96EO00259.
83. Peeters, F. J. C., and, G.-J. A. Brummer, (2002), The seasonal and vertical distribution of living planktic foraminifera in the NW Arabian Sea, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 195 (1), 463-497, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.195.01.26. (Pubitemid 36290260)
84. Peeters, F. J. C., et al. (2004), Vigorous exchange between the Indian and Atlantic oceans at the end of the past five glacial periods, Nature, 430 (7000), 661-665, doi: 10.1038/nature02785. (Pubitemid 39061678)
85. Pierre, C., J. F. Saliege, M. J. Urrutiaguer, and, J. Giraudeau, (2001), Stable isotope record of the last 500 k.y. at Site 1087 (Southern Cape Basin), in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, edited by, G. Wefer, W. H. Berger, and, C. Richter, pp. 1-22.
86. Poole, R., and, M. Tomczak, (1999), Optimum multiparameter analysis of the water mass structure in the Atlantic Ocean thermocline, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 46 (11), 1895-1921, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00025-4. (Pubitemid 29452070)
87. Quillévéré, F., et al. (2011), Global scale same-specimen morpho-genetic analysis of Truncorotalia truncatulinoides: A perspective on the morphological species concept in planktonic foraminifera, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.013.
88. Rickaby, R. E. M., H. Elderfield, N. Roberts, C. D. Hillenbrand, and, A. Mackensen, (2010), Evidence for elevated alkalinity in the glacial Southern Ocean, Paleoceanography, 25, PA1209, doi: 10.1029/2009PA001762.
89. Ruhlemann, C., et al. (2004), Intermediate depth warming in the tropical Atlantic related to weakened thermohaline circulation: Combining paleoclimate data and modeling results for the last deglaciation, Paleoceanography, 19, PA1025, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000948.
90. Schmidt, M. W., H. J. Spero, and, D. W. Lea, (2004), Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Nature, 428 (6979), 160-163, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.06.002. (Pubitemid 38374308)
91. Schulz, M., and, M. Mudelsee, (2002), REDFIT: Estimating red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series, Comput. Geosci., 28 (3), 421-426, doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00044-9. (Pubitemid 34495196)
92. Simstich, J., S. J. Lorenz, and, H. A. Bauch, (2012), Evaluation of past stratification changes in the Nordic Seas by comparing planktonic foraminiferal d18O with a solar-forced model, Mar. Micropaleontol., 94-95, 91-96, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.06.006.
93. Souza, J. M. A. C., C. de Boyer Montégut, C. Cabanes, and, P. Klein, (2011), Estimation of the Agulhas ring impacts on meridional heat fluxes and transport using ARGO floats and satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21602, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049359.
94. Spero, H. J., (1998), Life history and stable isotope geochemistry of planktonic foraminifera, in Isotope Paleobiology and Paleoecology, edited by, R. D. Norris, and, R. M. Corfield, pp. 7-36, Paleontological society, Tuscalosa, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(93)90045-Y.
95. Spero, H. J., J. Bijma, D. W. Lea, and, B. E. Bemis, (1997), Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes, Nature, 390 (6659), 497-500, doi: 10.1038/37333. (Pubitemid 28013126)
96. Spero, H. J., et al. (2003), Multispecies approach to reconstructing eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline hydrography during the past 360 kyr, Paleoceanography, 18 (1), 1022, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000814.
97. Steinke, S., et al. (2005), Mg/Ca ratios of two Globigerinoides ruber (white) morphotypes: Implications for reconstructing past tropical/subtropical surface water conditions, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q11005, doi: 10.1029/2005GC000926.
98. Steph, S., M. Regenberg, R. Tiedemann, S. Mulitza, and, D. Nürnberg, (2009), Stable isotopes of planktonic foraminifera from tropical Atlantic/Caribbean core-tops: Implications for reconstructing upper ocean stratification, Mar. Micropaleontol., 71 (1-2), 1-19, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro. 2008.12.004.
99. Stramma, L., and, M. England, (1999), On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (C9), 20,863-20,883, doi: 10.1029/1999JC900139.
100. Stuut, J.-B. W., et al. (2002), A 300-kyr record of aridity and wind strength in southwestern Africa: Inferences from grain-size distributions of sediments on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic, Mar. Geol., 180, 221-233, doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00215-8.
101. Thunell, R., E. Tappa, C. Pride, and, E. Kincaid, (1999), Sea-surface temperature anomalies associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino recorded in the oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera, Geology, 27 (9), 843-846, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)â027<0843:SSTAAW>â2.3.CO;2.
102. Timmermann, A., et al. (2007), The Influence of a Weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on ENSO, J. Climate, 20 (19), 4899-4919, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4283.1. (Pubitemid 47617988)
103. Ufkes, E. L. S., and, D. Kroon, (2012), Sensitivity of south-east Atlantic planktonic foraminifera to mid-Pleistocene climate change, Palaeontology, 55 (1), 183-204, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01119.x.
104. Ujiiè, Y., T. de Garidel-Thoron, S. Watanabe, P. Wiebe, and, C. de Vargas, (2010), Coiling dimorphism within a genetic type of the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Mar. Micropaleontol., 77, 145-153, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.09.001.
105. van Sebille, E., W. E. Johns, and, L. M. Beal, (2012), Does the vorticity flux from Agulhas rings control the zonal pathway of NADW across the South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C05037, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007684.
106. Vellinga, M., and, R. A. Wood, (2002), Global Climatic Impacts of a Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation, Clim. Change, 54 (3), 251-267, doi: 10.1023/A:1016168827653. (Pubitemid 34824939)
107. Venegas, S. A., L. A. Mysak, and, D. N. Straub, (1998), An interdecadal climate cycle in the South Atlantic and its links to other ocean basins, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C11), 24,723-24,736, doi: 10.1029/98JC02443.
108. Wang, L., (2000), Isotopic signals in two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber (white) from the South China Sea: Implications for monsoon climate change during the last glacial cycle, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 161 (3-4), 381-394, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00094-8.
109. Wefer, G., et al. (1996), Late Quaternary surface circulation of the South Atlantic: The stable isotope record and implications for heat transport and productivity, in The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation, edited by, G. Wefer, et al., pp. 461-502, Springer-Verlag, New York.
110. Whitman, J. M., and, W. H. Berger, (1992), Pliocene-Pleistocene oxygen isotope record Site 586, Ontong Java Plateau, Mar. Micropaleontol., 18 (3), 171-198, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(92)90012-9.
111. Williams, D. F., and, N. Healy-Williams, (1980), Oxygen isotopic-hydrographic relationships among recent planktonic Foraminifera from the Indian Ocean, Nature, 283 (5750), 848-852, doi: 10.1038/283848a0. (Pubitemid 10258647)