Thermal tolerances of reef corals in the Gulf: A review of the potential for increasing coral survival and adaptation to climate change through assisted translocation

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 323-332

  Coles, Steve L ^a,b   Riegl, Bernhard M ^c  

^a BISHOP MUSEUM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^c NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acclimatization adaptation; Coral bleaching; Coral mortality; Coral translocation; Gulf thermal history; Temperature stress thresholds

Indexed keywords

ACCLIMATIZATION/ADAPTATION; CORAL BLEACHING; CORAL MORTALITY; CORAL TRANSLOCATION; TEMPERATURE STRESS; THERMAL HISTORY;

BLEACHING; CLIMATE CHANGE;

CLEANING;

ACCLIMATION; CORAL BLEACHING; CORAL REEF; MARINE POLLUTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; TOLERANCE; TRANSLOCATION; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; BAHRAIN; BENTHOS; BLEACHING; CLIMATE CHANGE; CORAL REEF; HEAT TOLERANCE; HIGH TEMPERATURE; KUWAIT; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; QATAR; SAUDI ARABIA; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATIZATION; TEMPERATURE STRESS; UNITED ARAB EMIRATES;

ACCLIMATIZATION/ADAPTATION; CORAL BLEACHING; CORAL MORTALITY; CORAL TRANSLOCATION; GULF THERMAL HISTORY; TEMPERATURE STRESS THRESHOLDS;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; ANTHOZOA; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CORAL REEFS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HOT TEMPERATURE; SEAWATER;

ARABIAN PENINSULA; ARABIAN SEA; INDIAN OCEAN; PERSIAN GULF;

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 84880824984     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: 18793363     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.006     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Albins M.A., Hixon M.A. Worst case scenario: potential long-term effects of invasive predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans) on Atlantic and Caribbean coral-reef communities. Environ. Biol. Fish 2011, 10.1007/s10641-011-9795-
2. Anonymous, 2005. The scenario of the fisheries and marine resources of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Presented at the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) Third Session - Doha, Qatar 9-11 May 2005. General Directorate for the Protection of Marine Resources, Public Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment & Wildlife, Kingdom of Bahrain.
3. Baker A.C., Starger C.J., McClanahan T., Glynn P.W. Corals adaptive response to climate change. Nature 2004, 430:741.
4. Baker A.C., Glynn P.W., Riegl B. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: an ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 2008, 80:435-471.
5. Baker, A.C., Jones, IV, S.H., Lee, T.S., Abuzinada, A.H., Joubert, E., Krupp, F., in press. Symbiont diversity in Arabian corals and its relation to patterns of contemporary and historical environmental stress. In: Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Extent and Impact of Coral Bleaching in the Arabian Region: Riyadh (5-9 February 2000) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Fauna of Saudi Arabia.
6. Barshis D.J., Stillman J.H., Gates R.D., Toonen R.J., Smith L.W., Birkeland C. Protein expression and genetic structure of the coral Porites lobata in an environmentally extreme Samoan back reef: does host genotype limit phenotypic plasticity?. Mol. Ecol. 2010, 1705-1720.
7. Berkelmans R., Oliver J.K. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1999, 18:55-60.
8. Birkeland C. Ratcheting down coral reefs. Bioscience 2004, 54:1021-1027.
9. Brown B.E., Suharsono Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Nino related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 1990, 8:163-170.
10. Bruno J.F., Siddon C.E., Witman J.D., Colin P.L., Toscano M.A. El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Coral Reefs 2001, 20:127-136.
11. Burt J., Bartholomew A., Usseglio P. Recovery of corals a decade after a bleaching event in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Mar. Biol. 2008, 154:27-36.
12. Bush S.L., Precht W.F., Woodley J.D., Bruno J.F. Indo-Pacific mushroom corals found on Jamaican reefs. Coral Reefs 2004, 23:234.
13. Cairns S. A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate scleractinia of the Western Atlantic. Stud. Nat. History Carib. 2000, 75:1-240.
14. Cohen A.L., Lobel P.S., Tomasky G.L. Coral bleaching on Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Biol. Bull. 1997, 193:276-279.
15. Coles S.L. Limitations on reef coral development in the Arabian Gulf: temperature or algal competition?. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 1988, 3:211-216.
16. Coles S.L. Coral species diversity and environmental factors in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: a comparison to the Indo-Pacific region. Atoll Res. Bull. 2003, 507:1-19.
17. Coles S.L., Bolick H. Invasive introduced sponge Mycale grandis overgrows corals in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Coral Reefs 2007, 26:911.
18. Coles S.L., Brown B.E. Coral bleaching-capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Adv. Mar. Biol. 2003, 46:183-223.
19. Coles S.L., Fadlallah Y.H. Reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the Arabian Gulf: new species-specific lower temperature limits. Coral Reefs 1991, 9:231-237.
20. Coles S.L., Tarr B. Reef fish assemblages in the western Arabian Gulf: a geographically isolated population in an extreme environment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 1990, 47:696-720.
21. Coles S.L., Jokiel P.L., Lewis C.R. Thermal tolerance in tropical versus subtropical Pacific reef corals. Pac. Sci. 1976, 30:159-166.
22. Concepcion G.T., Kahng S.E., Crepeau M.W., Franklin E.C., Coles S.L., Toonen R.J. Resolving natural ranges and marine invasions in a globally distributed octocoral (genus Carijoa). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2010, 401:113-127.
23. Connell J.H. Diversity in rain forests and coral reefs. Science 1978, 199:1302-1310.
24. Cook C.B., Logan A., Ward J., Luckburst B., Berg C.J. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef - the 1988 Bermuda event. Coral Reefs 1990, 9:45-49.
25. Creed J.C. Two invasive alien azooxanthellate corals, Tubastrea coccinea and Tubastrea tagusensis, dominate the native zooxanthellate Mussismilia hispida in Brazil. Coral Reefs 2006, 25:350.
26. Dana J.D. On the temperature limiting the distribution of corals. Amer. J. Sci. 1843, 45:130-131.
27. Dana J.D. Corals and Coral Islands 1872, Dodd and Mead Co., New York, New York.
28. De Paula A.F., Creed J.C. Two species of the coral Tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) in Brazil: a case of accidental introduction. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2004, 74:175-183.
29. Dizon R.T., Yap H.T. Effects of coral transplantation in sites of varying distances and environmental conditions. Mar. Biol. 2006, 148:933-943.
30. Downing N. Coral Reef communities in an extreme environment: the Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr., Tahiti 1985, 6:343-348.
31. Edmondson, C.E., 1928. The ecology of an Hawaiian coral reef. Bernice Bishop Mus. Bull. Honolulu, Hawaii, vol. 45, p. 64.
32. Edwards A.J., Clark S. Coral transplantation: a useful management tool or misguided meddling?. Mar. Poll. Bull. 1999, 37:474-487.
33. Edwards A.J., Clark S., Zahir H., Rajasuriya A., Naseer A., Rubens J. Coral bleaching and mortality on artificial and natural Reefs in Maldives in 1998, sea surface temperature anomalies and initial recovery. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2001, 42:7-15.
34. Eldredge, L.G., 1987. Coral reef alien species. Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. In: Salvat, B., (Ed.), Papeete, Antenne Museum PHE, vol. 1, pp. 215-228.
35. Fadlallah Y.H., Allen K.W., Estudillo R.A. Mortality of shallow reef corals in the western Arabian Gulf following aerial exposure in winter. Coral Reefs 1995, 14:99.
36. Fenner D., Banks K. Orange Cup Coral Tubastrea coccinea invades Florida and the Flower Garden banks, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs 2004, 23:505-507.
37. Ferreira C.E.L. Non-indigenous corals at marginal sites. Coral Reefs 2003, 22:498.
38. Fine M., Zibrowius H., Loya Y. Oculina patagonica: a non-Lessepsian scleractinian coral invading the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Biol. 2001, 138:1195-1203.
39. Foster K., Foster G., Al Cibahy A., Al Harthi S., Purkis S.J., Riegl B.M. Environmental setting and temporal trends in southeastern Gulf coral communities. Coral reefs of the Gulf: adaptation to environmental extremes 2012, 51-70. Springer, Dordrecht. B. Riegl, S.J. Purkis (Eds.).
40. George D., John D. High sea temperatures along the coast of Abu Dhabi (UAE), Arabian Gulf - their impact upon corals and macroalgae. Reef Encounter 1999, 25:21-23.
41. Gleason M.G. Effects of disturbance on coral communities: blkeaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs 1993, 12:193-201.
42. Glynn P.W., D'Croz L. Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El Nino-coincident coral mortality. Coral Reefs 1990, 8:181-191.
43. Grandcourt E. Reef fish and fisheries in the Gulf. Coral Reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Climatic Extremes 2012, 127-161. Springer, Dordrecht. B.M. Riegl, S.J. Purkis (Eds.).
44. Grigg R.W. Invasion of a deep black coral bed by an alien species, Carijoa riisei, off Maui, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 2003, 22:121-122.
45. Grigg R.W. Harvesting impacts and invasion by an alien species decrease estimates of black coral yield off Maui, Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 2004, 58:1-8.
46. Guest, J.R., Baird, A.H., Maynard, J.A., Muttaqin, E., Edwards, A.J., Campbell, S.J., Yewdall, K., Amri Affendi, Y., Chou, L.M., 2012. Contrasting Patterns of Coral Bleaching Susceptibility in 2010 Suggest an Adaptive Response to Thermal Stress. PLoS ONE 7(3), e33353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033353.
47. Harriott V.J., Fisk D.A. Coral transplantation as a reef management option. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 1988, 2:375-379.
48. Harvell D., Jordán-Dahlgren E., Merkel S., Rosenberg E., Raymundo L., Smith G., Weil E., Willis B. Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography 2007, 20:172-195.
49. Hoegh-Guldberg O., Mumby P.J., Hooten A.J., Steneck R.S., Greenfield P., Gomez E., Harvell C.D., Sale P.F., Edwards A.J., Caldeira K., Knowlton N., Eakin C.M., Iglesias-Prieto R., Muthiga N., Bradbury R.H., Dubi A., Hatziolos M.E. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 2007, 318:1737-1742.
50. Hoegh-Guldberg O., Hughes L., McIntyre S., Lindenmayer D.B., Parmesan C., Possingham H.P., Thomas C.D. Assisted colonization and rapid climate change. Science 2008, 321:345-346.
51. Jaap W.C. An epidemic zooxanthellae expulsion during 1983 in the lower Florida Keys coral reefs: hyperthermic etiology. Proc. Fifth Int. Coral Reef Congr. Tahiti 1985, 6:143-148.
52. Jokiel P.L., Brown E.K. Coral bleaching in Hawaii in relation to regional temperature trends and patterns. Global Change Biol. 2004, 10:1627-1641.
53. Jokiel P.L., Coles S.L. Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals. Mar. Biol. 1977, 43:201-208.
54. Kahng S.E., Grigg R.W. Impact of an alien octocoral, Carijoa riisei, on black corals in Hawai'i. Coral Reefs 2005, 24:556-562.
55. Kavousi J., Seyfabadi J., Rezai H., Fenner D. Zool. Stud. 2011, 50:276-283.
56. Kilbane D., Graham B., Mulcahy R., Onder A., Pratt M. Coral relocation for impact mitigation in Northern Qatar. Proc. 11th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2008, 1248-1252.
57. Kinsman D.D.J.J. Reef coral tolerance of high temperatures and salinities. Nature 1964, 202:1280-128.
58. Lasker H.R., Peters E.C., Coffroth M.A. Bleaching of reef coelenterates in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Coral Reefs 1984, 3:183-190.
59. Madani Sh., Ahmadian M., KhaliliAraghi M., Rahbar F. Estimating total economic value of coral reefs of Kish Island (Persian Gulf). Int. J. Environ. Res. 2012, 6:51-60.
60. Maghsoudlou, A., Araghi, P.E., Wison, S., Taylor, O., Medio, D., 2008. Status of coral reefs in the ROPME Sea Area (The Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea). In: Wilkinson, C., (Ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008, Australian Inst. Mar. Sci., Townsville.
61. Mantelatto M.C., Creed J.C., Mourão G.G., Migotto A.E., Lindner A. Range expansion of the invasive corals Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis in the Southwest Atlantic. Coral Reefs 2011, 30:397.
62. Mayer A.G. The effects of temperature on tropical marine animals. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 1914, 183:3-24.
63. Mayer A.G. Ecology of the Murray Island coral reef. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 1918, 213:1-48.
64. Pandolfi, J.M., Connolly, S.R., Marshall, D.J. Cohen, A.L., 2011. Response to B. Riegland S. Purkis's E-Letter Science E-letter. pp. 1-2. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6041/418/reply.
65. Purkis S.J., Riegl B. Spatial and temporal dynamics of Arabian Gulf coral assemblages quantified from remote-sensing and in situ monitoring data. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2005, 287:99-113.
66. Purkis S.J., Renegar D.A., Riegl B.M. The most temperature-adapted corals have an Achilles' Heel. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2011, 62:246-250.
67. Riegl B. Corals in a non-reef setting in the southern Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE): fauna and community structure in response to recurring mass mortality. Coral Reefs 1999, 18:63-73.
68. Riegl, B., 2002a. Phoenix from the ashes? Repetitive mass mortality and the biogeology of Southern Arabian Gulf (United Arab Emirates) coral systems. In: Bright, M., Dworschak, P.C., Stachowitsch, M., (Eds.), The Vienna School of Marine Biology: A Tribute to Jörg Ott. Facultas Universitätsverlag, Wien, pp. 137-159.
69. Riegl B. Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalies on corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE). Mar. Biol. 2002, 140:29-40.
70. Riegl B. Climate change and coral reefs: different effects in two high-latitude areas (Arabian Gulf, South Africa). Coral Reefs 2003, 22:433-446.
71. Riegl B.M., Purkis S.J. Model of coral population response to accelerated bleaching and mass mortality in a changing climate. Ecol. Model. 2009, 220:192-208.
72. Riegl, B.M., Purkis, S.J., 2011. Methods to Preserve Coral Reef Futures Science E-letter, pp. 3-4. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6041/418/reply.
73. Coral reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Environmental Extremes 2012, 40. Springer, Dordrecht. B. Riegl, S.J. Purkis (Eds.).
74. Riegl B.M., Purkis S.J. Environment and reef building in the Gulf. Coral reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Environmental Extremes 2012, Springer, Dordrecht. B. Riegl, S.J. Purkis (Eds.).
75. Riegl B., Bruckner A., Coles S.L., Renaud P., Dodge R.E. Coral reefs: threats and conservation in an era of global change. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1162:136-186.
76. Riegl B.M., Purkis S.J., Al-Cibahy A.S., Abdel-Moati M.A., Hoegh-Guldberg O. Present limits to heat-adaptability in corals and population-level responses to climate extremes. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e24802. doi: 10:137/journal.pone.0024802.
77. Riegl B.M., Benzoni F., Samimi-Namin K., Sheppard C.R.C. The hermatypic scleractinian (hard) coral fauna of the Gulf. Coral reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Environmental Extremes 2012, Springer, Dordrecht. B. Riegl, S.J. Purkis (Eds.).
78. Riegl, B.M., Bruckner, A.W., Samimi-Namin, K., Purkis, S.J., 2012. Diseases, Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) and Their Effects on Gulf Coral Populations and Communities. In: Riegl, B., Purkis, S.J., (Eds.), Coral reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Environmental Extremes, Springer, Dordrecht.
79. Riegl, B., Purkis, S., AlCibahy, A., Al-Harthi, S., Grandcourt, E., Baldwin, J., Abdelmoati, A., 2012. Bleaching and mortality thresholds in the Gulf: highest in the world. In: Riegl, B., Purkis, S.J., (Eds.), Coral Reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Environmental Extremes, Springer, Dordrecht.
80. Rinkevich B. Conservation of coral reefs through active restoration measures: recent approaches and last decade progress. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:4333-4342.
81. Ruiz-Carus R., Matheson R.E., Roberts D.E., Whitfield P.E. The western Pacific red Lionfish, Pterois volitans (Scorpaenidae) in Florida: evidence for reproduction and parasitism in the first exotic marine fish established in state waters. Biol. Cons. 2006, 128:384-390.
82. Sale P.F., Feary D.A., Burt J.A., Bauman A.G., Cavalcante G.H., Drouillard K.G., Kjerfve B., Marquis E., Trick C.G., Usseglio P., Van Lavieren H. The growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the Persian Gulf. Ambio 2011, 40:4-17.
83. Sammarco P.W., Porter2 S.A., Cairns S.D A new coral species introduced into the Atlantic Ocean - Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg 1834) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia): An invasive threat?. Aquat. Invasions 2010, 5:131-140.
84. Sheppard C.R.C. Similar trends, different causes: responses of corals to stressed environments in Arabian Seas. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Australia 1988, 3:297-303.
85. Sheppard C.R.C. Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. Nature 2003, 425:294-297.
86. Sheppard C.R.C., Loughland R. Coral mortality and recovery in response to increasing temperature in the southern Arabian Gulf. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 2002, 5:395-402.
87. Sheppard C.R.C., Rayner N.A. Utility of the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data set (HadISST1) in two widely contrasting coral reef areas. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2002, 44:303-308.
88. Sheppard C.R.C., Price A., Roberts C. Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region 1992, Academic Press, London, 359.
89. Sheppard C., Al-Husiani M., Al-Jamali F., Al-Yamani F., Baldwin R., Bishop J., Benzoni F., Dutrieux E., Dulvy N.K., Durvasula S.R.V., Jones D.A., Loughland R., Medio D., Nithyanandan M., Pilling G.M., Polikarpov I., Price A.R.G., Purkis S., Riegl B., Saburova M., Samimi Namin K., Taylor O., Wilson S., Zainal K. The Gulf: a young sea in decline. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2010, 60:13-38.
90. Shinn E.A. Coral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf. Environ. Geol. 1976, 1:241-254.
91. Smith J.E., Hunter C.M., Smith C.M. Distribution and reproductive characteristics of nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci. 2002, 53:299-315.
92. Smith J.E., Hunter C.L., Conklin E.J., Most R., Sauvage T., Squair C., Smith C.M. Ecology of the invasive red algae Gracilaria salicornia on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 2004, 58:325-343.
93. Smith L.W., Barshis D., Birkeland C. Phenotypic plasticity for skeletal growth, density and calcification of Porites lobata in response to habitat type. Coral Reefs 2007, 26:559-567.
94. Spencer T., Teleki K., Bradshaw C., Spalding M. Coral bleaching in the southern Seychelles during the 1997-199 Indian Ocean warm event. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2000, 40:569-586.
95. Spurgeon J.P.G., Lindahl U. Economics of Coral Reef Restoration. Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs 2000, 125-136. Kalmar University, Kalmar Sweden. H.S.J. Cesar (Ed.).
96. Thoppil P.G., Hogan P.J. A modeling study of circulation and eddies in the Persian Gulf. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2010, 40:2122-2134.
97. Vaughan T.W. The results of investigations of the ecology of the Floridan and Bahamian shoal-water corals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1916, 2:95-100.
98. Vaughan T.W. The temperature of the Florida coral reef tract. Carn. Inst. Wash. Publ. 1918, 213:319-339.
99. Vivekanandan E., Ali M.H., Jasper B., Rajagopalan M. Thermal thresholds ofr cora bleaching in the Indian seas. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 2008, 50:209-214.
100. Vogt H.P. Coral reefs in Saudi Arabia: 3.5years after the Gulf War oil spill. Coral Reefs 1995, 14:271-273.
101. Wellington G.M., Glynn P.W., Strong A.E., Nauarrete S.A., Wieters E., Hubbard D. Crisis on coral reefs linked to climate change. Eos 2001, 82:1-7.
102. Whitfield P.E., Gardner T., Vives S.P., Gilligan M.R., Courtenay W.R., Ray G.C., Hare J.A. Biological invasions of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 235:289-297.
103. Wiedenmann J., D'Angelo C., Smith E.G., Hunt A.N., Legiret F.-E., Postle A.D., Achterberg E.P. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nat. Clim. Change 2012, 10.1038/nclimate1661.
104. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 1998 1998, Australian Inst. Mar. Sci., Townsville. C. Wilkinson (Ed.).
105. Williams S.L., Smith J.E. Distribution and impact of introduced marine plants around the world. Ann. Rev. Eco. Evol. Syst. 2007, 38:328-359.
106. Wilson S., Fetemi S.M.R., Shokri M.H., Claereboudt M. Status of coral reefs of the Persian/Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea region. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 2002, Australian Inst. Mar. Sci., Townsville. C. Wilkinson (Ed.).
107. Yap H. Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures. Mar. Poll. Bull. 2004, 49:306-312.
108. Yap H.T., Alino P.M., Gomez E.D. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effectsof transplantation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 83:1-101.
109. Zibrowius H. Ongoing modification of the Mediterreanean marine fauna by the establishment of exotic species. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille 1991, 51:83-107.