메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 889-898

Assessment of patients with isolated or combined dystonia: An update on dystonia syndromes

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Differential diagnosis; Etiology; Phenomenology; Secondary dystonia

Indexed keywords

URIC ACID; VERY LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID;

EID: 84880829090     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.25549     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (88)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 61649127467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders
    • Warlow CP, ed. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier;
    • Fung VSC, Morris J. Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. In: Warlow CP, ed. The Lancet Handbook of Treatment in Neurology. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2006:127-160.
    • (2006) The Lancet Handbook of Treatment in Neurology , pp. 127-160
    • Fung, V.S.C.1    Morris, J.2
  • 3
    • 0023720988 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of dystonia
    • Marsden CD. Investigation of dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988;50:35-44.
    • (1988) Adv Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 35-44
    • Marsden, C.D.1
  • 5
    • 84880772785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update
    • Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord 2013;28:863-873.
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 863-873
    • Albanese, A.1    Bhatia, K.2    Bressman, S.B.3
  • 6
    • 84880800020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The definition of dystonia-consensus or controversy?
    • Frucht SJ. The definition of dystonia-consensus or controversy? Mov Disord 2013;28:883-888.
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 883-888
    • Frucht, S.J.1
  • 7
    • 77953344798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary dystonia-clinical clues and syndromic associations
    • Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Secondary dystonia-clinical clues and syndromic associations. Eur J Neurol 2010;17(suppl 1):52-57.
    • (2010) Eur J Neurol , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 52-57
    • Schneider, S.A.1    Bhatia, K.P.2
  • 8
    • 45849152046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement disorders and inborn errors of metabolism in adults: a diagnostic approach
    • Sedel F, Saudubray JM, Roze E, Agid Y, Vidailhet M. Movement disorders and inborn errors of metabolism in adults: a diagnostic approach. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008;31:308-318.
    • (2008) J Inherit Metab Dis , vol.31 , pp. 308-318
    • Sedel, F.1    Saudubray, J.M.2    Roze, E.3    Agid, Y.4    Vidailhet, M.5
  • 13
    • 85113630355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early controversies over athetosis. I. Clinical features, differentiation from other movement disorders, associated conditions, and pathology [serial online]
    • Lanska DJ. Early controversies over athetosis. I. Clinical features, differentiation from other movement disorders, associated conditions, and pathology [serial online]. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY) 2013;3.
    • (2013) Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY) , vol.3
    • Lanska, D.J.1
  • 14
    • 80052805094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GTP cyclohydrolase 1-deficient dopa-responsive dystonia
    • Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, eds. [publication online]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; .
    • Furukawa Y. GTP cyclohydrolase 1-deficient dopa-responsive dystonia. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, eds. GeneReviews [publication online]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2002.
    • (2002) GeneReviews
    • Furukawa, Y.1
  • 15
    • 77955813134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood
    • Sanger TD, Chen D, Fehlings DL, et al. Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood. Mov Disord 2010;25:1538-1549.
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , pp. 1538-1549
    • Sanger, T.D.1    Chen, D.2    Fehlings, D.L.3
  • 16
    • 80052204220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pattern of urinary copper excretion and its response to treatment in patients with Wilson's disease
    • Walshe JM. The pattern of urinary copper excretion and its response to treatment in patients with Wilson's disease. QJM 2011;104:775-778.
    • (2011) QJM , vol.104 , pp. 775-778
    • Walshe, J.M.1
  • 17
    • 33846432340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological manifestations in Wilson's disease: report of 119 cases
    • Machado A, Chien HF, Deguti MM, et al. Neurological manifestations in Wilson's disease: report of 119 cases. Mov Disord 2006;21:2192-2196.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 2192-2196
    • Machado, A.1    Chien, H.F.2    Deguti, M.M.3
  • 19
    • 52449103827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late onset Wilson's disease: therapeutic implications
    • Czlonkowska A, Rodo M, Gromadzka G. Late onset Wilson's disease: therapeutic implications. Mov Disord 2008;23:896-898.
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 896-898
    • Czlonkowska, A.1    Rodo, M.2    Gromadzka, G.3
  • 21
    • 77951801435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do MRI features distinguish Wilson's disease from other early onset extrapyramidal disorders? An analysis of 100 cases
    • Prashanth LK, Sinha S, Taly AB, Vasudev MK. Do MRI features distinguish Wilson's disease from other early onset extrapyramidal disorders? An analysis of 100 cases. Mov Disord 2010;25:672-678.
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , pp. 672-678
    • Prashanth, L.K.1    Sinha, S.2    Taly, A.B.3    Vasudev, M.K.4
  • 22
    • 0035297129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To test or not? The value of diagnostic tests in cervical dystonia
    • Risvoll H, Kerty E. To test or not? The value of diagnostic tests in cervical dystonia. Mov Disord 2001;16:286-289.
    • (2001) Mov Disord , vol.16 , pp. 286-289
    • Risvoll, H.1    Kerty, E.2
  • 23
    • 0037413484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
    • Hayflick SJ, Westaway SK, Levinson B, et al. Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:33-40.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 33-40
    • Hayflick, S.J.1    Westaway, S.K.2    Levinson, B.3
  • 24
    • 33646227430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease
    • Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain 2006;129(pt 5):1201-1217.
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.PART 5 , pp. 1201-1217
    • Jinnah, H.A.1    Visser, J.E.2    Harris, J.C.3
  • 25
    • 33748995929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe tongue protrusion dystonia: clinical syndromes and possible treatment
    • Schneider SA, Aggarwal A, Bhatt M, et al. Severe tongue protrusion dystonia: clinical syndromes and possible treatment. Neurology 2006;67:940-943.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 940-943
    • Schneider, S.A.1    Aggarwal, A.2    Bhatt, M.3
  • 27
    • 55749091141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of disorders presenting as adult-onset focal lower extremity dystonia
    • McKeon A, Matsumoto JY, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE. The spectrum of disorders presenting as adult-onset focal lower extremity dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008;14:613-619.
    • (2008) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.14 , pp. 613-619
    • McKeon, A.1    Matsumoto, J.Y.2    Bower, J.H.3    Ahlskog, J.E.4
  • 28
  • 29
    • 0033709539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markedly severe dystonia in Japanese encephalitis
    • Kalita J, Misra UK. Markedly severe dystonia in Japanese encephalitis. Mov Disord 2000;15:1168-1172.
    • (2000) Mov Disord , vol.15 , pp. 1168-1172
    • Kalita, J.1    Misra, U.K.2
  • 30
    • 79960352475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders: an expanding range of neurological syndromes
    • Kurian MA, Gissen P, Smith M, Heales S Jr, Clayton PT. The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders: an expanding range of neurological syndromes. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:721-733.
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 721-733
    • Kurian, M.A.1    Gissen, P.2    Smith, M.3    Heales Jr, S.4    Clayton, P.T.5
  • 31
    • 67849106621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autosomal-dominant GTPCH1-deficient DRD: clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of 34 patients
    • Trender-Gerhard I, Sweeney MG, Schwingenschuh P, et al. Autosomal-dominant GTPCH1-deficient DRD: clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of 34 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:839-845.
    • (2009) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 839-845
    • Trender-Gerhard, I.1    Sweeney, M.G.2    Schwingenschuh, P.3
  • 32
    • 0042868558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autosomal dominant guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency (Segawa disease)
    • Segawa M, Nomura Y, Nishiyama N. Autosomal dominant guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency (Segawa disease). Ann Neurol 2003;54(suppl 6):S32-S45.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , Issue.SUPPL. 6
    • Segawa, M.1    Nomura, Y.2    Nishiyama, N.3
  • 33
    • 84875243923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopa-responsive dystonia revisited: diagnostic delay, residual signs, and nonmotor signs
    • Tadic V, Kasten M, Bruggemann N, Stiller S, Hagenah J, Klein C. Dopa-responsive dystonia revisited: diagnostic delay, residual signs, and nonmotor signs. Arch Neurol 2012;17:1-5.
    • (2012) Arch Neurol , vol.17 , pp. 1-5
    • Tadic, V.1    Kasten, M.2    Bruggemann, N.3    Stiller, S.4    Hagenah, J.5    Klein, C.6
  • 34
    • 67349171862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phenotypic spectrum of paediatric neurotransmitter diseases and infantile parkinsonism
    • Pons R. The phenotypic spectrum of paediatric neurotransmitter diseases and infantile parkinsonism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009;32:321-332.
    • (2009) J Inherit Metab Dis , vol.32 , pp. 321-332
    • Pons, R.1
  • 35
    • 0041866529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lumbar puncture for diagnosis of pediatric neurotransmitter diseases
    • Hyland K. The lumbar puncture for diagnosis of pediatric neurotransmitter diseases. Ann Neurol 2003;54(suppl 6):S13-S17.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , Issue.SUPPL. 6
    • Hyland, K.1
  • 36
    • 79953278055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motor phenotype of Parkinson's disease in relation to age at onset
    • Wickremaratchi MM, Knipe MD, Sastry BS, et al. The motor phenotype of Parkinson's disease in relation to age at onset. Mov Disord 2011;26:457-463.
    • (2011) Mov Disord , vol.26 , pp. 457-463
    • Wickremaratchi, M.M.1    Knipe, M.D.2    Sastry, B.S.3
  • 37
  • 38
    • 77953512439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-onset l-dopa-responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal signs due to ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7 and spatacsin mutations
    • Paisan-Ruiz C, Guevara R, Federoff M, et al. Early-onset l-dopa-responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal signs due to ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7 and spatacsin mutations. Mov Disord 2010;25:1791-1800.
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , pp. 1791-1800
    • Paisan-Ruiz, C.1    Guevara, R.2    Federoff, M.3
  • 41
    • 0018961771 scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset dystonia in patients with "static" encephalopathy
    • Burke RE, Fahn S, Gold AP. Delayed-onset dystonia in patients with "static" encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:789-797.
    • (1980) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 789-797
    • Burke, R.E.1    Fahn, S.2    Gold, A.P.3
  • 44
    • 0036460973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
    • Sethi KD, Jankovic J. Dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Mov Disord 2002;17:150-153.
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , pp. 150-153
    • Sethi, K.D.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 46
    • 84863267494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variant ataxia-telangiectasia presenting as primary-appearing dystonia in Canadian Mennonites
    • Saunders-Pullman R, Raymond D, Stoessl AJ, et al. Variant ataxia-telangiectasia presenting as primary-appearing dystonia in Canadian Mennonites. Neurology 2012;78:649-657.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , pp. 649-657
    • Saunders-Pullman, R.1    Raymond, D.2    Stoessl, A.J.3
  • 49
    • 0001071534 scopus 로고
    • Dominantly inherited myoclonic dystonia with dramatic response to alcohol [abstract]
    • Quinn NP Marsden CD. Dominantly inherited myoclonic dystonia with dramatic response to alcohol [abstract]. Neurology 1984;34(suppl 1):236.
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 236
    • Quinn, N.P.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 50
    • 0029882099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential myoclonus and myoclonic dystonia
    • Quinn NP. Essential myoclonus and myoclonic dystonia. Mov Disord 1996;11:119-124.
    • (1996) Mov Disord , vol.11 , pp. 119-124
    • Quinn, N.P.1
  • 51
    • 0031604087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome
    • Gasser T. Inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Adv Neurol 1998;78:325-334.
    • (1998) Adv Neurol , vol.78 , pp. 325-334
    • Gasser, T.1
  • 52
    • 17944378309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome
    • Zimprich A, Grabowski M, Asmus F, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Nat Genet 2001;29:66-69.
    • (2001) Nat Genet , vol.29 , pp. 66-69
    • Zimprich, A.1    Grabowski, M.2    Asmus, F.3
  • 53
    • 84866087908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome due to tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency
    • Stamelou M, Mencacci NE, Cordivari C, et al. Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome due to tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Neurology 2012;79:435-441.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , pp. 435-441
    • Stamelou, M.1    Mencacci, N.E.2    Cordivari, C.3
  • 54
    • 0017616188 scopus 로고
    • Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis and its differentiation from related syndromes
    • Lance JW. Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis and its differentiation from related syndromes. Ann Neurol 1977;2:285-293.
    • (1977) Ann Neurol , vol.2 , pp. 285-293
    • Lance, J.W.1
  • 55
    • 0029091303 scopus 로고
    • Paroxysmal dyskinesias: clinical features and classification
    • Demirkiran M, Jankovic J. Paroxysmal dyskinesias: clinical features and classification. Ann Neurol 1995;38:571-579.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 571-579
    • Demirkiran, M.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 56
    • 82255186531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exome sequencing identifies truncating mutations in PRRT2 that cause paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
    • Chen WJ, Lin Y, Xiong ZQ, et al. Exome sequencing identifies truncating mutations in PRRT2 that cause paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Nat Genet 2011;43:1252-1255.
    • (2011) Nat Genet , vol.43 , pp. 1252-1255
    • Chen, W.J.1    Lin, Y.2    Xiong, Z.Q.3
  • 57
    • 83755205987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of PRRT2 as the causative gene of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias
    • Wang JL, Cao L, Li XH, et al. Identification of PRRT2 as the causative gene of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias. Brain 2011;134(pt 12):3493-3501.
    • (2011) Brain , vol.134 , Issue.PART 12 , pp. 3493-3501
    • Wang, J.L.1    Cao, L.2    Li, X.H.3
  • 58
    • 46849102968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia and epilepsy is due to mutations in SLC2A1, encoding the glucose transporter GLUT1
    • Suls A, Dedeken P, Goffin K, et al. Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia and epilepsy is due to mutations in SLC2A1, encoding the glucose transporter GLUT1. Brain 2008;131(pt 7):1831-1844.
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , Issue.PART 7 , pp. 1831-1844
    • Suls, A.1    Dedeken, P.2    Goffin, K.3
  • 59
    • 45749108564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLUT1 mutations are a cause of paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesias and induce hemolytic anemia by a cation leak
    • Weber YG, Storch A, Wuttke TV, et al. GLUT1 mutations are a cause of paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesias and induce hemolytic anemia by a cation leak. J Clinical Invest 2008;118:2157-2168.
    • (2008) J Clinical Invest , vol.118 , pp. 2157-2168
    • Weber, Y.G.1    Storch, A.2    Wuttke, T.V.3
  • 60
    • 19944407549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gene for paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia encodes an enzyme in a stress response pathway
    • Lee HY, Xu Y, Huang Y, et al. The gene for paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia encodes an enzyme in a stress response pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:3161-3170.
    • (2004) Hum Mol Genet , vol.13 , pp. 3161-3170
    • Lee, H.Y.1    Xu, Y.2    Huang, Y.3
  • 61
    • 0036651546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias
    • Blakeley J, Jankovic J. Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias. Mov Disord 2002;17:726-734.
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , pp. 726-734
    • Blakeley, J.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 62
    • 0028935319 scopus 로고
    • A new X-linked recessive deafness syndrome with blindness, dystonia, fractures, and mental deficiency is linked to Xq22
    • Tranebjaerg L, Schwartz C, Eriksen H, et al. A new X-linked recessive deafness syndrome with blindness, dystonia, fractures, and mental deficiency is linked to Xq22. J Med Genet 1995;32:257-263.
    • (1995) J Med Genet , vol.32 , pp. 257-263
    • Tranebjaerg, L.1    Schwartz, C.2    Eriksen, H.3
  • 63
    • 84864015886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phenotypic spectrum of dystonia in Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome
    • Ha AD, Parratt KL, Rendtorff ND, et al. The phenotypic spectrum of dystonia in Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome. Mov Disord 2012;27:1034-1040.
    • (2012) Mov Disord , vol.27 , pp. 1034-1040
    • Ha, A.D.1    Parratt, K.L.2    Rendtorff, N.D.3
  • 64
    • 0034795004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome
    • Swerdlow RH, Wooten GF. A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome. Ann Neurol 2001;50:537-540.
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 537-540
    • Swerdlow, R.H.1    Wooten, G.F.2
  • 65
    • 33846028579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autosomal-recessive syndrome with alopecia, hypogonadism, progressive extra-pyramidal disorder, white matter disease, sensory neural deafness, diabetes mellitus, and low IGF1
    • Al-Semari A, Bohlega S. Autosomal-recessive syndrome with alopecia, hypogonadism, progressive extra-pyramidal disorder, white matter disease, sensory neural deafness, diabetes mellitus, and low IGF1. Am J Med Genet 2007;143(2 pt A):149-160.
    • (2007) Am J Med Genet , vol.143 , Issue.2 PART A , pp. 149-160
    • Al-Semari, A.1    Bohlega, S.2
  • 66
    • 42749097770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dystonia in the Woodhouse Sakati syndrome: a new family and literature review
    • Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Dystonia in the Woodhouse Sakati syndrome: a new family and literature review. Mov Disord 2008;23:592-596.
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 592-596
    • Schneider, S.A.1    Bhatia, K.P.2
  • 67
    • 84879604371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The syndrome of deafness-dystonia: clinical and genetic heterogeneity
    • Kojovic M, Parees I, Lampreia T, et al. The syndrome of deafness-dystonia: clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Mov Disord 2013;28:795-803.
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 795-803
    • Kojovic, M.1    Parees, I.2    Lampreia, T.3
  • 68
    • 0023780837 scopus 로고
    • Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging correlations
    • Sethi KD, Adams RJ, Loring DW, el Gammal T. Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Ann Neurol 1988;24:692-694.
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.24 , pp. 692-694
    • Sethi, K.D.1    Adams, R.J.2    Loring, D.W.3    el Gammal, T.4
  • 69
    • 84862332594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
    • Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2012;19:57-66.
    • (2012) Semin Pediatr Neurol , vol.19 , pp. 57-66
    • Schneider, S.A.1    Bhatia, K.P.2
  • 70
    • 84863337915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging features of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
    • Kruer MC, Boddaert N, Schneider SA, et al. Neuroimaging features of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:407-414.
    • (2012) AJNR Am J Neuroradiol , vol.33 , pp. 407-414
    • Kruer, M.C.1    Boddaert, N.2    Schneider, S.A.3
  • 71
    • 0141480870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic approach in patients with symmetric imaging lesions of the deep gray nuclei
    • Finelli PF, DiMario FJ Jr. Diagnostic approach in patients with symmetric imaging lesions of the deep gray nuclei. Neurologist 2003;9:250-261.
    • (2003) Neurologist , vol.9 , pp. 250-261
    • Finelli, P.F.1    DiMario Jr, F.J.2
  • 72
    • 33747398693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MR imaging of the brain in Wilson disease of childhood: findings before and after treatment with clinical correlation
    • Kim TJ, Kim IO, Kim WS, et al. MR imaging of the brain in Wilson disease of childhood: findings before and after treatment with clinical correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1373-1378.
    • (2006) AJNR Am J Neuroradiol , vol.27 , pp. 1373-1378
    • Kim, T.J.1    Kim, I.O.2    Kim, W.S.3
  • 73
    • 84873679672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease revisited: clinical, radiologic, and genetic findings
    • Tabarki B, Al-Shafi S, Al-Shahwan S, et al. Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease revisited: clinical, radiologic, and genetic findings. Neurology 2013;80:261-267.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , pp. 261-267
    • Tabarki, B.1    Al-Shafi, S.2    Al-Shahwan, S.3
  • 74
    • 0031817568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: a novel entity
    • Ozand PT, Gascon GG, Al Essa M, et al. Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: a novel entity. Brain 1998;121(pt 7):1267-1279.
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , Issue.PART 7 , pp. 1267-1279
    • Ozand, P.T.1    Gascon, G.G.2    Al Essa, M.3
  • 75
    • 84862338009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microdeletions detected using chromosome microarray in children with suspected genetic movement disorders: a single-centre study
    • Dale RC, Grattan-Smith P, Nicholson M, Peters GB. Microdeletions detected using chromosome microarray in children with suspected genetic movement disorders: a single-centre study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012;54:618-623.
    • (2012) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 618-623
    • Dale, R.C.1    Grattan-Smith, P.2    Nicholson, M.3    Peters, G.B.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.