메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 223-244

Work-relatedness of low back pain in nursing personnel: A systematic review

Author keywords

Back disorder; Back pain; Health workers; Nurses; Nursing personnel; Nursing tasks; Occupational injury; Patient handling

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; LOW BACK PAIN; NURSE; NURSING; OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; REVIEW; STATISTICS;

EID: 84880797499     PISSN: 10773525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000027     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (113)

References (188)
  • 2
    • 0030160006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work-related back pain in nurses
    • Hignett S. Work-related back pain in nurses. J Adv Nurs. 1996;23(6):1238-1246.
    • (1996) J Adv Nurs , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1238-1246
    • Hignett, S.1
  • 4
    • 84859818392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurses' working tasks and MSDs back symptoms: Results from a national survey
    • Serranheira F, Cotrim T, Rodrigues V, Nunes C, Sousa-Uva A. Nurses' working tasks and MSDs back symptoms: results from a national survey. Work. 2012;41:2449-2451.
    • (2012) Work , vol.41 , pp. 2449-2451
    • Serranheira, F.1    Cotrim, T.2    Rodrigues, V.3    Nunes, C.4    Sousa-Uva, A.5
  • 6
    • 0035945522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safer handling practice for nurses: A review of the literature
    • Wilson CB. Safer handling practice for nurses: a review of the literature. Br J Nurs. 2001;10(2):108-114.
    • (2001) Br J Nurs , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 108-114
    • Wilson, C.B.1
  • 7
    • 84859837718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low back injuries related to nursing professionals working conditions: A systematic review
    • Schlossmacher R, Amaral F. Low back injuries related to nursing professionals working conditions: a systematic review. Work. 2012;41:5737-5738.
    • (2012) Work , vol.41 , pp. 5737-5738
    • Schlossmacher, R.1    Amaral, F.2
  • 8
    • 0029089486 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological aspects of back pain: The incidence and prevalence of back pain in nurses compared to the general population
    • Leighton DJ, Reilly T. Epidemiological aspects of back pain: the incidence and prevalence of back pain in nurses compared to the general population. Occup Med. 1995;45(5):263-267.
    • (1995) Occup Med , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 263-267
    • Leighton, D.J.1    Reilly, T.2
  • 9
    • 0026722126 scopus 로고
    • Back pain in nurses: Epidemiology and risk assessment
    • Pheasant S, Stubbs D. Back pain in nurses: epidemiology and risk assessment. Appl Ergo. 1992;23(4):226-232.
    • (1992) Appl Ergo , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 226-232
    • Pheasant, S.1    Stubbs, D.2
  • 10
    • 33750440746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global nursing shortage: An overview of issues and actions
    • Oulton J. The global nursing shortage: an overview of issues and actions. Policy Politics Nurs Pract. 2006;7(3):34S-39S.
    • (2006) Policy Politics Nurs Pract , vol.7 , Issue.3
    • Oulton, J.1
  • 11
    • 84880811621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at
    • Walker J. The global nursing shortage. 2010. Available at http://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2010/08/the-global-nursing-shortage/.
    • (2010) The Global Nursing Shortage
    • Walker, J.1
  • 12
    • 84875798659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Labour Office, Available at
    • International Labour Office. Decent work agenda. 2012. Available at http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/lang-en/indexhtm.
    • (2012) Decent Work Agenda
  • 13
    • 77749309531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies
    • da Costa BR, Vieira ER. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. Amer J Ind Med. 2010;53(3):285-323.
    • (2010) Amer J Ind Med , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-323
    • da Costa, B.R.1    Vieira, E.R.2
  • 14
    • 77951430483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of modifiable personal factors that predict new-onset low back pain: A prospective study of female nursing students
    • Mitchell T, O'Sullivan PB, Burnett A, Straker L, Smith A, Thornton J, et al. Identification of modifiable personal factors that predict new-onset low back pain: a prospective study of female nursing students. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(4):275-283.
    • (2010) Clin J Pain , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 275-283
    • Mitchell, T.1    O'Sullivan, P.B.2    Burnett, A.3    Straker, L.4    Smith, A.5    Thornton, J.6
  • 15
    • 16644362794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victims twice over: Perceptions and experiences of injured workers
    • Beardwood B, Kirsh B, Clark N. Victims twice over: perceptions and experiences of injured workers. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(1):30-48.
    • (2005) Qual Health Res , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-48
    • Beardwood, B.1    Kirsh, B.2    Clark, N.3
  • 16
    • 0024535650 scopus 로고
    • Patient-handling skill, back injuries, and back pain. An intervention study in nursing
    • Videman T, Rauhala H, Asp S, Lindstrom K, Cedercreutz G, Kamppi M, et al. Patient-handling skill, back injuries, and back pain. An intervention study in nursing. Spine. 1989;14(2):148-156.
    • (1989) Spine , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-156
    • Videman, T.1    Rauhala, H.2    Asp, S.3    Lindstrom, K.4    Cedercreutz, G.5    Kamppi, M.6
  • 17
    • 0025153269 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the patient-handling tasks of nurses
    • Feldstein A, Vollmer W, Valanis B. Evaluating the patient-handling tasks of nurses. J Occup Med. 1990;32(10):1009-1013.
    • (1990) J Occup Med , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 1009-1013
    • Feldstein, A.1    Vollmer, W.2    Valanis, B.3
  • 18
    • 0033185796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual handling practices and injuries among ICU nurses
    • Retsas A, Pinikahana J. Manual handling practices and injuries among ICU nurses. Aust J Adv Nurs. 1999;17(1):37-42.
    • (1999) Aust J Adv Nurs , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-42
    • Retsas, A.1    Pinikahana, J.2
  • 19
    • 0033623022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient handling with and without slings: An analysis of the risk of injury to the lumbar spine
    • Elford W, Straker L, Strauss G. Patient handling with and without slings: an analysis of the risk of injury to the lumbar spine. Appl Ergon. 2000;31(2):185-200.
    • (2000) Appl Ergon , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 185-200
    • Elford, W.1    Straker, L.2    Strauss, G.3
  • 20
    • 0034167141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual handling activities and injuries among nurses: An Australian hospital study
    • Retsas A, Pinikahana J. Manual handling activities and injuries among nurses: an Australian hospital study. J Adv Nurs. 2000;31(4):875-883.
    • (2000) J Adv Nurs , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 875-883
    • Retsas, A.1    Pinikahana, J.2
  • 21
    • 0035757350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of work stress, patient handling activities and the risk of low back pain among nurses in Hong Kong
    • Yip Y. A study of work stress, patient handling activities and the risk of low back pain among nurses in Hong Kong. J Adv Nurs. 2001;36(6):794-804.
    • (2001) J Adv Nurs , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 794-804
    • Yip, Y.1
  • 23
    • 0038390284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of patient handling activities starting in lying, sitting and standing positions
    • Hignett S. Systematic review of patient handling activities starting in lying, sitting and standing positions. J Adv Nurs. 2003;41(6):545-552.
    • (2003) J Adv Nurs , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 545-552
    • Hignett, S.1
  • 25
    • 84857754747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of physically demanding patient-handling tasks in an acute care hospital
    • Callison M, Nussbaum M. Identification of physically demanding patient-handling tasks in an acute care hospital. Inter J Ind Hyg. 2012;42:261-267.
    • (2012) Inter J Ind Hyg , vol.42 , pp. 261-267
    • Callison, M.1    Nussbaum, M.2
  • 26
    • 84861716421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, characteristics, and work-related risk factors of low back pain among hospital nurses in Taiwan: A cross-sectional survey
    • Lin PH, Tsai YA, Chen WC, Huang SF. Prevalence, characteristics, and work-related risk factors of low back pain among hospital nurses in Taiwan: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Occ Envir Hyg. 2012;25(1):41-50.
    • (2012) Int J Occ Envir Hyg , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-50
    • Lin, P.H.1    Tsai, Y.A.2    Chen, W.C.3    Huang, S.F.4
  • 27
    • 0026119204 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: Bed to wheelchair and wheelchair to bed
    • Garg A, Owen B, Beller D, Banaag J. A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: Bed to wheelchair and wheelchair to bed. Ergonomics. 1991;34(3):289-312.
    • (1991) Ergonomics , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-312
    • Garg, A.1    Owen, B.2    Beller, D.3    Banaag, J.4
  • 28
    • 0026926770 scopus 로고
    • Ergonomic workplace assessment in a health care context
    • McAtamney L, Corlett EN. Ergonomic workplace assessment in a health care context. Ergonomics. 1992;35(9):965-978.
    • (1992) Ergonomics , vol.35 , Issue.9 , pp. 965-978
    • McAtamney, L.1    Corlett, E.N.2
  • 29
    • 0026954867 scopus 로고
    • Reducing back stress to nursing personnel: An ergonomics intervention in a nursing home
    • Garg A, Owen B. Reducing back stress to nursing personnel: An ergonomics intervention in a nursing home. Ergonomics. 1992;35:1353-1375.
    • (1992) Ergonomics , vol.35 , pp. 1353-1375
    • Garg, A.1    Owen, B.2
  • 30
    • 0026924822 scopus 로고
    • An ergonomics evaluation of nursing assistants job in a nursing home
    • Garg A, Owen BD, Carlson B. An ergonomics evaluation of nursing assistants job in a nursing home. Ergonomics. 1992;35:979-995.
    • (1992) Ergonomics , vol.35 , pp. 979-995
    • Garg, A.1    Owen, B.D.2    Carlson, B.3
  • 31
    • 0032790441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive analysis of low-back disorder risk and spinal loading during the transferring and repositioning of patients using different techniques
    • Marras W, Davis K, Kirking B, Bertsche P. A comprehensive analysis of low-back disorder risk and spinal loading during the transferring and repositioning of patients using different techniques. Ergonomics. 1999;42:904-926.
    • (1999) Ergonomics , vol.42 , pp. 904-926
    • Marras, W.1    Davis, K.2    Kirking, B.3    Bertsche, P.4
  • 32
    • 0033181044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical evaluation of assistive devices for transferring residents
    • Zhuang Z, Stobbe T, Hsiao H, Collins J, Hobbs G. Biomechanical evaluation of assistive devices for transferring residents. Appl Ergon. 1999;30:285-294.
    • (1999) Appl Ergon , vol.30 , pp. 285-294
    • Zhuang, Z.1    Stobbe, T.2    Hsiao, H.3    Collins, J.4    Hobbs, G.5
  • 33
    • 0034565843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing injuries using an ergonomic approach
    • Owen BD. Preventing injuries using an ergonomic approach. Aorn J. 2000;72(6):1031-1036.
    • (2000) Aorn J , vol.72 , Issue.6 , pp. 1031-1036
    • Owen, B.D.1
  • 34
    • 0036512918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ergonomic approach to reducing back/shoulder stress in hospital nursing personnel: A five year follow up
    • Owen B, Keene K, Olson S. An ergonomic approach to reducing back/shoulder stress in hospital nursing personnel: a five year follow up. Int J Nurs Stud. 2002;39:295-302.
    • (2002) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.39 , pp. 295-302
    • Owen, B.1    Keene, K.2    Olson, S.3
  • 38
    • 79951897158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the safe patient handling and movement series
    • Ogg M. Introduction to the safe patient handling and movement series. AORN J. 2011;93(3):331-333.
    • (2011) AORN J , vol.93 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-333
    • Ogg, M.1
  • 40
    • 84879396775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When work is related to disease, what establishes evidence for a causal relation?
    • Verbeek J. When work is related to disease, what establishes evidence for a causal relation? Saf Health Work. 2012;3:100-106.
    • (2012) Saf Health Work , vol.3 , pp. 100-106
    • Verbeek, J.1
  • 44
    • 0027167809 scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of back symptoms and absence from work. A prospective randomized study among hospital employees
    • Gundewall B, Liljeqvist M, Hansson T. Primary prevention of back symptoms and absence from work. A prospective randomized study among hospital employees. Spine. 1993;18(5):587-594.
    • (1993) Spine , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 587-594
    • Gundewall, B.1    Liljeqvist, M.2    Hansson, T.3
  • 45
    • 11244294763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive education combined with low tech ergonomic intervention does not prevent low back pain in nurses
    • Hartvigsen J, Lauritzen S, Lings S, Lauritzen T. Intensive education combined with low tech ergonomic intervention does not prevent low back pain in nurses. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:13-17.
    • (2005) Occup Environ Med , vol.62 , pp. 13-17
    • Hartvigsen, J.1    Lauritzen, S.2    Lings, S.3    Lauritzen, T.4
  • 50
    • 82355183685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: Occupational physical activity and low back pain
    • Kwon BK, Roffey DM, Bishop PB, Dagenais S, Wai EK. Systematic review: occupational physical activity and low back pain. Occup Med. 2011;61(8):541-548.
    • (2011) Occup Med , vol.61 , Issue.8 , pp. 541-548
    • Kwon, B.K.1    Roffey, D.M.2    Bishop, P.B.3    Dagenais, S.4    Wai, E.K.5
  • 53
    • 79953878989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter to the Editor regarding: Causal assessment of occupational lifting and low back pain: Results of a systematic review" by Wai, et al
    • McGill S. Letter to the Editor regarding: "Causal assessment of occupational lifting and low back pain: results of a systematic review" by Wai et al. Spine J. 2011;11:365-366.
    • (2011) Spine J , vol.11 , pp. 365-366
    • McGill, S.1
  • 55
    • 77957237861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of "statistically significant" association does not exclude causality
    • Takala E. Lack of "statistically significant" association does not exclude causality. Spine J. 2010;10:944-946.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , pp. 944-946
    • Takala, E.1
  • 56
    • 31844443695 scopus 로고
    • The environment and disease: Association or causation?
    • Hill A. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:293-300.
    • (1965) Proc R Soc Med , vol.58 , pp. 293-300
    • Hill, A.1
  • 57
    • 22744434433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation and causal inference in epidemiology
    • Rothman K, Greenland S. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Publ Health. 2005;95:S144-S150.
    • (2005) Am J Publ Health , vol.95
    • Rothman, K.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 58
    • 28444443001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: A counterfactual perspective
    • Höfler M. The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: a counterfactual perspective. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005;2:11.
    • (2005) Emerg Themes Epidemiol , vol.2 , pp. 11
    • Höfler, M.1
  • 60
    • 67651160606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'
    • Ward AC. The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2009;6:2.
    • (2009) Epidemiol Perspect Innov , vol.6 , pp. 2
    • Ward, A.C.1
  • 62
    • 0842306136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: The epidemiologic evidence and the debate
    • Punnett L, Wegman DH. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2004;14:13-23.
    • (2004) J Electromyogr Kinesiol , vol.14 , pp. 13-23
    • Punnett, L.1    Wegman, D.H.2
  • 63
    • 84857250419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual participant data meta-analysis of mechanical workplace risk factors and low back pain
    • Griffith L, Shannon H, Wells R, Walter S, Cole D, Cote P, et al. Individual participant data meta-analysis of mechanical workplace risk factors and low back pain. Amer J Pub Health. 2012;102(2):309-318.
    • (2012) Amer J Pub Health , vol.102 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-318
    • Griffith, L.1    Shannon, H.2    Wells, R.3    Walter, S.4    Cole, D.5    Cote, P.6
  • 64
    • 2442467895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work factors as predictors of intense or disabling low back pain; a prospective study of nurses' aides
    • Eriksen W, Bruusgaard D, Knardahl S. Work factors as predictors of intense or disabling low back pain; a prospective study of nurses' aides. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61(5):398-404.
    • (2004) Occup Environ Med , vol.61 , Issue.5 , pp. 398-404
    • Eriksen, W.1    Bruusgaard, D.2    Knardahl, S.3
  • 65
    • 0023199598 scopus 로고
    • Personal and job-related factors as determinants of incidence of back injuries among nursing personnel
    • Venning PJ, Walter SD, Stitt LW. Personal and job-related factors as determinants of incidence of back injuries among nursing personnel. J Occ Med. 1987;29(10):820-825.
    • (1987) J Occ Med , vol.29 , Issue.10 , pp. 820-825
    • Venning, P.J.1    Walter, S.D.2    Stitt, L.W.3
  • 66
    • 0033839811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk indicators for reported over-exertion back injuries among female nursing personnel
    • Engkvist IL, Hjelm EW, Hagberg M, Menckel E, Ekenvall L. Risk indicators for reported over-exertion back injuries among female nursing personnel. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):519-522.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 519-522
    • Engkvist, I.L.1    Hjelm, E.W.2    Hagberg, M.3    Menckel, E.4    Ekenvall, L.5
  • 67
    • 0030942390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective cohort study of predictors of incident low back pain in nurses
    • Smedley J, Egger P, Cooper C, Coggon D. Prospective cohort study of predictors of incident low back pain in nurses. BMJ. 1997;314(7089):1225-1228.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.314 , Issue.7089 , pp. 1225-1228
    • Smedley, J.1    Egger, P.2    Cooper, C.3    Coggon, D.4
  • 68
    • 0025259167 scopus 로고
    • Back injuries among nursing personnel related to exposure
    • Jensen RG. Back injuries among nursing personnel related to exposure. Appl Occ Enviro Hyg. 1990;5(1):38-45.
    • (1990) Appl Occ Enviro Hyg , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-45
    • Jensen, R.G.1
  • 69
    • 77955866752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous assessment of low back loads in long-term care nurses
    • Holmes MW, Hodder JN, Keir PJ. Continuous assessment of low back loads in long-term care nurses. Ergonomics. 2010;53(9):1108-1116.
    • (2010) Ergonomics , vol.53 , Issue.9 , pp. 1108-1116
    • Holmes, M.W.1    Hodder, J.N.2    Keir, P.J.3
  • 70
    • 0035108205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analysis of peak and cumulative spinal loads during simulated patient-handling activities: A substudy of randomized controlled trials to prevent lift and transfer injury of health care workers
    • Daynard D, Yassi A, Cooper J, Tate R, Norman R, Wells R. Biomechanical analysis of peak and cumulative spinal loads during simulated patient-handling activities: a substudy of randomized controlled trials to prevent lift and transfer injury of health care workers. Appl Ergon. 2001;32:199-215.
    • (2001) Appl Ergon , vol.32 , pp. 199-215
    • Daynard, D.1    Yassi, A.2    Cooper, J.3    Tate, R.4    Norman, R.5    Wells, R.6
  • 71
    • 33846409958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints in non-specialized nurses, IC nurses, operation room nurses, and X-ray technologists
    • Bos E, Krol B, van der Star L, Groothoff J. Risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints in non-specialized nurses, IC nurses, operation room nurses, and X-ray technologists. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007;80(3):198-206.
    • (2007) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.80 , Issue.3 , pp. 198-206
    • Bos, E.1    Krol, B.2    van der, S.L.3    Groothoff, J.4
  • 72
    • 0038392737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical analysis of loads on x-ray technologists: A field study
    • Kumar S, Moro L, Narayan Y. A biomechanical analysis of loads on x-ray technologists: a field study. Ergonomics. 2003;46(5):502-517.
    • (2003) Ergonomics , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 502-517
    • Kumar, S.1    Moro, L.2    Narayan, Y.3
  • 73
    • 0028472574 scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal disorders in hospital nurses: A comparison between two hospitals
    • Larese F, Fiorito A. Musculoskeletal disorders in hospital nurses: a comparison between two hospitals. Ergonomics. 1994;37(7):1205-1211.
    • (1994) Ergonomics , vol.37 , Issue.7 , pp. 1205-1211
    • Larese, F.1    Fiorito, A.2
  • 74
    • 34248549814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient handling tasks with high risk for musculoskeletal disorders in critical care
    • Waters T, Nelson A, Proctor C. Patient handling tasks with high risk for musculoskeletal disorders in critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2007;19:131-143.
    • (2007) Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am , vol.19 , pp. 131-143
    • Waters, T.1    Nelson, A.2    Proctor, C.3
  • 75
    • 0029246304 scopus 로고
    • Ergonomic analysis of working posture in nursing personnel: Example of modified Ovako Working Analysis System application
    • Lee Y, Choiu W. Ergonomic analysis of working posture in nursing personnel: example of modified Ovako Working Analysis System application. Res Nurs Health. 1995;18(1):67-75.
    • (1995) Res Nurs Health , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-75
    • Lee, Y.1    Choiu, W.2
  • 76
    • 11244353405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of disabling back injuries in nurses by the use of mechanical patient lift systems
    • Edlich RF, Winters KL, Hudson MA, Britt LD, Long WB. Prevention of disabling back injuries in nurses by the use of mechanical patient lift systems. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2004;14(6):521-533.
    • (2004) J Long Term Eff Med Implants , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 521-533
    • Edlich, R.F.1    Winters, K.L.2    Hudson, M.A.3    Britt, L.D.4    Long, W.B.5
  • 77
    • 0031086013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical analysis of methods used for transferring totally dependent patients
    • Ulin S, Chaffin D, Patellos C, Blitz S, Emerick C, Lundy F. A biomechanical analysis of methods used for transferring totally dependent patients. SCI Nurs. 1997;14(1):19027.
    • (1997) SCI Nurs , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 19027
    • Ulin, S.1    Chaffin, D.2    Patellos, C.3    Blitz, S.4    Emerick, C.5    Lundy, F.6
  • 78
    • 84863894099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term efficacy of an ergonomics program that includes patient-handling devices on reducing musculoskeletal injuries to nursing personnel
    • Garg A, Kapellusch J. Long-term efficacy of an ergonomics program that includes patient-handling devices on reducing musculoskeletal injuries to nursing personnel. Hum Factors. 2012;54(4):608-625.
    • (2012) Hum Factors , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 608-625
    • Garg, A.1    Kapellusch, J.2
  • 79
    • 0347662330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work technique of nurses in patient transfer tasks and associations with personal factors
    • Kjellberg K, Lagerstrom M, Hagberg M. Work technique of nurses in patient transfer tasks and associations with personal factors. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003;29(6):468-477.
    • (2003) Scand J Work Environ Health , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 468-477
    • Kjellberg, K.1    Lagerstrom, M.2    Hagberg, M.3
  • 80
    • 77955894391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous assessment of work activities and posture in long-term care nurses
    • Hodder JN, Holmes MW, Keir PJ. Continuous assessment of work activities and posture in long-term care nurses. Ergonomics. 2010;53(9):1097-1107.
    • (2010) Ergonomics , vol.53 , Issue.9 , pp. 1097-1107
    • Hodder, J.N.1    Holmes, M.W.2    Keir, P.J.3
  • 82
    • 0034872612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying Bradford Hill's criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: Challenges and opportunities
    • van Reekum R, Streiner D, Conn D. Applying Bradford Hill's criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: challenges and opportunities. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(3): 318-325.
    • (2001) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 318-325
    • van Reekum, R.1    Streiner, D.2    Conn, D.3
  • 83
    • 34247193634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the Bradford Hill criteria to assess the causality of cisapride-induced arrhythmia: A model for assessing causal association in pharmacovigilance
    • Perrio M, Voss S, Saad AS. Application of the Bradford Hill criteria to assess the causality of cisapride-induced arrhythmia: a model for assessing causal association in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf. 2007;30(4):333-346.
    • (2007) Drug Saf , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 333-346
    • Perrio, M.1    Voss, S.2    Saad, A.S.3
  • 84
    • 40349091237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal syndromes associated with malignancy (excluding hypertrophic osreoarthropathy)
    • Naschitz J, Rosner I. Musculoskeletal syndromes associated with malignancy (excluding hypertrophic osreoarthropathy). Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20:100-105.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.20 , pp. 100-105
    • Naschitz, J.1    Rosner, I.2
  • 86
    • 0028326856 scopus 로고
    • Physical work load and its assessment among the nursing staff in nursing homes
    • Engels J, van der Gulden J, Senden T, Hertog C, Kolk J, Binkhorst R. Physical work load and its assessment among the nursing staff in nursing homes. J Occup Med. 1994;36(3):338-345.
    • (1994) J Occup Med , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 338-345
    • Engels, J.1    van der, G.J.2    Senden, T.3    Hertog, C.4    Kolk, J.5    Binkhorst, R.6
  • 87
    • 77953621103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of workplace manual handling or assisting patients and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of workplace manual handling or assisting patients and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(7):639-651.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.7 , pp. 639-651
    • Roffey, D.M.1    Wai, E.K.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 88
    • 77952404641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational pushing or pulling and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational pushing or pulling and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(6):544-553.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 544-553
    • Roffey, D.M.1    Wai, E.K.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 89
    • 77649130170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational standing or walking and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational standing or walking and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(3):262-272.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 262-272
    • Roffey, D.M.1    Wai, E.K.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 90
    • 77649180506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational sitting and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational sitting and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(3):252-261.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 252-261
    • Roffey, D.M.1    Wai, E.K.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 91
    • 73149088818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of awkward occupational postures and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of awkward occupational postures and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(1):89-99.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-99
    • Roffey, D.M.1    Wai, E.K.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 92
    • 77952368031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational lifting and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Wai EK, Roffey DM, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational lifting and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(6):554-566.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 554-566
    • Wai, E.K.1    Roffey, D.M.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 93
    • 77955667063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational carrying and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Wai EK, Roffey DM, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational carrying and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(7):628-638.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.7 , pp. 628-638
    • Wai, E.K.1    Roffey, D.M.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 94
    • 73149097699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal assessment of occupational bending or twisting and low back pain: Results of a systematic review
    • Wai EK, Roffey DM, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational bending or twisting and low back pain: results of a systematic review. Spine J. 2010;10(1):76-88.
    • (2010) Spine J , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-88
    • Wai, E.K.1    Roffey, D.M.2    Bishop, P.3    Kwon, B.K.4    Dagenais, S.5
  • 96
    • 0002502943 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of low back injuries among nursing personnel as a function of patient lifting frequency
    • Stobbe T, Plummer RW, Jensen R, Beld MD. Incidence of low back injuries among nursing personnel as a function of patient lifting frequency. J Safety Res. 1988;19:21-28.
    • (1988) J Safety Res , vol.19 , pp. 21-28
    • Stobbe, T.1    Plummer, R.W.2    Jensen, R.3    Beld, M.D.4
  • 97
    • 9644291372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain
    • Jansen JP, Morgenstern H, Burdorf A. Dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61(12):972-979.
    • (2004) Occup Environ Med , vol.61 , Issue.12 , pp. 972-979
    • Jansen, J.P.1    Morgenstern, H.2    Burdorf, A.3
  • 98
    • 0031556238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could sudden increases in physical activity cause degeneration of intervertebral discs?
    • Adams MA, Dolan P. Could sudden increases in physical activity cause degeneration of intervertebral discs? Lancet. 1997;350(9079):734-735.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , Issue.9079 , pp. 734-735
    • Adams, M.A.1    Dolan, P.2
  • 99
    • 0033911221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration
    • Adams MA, Freeman BJ, Morrison HP, Nelson IW, Dolan P. Mechanical initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. 2000;25(13):1625-1636.
    • (2000) Spine , vol.25 , Issue.13 , pp. 1625-1636
    • Adams, M.A.1    Freeman, B.J.2    Morrison, H.P.3    Nelson, I.W.4    Dolan, P.5
  • 100
    • 29744461104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of physical workload and pain related fear in the development of low back pain in young workers: Evidence from the BelCoBack Study; results after one year of follow up
    • Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Somville PR, Crombez G, Burdorf A, Verbeke G, Johannik K, et al. The role of physical workload and pain related fear in the development of low back pain in young workers: evidence from the BelCoBack Study; results after one year of follow up. Occup Env Med. 2006;63(1):45-52.
    • (2006) Occup Env Med , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-52
    • van Nieuwenhuyse, A.1    Somville, P.R.2    Crombez, G.3    Burdorf, A.4    Verbeke, G.5    Johannik, K.6
  • 101
    • 0034423520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexion and rotation of the trunk and lifting at work are risk factors for low back pain: Results of a prospective cohort study
    • Hoogendoorn WE, Bongers PM, de Vet HC, Douwes M, Koes BW, Miedema MC, et al. Flexion and rotation of the trunk and lifting at work are risk factors for low back pain: results of a prospective cohort study. Spine. 2000;25(23):3087-3092.
    • (2000) Spine , vol.25 , Issue.23 , pp. 3087-3092
    • Hoogendoorn, W.E.1    Bongers, P.M.2    de Vet, H.C.3    Douwes, M.4    Koes, B.W.5    Miedema, M.C.6
  • 102
    • 84869503616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of load magnitude and number of load cycles to cumulative low-back load estimations: A study based on in-vitro compression data. Clin Biomech (Bristol
    • Coenen P, Kingma I, Boot CR, Bongers PM, van Dieen JH. The contribution of load magnitude and number of load cycles to cumulative low-back load estimations: a study based on in-vitro compression data. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(10):1083-1086.
    • (2012) Avon) , vol.27 , Issue.10 , pp. 1083-1086
    • Coenen, P.1    Kingma, I.2    Boot, C.R.3    Bongers, P.M.4    van Dieen, J.H.5
  • 103
    • 0028370082 scopus 로고
    • The use of the relation between relative force and endurance time
    • van Dieen J, Oude Vrielink H. The use of the relation between relative force and endurance time. Ergonomics. 1994;37(2):231-243.
    • (1994) Ergonomics , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-243
    • van Dieen, J.1    Oude, V.H.2
  • 104
    • 84873651377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the interaction of force and repetition on musculoskeletal disorder risk: A systematic literature review
    • Gallagher S, Heberger J. Examining the interaction of force and repetition on musculoskeletal disorder risk: a systematic literature review. Hum Factors. 2013;55(1):108-124.
    • (2013) Hum Factors , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 108-124
    • Gallagher, S.1    Heberger, J.2
  • 105
  • 106
    • 0024493890 scopus 로고
    • The secondary prevention of low back pain: A controlled study with follow-up
    • Linton SJ, Bradley LA, Jensen I, Spangfort E, Sundell L. The secondary prevention of low back pain: a controlled study with follow-up. Pain. 1989;36(2):197-207.
    • (1989) Pain , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-207
    • Linton, S.J.1    Bradley, L.A.2    Jensen, I.3    Spangfort, E.4    Sundell, L.5
  • 107
    • 0029096779 scopus 로고
    • Early intervention for back-injured nurses at a large Canadian tertiary care hospital: An evaluation of the effectiveness and cost benefits of a two-year pilot project
    • Yassi A, Tate R, Cooper JE, Snow C, Vallentyne S, Khokhar JB. Early intervention for back-injured nurses at a large Canadian tertiary care hospital: an evaluation of the effectiveness and cost benefits of a two-year pilot project. Occup Med. 1995;45(4):209-214.
    • (1995) Occup Med , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 209-214
    • Yassi, A.1    Tate, R.2    Cooper, J.E.3    Snow, C.4    Vallentyne, S.5    Khokhar, J.B.6
  • 108
    • 67649109315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of implementation of primary preventive interventions on patient handling in healthcare: A systematic review
    • Koppelaar E, Knibbe JJ, Miedema HS, Burdorf A. Determinants of implementation of primary preventive interventions on patient handling in healthcare: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(6):353-360.
    • (2009) Occup Environ Med , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 353-360
    • Koppelaar, E.1    Knibbe, J.J.2    Miedema, H.S.3    Burdorf, A.4
  • 109
    • 77955716783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational safety and health interventions to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in the health care sector
    • Tullar JM, Brewer S, Amick BC, Irvin E, Mahood Q, Pompeii LA, et al. Occupational safety and health interventions to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in the health care sector. J Occup Rehabil. 2010;20(2):199-219.
    • (2010) J Occup Rehabil , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-219
    • Tullar, J.M.1    Brewer, S.2    Amick, B.C.3    Irvin, E.4    Mahood, Q.5    Pompeii, L.A.6
  • 111
    • 84880813199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, Available at Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, as amended, available at
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. Occupational disease, schedule 3. Available at Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, as amended, available at http://www.wsib.on.ca/files/Content/PolicyODScientificEvidence/ScientificEvidencepdf.
    • Occupational Disease, Schedule 3
  • 112
    • 33746834935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and the pathophysiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders
    • Barbe M, Barr A. Inflammation and the pathophysiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20:423-429.
    • (2006) Brain Behav Immun , vol.20 , pp. 423-429
    • Barbe, M.1    Barr, A.2
  • 113
    • 0023497960 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological aspects of back pain within the nursing profession
    • Buckle P. Epidemiological aspects of back pain within the nursing profession. Int J Nurs Stud. 1987;24(4):319-324.
    • (1987) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 319-324
    • Buckle, P.1
  • 114
    • 39449091548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Would a 'one-handed' scientist lack rigor? How scientists discuss the work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders in formal and informal communications
    • Premji S, Messing K, Lippel K. Would a 'one-handed' scientist lack rigor? How scientists discuss the work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders in formal and informal communications. Am J Ind Med. 2008;51(3):173-185.
    • (2008) Am J Ind Med , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 173-185
    • Premji, S.1    Messing, K.2    Lippel, K.3
  • 115
    • 0033428781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal risk factors for first-time low back pain
    • Adams MA, Mannion AF, Dolan P. Personal risk factors for first-time low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(23):2497-2505.
    • (1999) Spine , vol.24 , Issue.23 , pp. 2497-2505
    • Adams, M.A.1    Mannion, A.F.2    Dolan, P.3
  • 116
    • 84880794633 scopus 로고
    • Thin skull plaintiff concept: Evasive or persuasive
    • Bahr GL, Graham BN. Thin skull plaintiff concept: evasive or persuasive. LA Law Review. 1981-1982 (409).
    • (1981) LA Law Review , vol.409
    • Bahr, G.L.1    Graham, B.N.2
  • 117
    • 84880793949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 June 2011
    • Eggshell skull. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell_skull:Wikipedia; 2011 [19 June 2011].
    • (2011) Eggshell Skull
  • 118
    • 84880806362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Tribunal, Decision no. 1502/06
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Tribunal. Workplace safety and insurance appeals tribunal. 2007. Decision no. 1502/06.
    • (2007) Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal
  • 119
    • 84860658849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lack of correspondence between work-related disability and receipt of workers' compensation benefits
    • Spieler EA, Burton JF. The lack of correspondence between work-related disability and receipt of workers' compensation benefits. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(6):487-505.
    • (2012) Am J Ind Med , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 487-505
    • Spieler, E.A.1    Burton, J.F.2
  • 120
    • 34948880614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workers describe the effect of the workers' compensation process on their health: A Quebec study
    • Lippel K. Workers describe the effect of the workers' compensation process on their health: a Quebec study. Int J Law Psych. 2007;30(4-5):427-443.
    • (2007) Int J Law Psych , vol.30 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 427-443
    • Lippel, K.1
  • 121
    • 77956925138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'toxic dose' of system problems: Why some injured workers don't return to work as expected
    • MacEachen E, Kosny A, Ferrier S, Chambers L. The 'toxic dose' of system problems: why some injured workers don't return to work as expected. J Occup Rehabil. 2010;20(3):349-366.
    • (2010) J Occup Rehabil , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-366
    • Maceachen, E.1    Kosny, A.2    Ferrier, S.3    Chambers, L.4
  • 122
    • 33749173014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational and environmental medicine in the United States: A proposal to abolish workers' compensation and reestablish the public health model
    • LaDou J. Occupational and environmental medicine in the United States: a proposal to abolish workers' compensation and reestablish the public health model. Int J Occ Env Health. 2006;12(2):154-168.
    • (2006) Int J Occ Env Health , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 154-168
    • Ladou, J.1
  • 123
    • 84856297858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The European influence on workers' compensation reform in the United States
    • LaDou J. The European influence on workers' compensation reform in the United States. Env Health. 2011;10:103.
    • (2011) Env Health , vol.10 , pp. 103
    • Ladou, J.1
  • 125
    • 84860661485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preserving workers' dignity in workers' compensation systems: An international perspective
    • Lippel K. Preserving workers' dignity in workers' compensation systems: an international perspective. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(6):519-536.
    • (2012) Am J Ind Med , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 519-536
    • Lippel, K.1
  • 126
    • 84880840678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, Available at, [Accessed 26 July 2011] (Document No.23-01-02)
    • Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. Schedule 3, occupational diseases, tuberculosis. 2004. Available at: http://www.wsib.on.ca/en/community/WSIB/OPMDetail?vgnextoid55b2dc0d9ca3d7210VgnVCM100000449c710aRCRD. [Accessed 26 July 2011] (Document No.23-01-02).
    • (2004) Schedule 3, Occupational Diseases, Tuberculosis
  • 129
    • 84880846127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Province of Alberta, Current as of 1 July, Firefighters' Primary Site Cancer 102/2003, 249/2005, 74/2010, 73/2011. Available at
    • Province of Alberta. Revised Statutes of Alberta 2000, Chapter W-15, Current as of 1 July 2012. Firefighters' Primary Site Cancer 102/2003, 249/2005, 74/2010, 73/2011. Available at: http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/W15.pdf2012.
    • (2012) Revised Statutes of Alberta 2000, Chapter W-15
  • 133
    • 36448984656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burying the evidence: How Great Britain is prolonging the occupational cancer epidemic
    • O'Neill R, Pickvance S, Watterson A. Burying the evidence: how Great Britain is prolonging the occupational cancer epidemic. Int J Occ Env Health. 2007;13:432-440.
    • (2007) Int J Occ Env Health , vol.13 , pp. 432-440
    • O'Neill, R.1    Pickvance, S.2    Watterson, A.3
  • 135
    • 59749090815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Medical Research Council, Available at
    • British Medical Research Council. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. 2006. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.uk/Utilities/Documentrecord/index.htm?d5MRC004871.
    • (2006) Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions: New Guidance
  • 136
    • 0023218948 scopus 로고
    • Low back injuries in nursing staff
    • Heap D. Low back injuries in nursing staff. Occ Med. 1987;37(1):66-70.
    • (1987) Occ Med , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-70
    • Heap, D.1
  • 137
    • 0030866029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal symptoms and job strain among nursing personnel: A study over a three year period
    • Josephson M, Lagerstrom M, Hagberg M, Wigaeus Hjelm E. Musculoskeletal symptoms and job strain among nursing personnel: a study over a three year period. Occup Environ Med. 1997;54(9):681-685.
    • (1997) Occup Environ Med , vol.54 , Issue.9 , pp. 681-685
    • Josephson, M.1    Lagerstrom, M.2    Hagberg, M.3    Wigaeus, H.E.4
  • 138
    • 84863774490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient handling and musculoskeletal disorders among hospital workers: Analysis of 7 years of institutional workers' compensation claims data
    • Kim H, Dropkin J, Spaeth K, Smith F, Moline J. Patient handling and musculoskeletal disorders among hospital workers: analysis of 7 years of institutional workers' compensation claims data. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(8):683-690.
    • (2012) Am J Ind Med , vol.55 , Issue.8 , pp. 683-690
    • Kim, H.1    Dropkin, J.2    Spaeth, K.3    Smith, F.4    Moline, J.5
  • 140
    • 84872731132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal injuries among hospital patient care staff before and after implementation of patient lift and transfer equipment
    • Schoenfisch AL, Lipscomb HJ, Pompeii LA, Myers DJ, Dement JM. Musculoskeletal injuries among hospital patient care staff before and after implementation of patient lift and transfer equipment. Scan J Work Env Health. 2013;39(1):27-36.
    • (2013) Scan J Work Env Health , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-36
    • Schoenfisch, A.L.1    Lipscomb, H.J.2    Pompeii, L.A.3    Myers, D.J.4    Dement, J.M.5
  • 141
    • 2542506396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New low back pain in nurses: Work activities, work stress and sedentary lifestyle
    • Yip V. New low back pain in nurses: work activities, work stress and sedentary lifestyle. J Adv Nurs. 2004;46:430-440.
    • (2004) J Adv Nurs , vol.46 , pp. 430-440
    • Yip, V.1
  • 142
    • 0024558010 scopus 로고
    • Occupational low-back injury in a hospital employee population: An epidemiologic analysis of multiple risk factors of a high-risk occupational group
    • Ryden L, Molgaard C, Bobbitt S, Conway J. Occupational low-back injury in a hospital employee population: an epidemiologic analysis of multiple risk factors of a high-risk occupational group. Spine. 1989;14(3):315-320.
    • (1989) Spine , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-320
    • Ryden, L.1    Molgaard, C.2    Bobbitt, S.3    Conway, J.4
  • 143
    • 5444247898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based practices for safe patient handling and movement
    • Nelson A, Baptiste A. Evidence-based practices for safe patient handling and movement. Online J Issues Nurs. 2004;9(3):1-24.
    • (2004) Online J Issues Nurs , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-24
    • Nelson, A.1    Baptiste, A.2
  • 144
    • 85007864858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 2: Methodological issues and applicability for use in epidemiological studies
    • Waters T, Yeung S, Genaidy A, Callaghan J, Barriera-Viruet H, Abdallah S, et al. Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 2: methodological issues and applicability for use in epidemiological studies. Theo Iss Ergo Sci. 2006;7(2):131-148.
    • (2006) Theo Iss Ergo Sci , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-148
    • Waters, T.1    Yeung, S.2    Genaidy, A.3    Callaghan, J.4    Barriera-Viruet, H.5    Abdallah, S.6
  • 145
    • 85007821561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 1: Is cumulative spinal loading associated with lower back disorders
    • Waters T, Yeung S, Genaidy A, Callaghan J, Barriera-Viruet H, Deddense J. Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 1: is cumulative spinal loading associated with lower back disorders? Theo Iss Ergo Sci. 2006;7(2):113-130.
    • (2006) Theo Iss Ergo Sci , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-130
    • Waters, T.1    Yeung, S.2    Genaidy, A.3    Callaghan, J.4    Barriera-Viruet, H.5    Deddense, J.6
  • 146
    • 0027620295 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of low back pain in student nurses
    • Klaber Moffett JA, Hughes GI, Griffiths P. A longitudinal study of low back pain in student nurses. Int J Nurs Stud. 1993;30(3):197-212.
    • (1993) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-212
    • Klaber, M.J.A.1    Hughes, G.I.2    Griffiths, P.3
  • 147
    • 0038460618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Course of low back pain among nurses: A longitudinal study across eight years
    • Maul I, Laubli T, Klipstein A, Krueger H. Course of low back pain among nurses: a longitudinal study across eight years. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:497-503.
    • (2003) Occup Environ Med , vol.60 , pp. 497-503
    • Maul, I.1    Laubli, T.2    Klipstein, A.3    Krueger, H.4
  • 148
    • 0026548478 scopus 로고
    • Isokinetic lifting strength and occupational injury. A prospective study
    • Mostardi RA, Noe DA, Kovacik MW, Porterfield JA. Isokinetic lifting strength and occupational injury. A prospective study. Spine. 1992;17(2):189-193.
    • (1992) Spine , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-193
    • Mostardi, R.A.1    Noe, D.A.2    Kovacik, M.W.3    Porterfield, J.A.4
  • 149
    • 0027563021 scopus 로고
    • Fitness and lifestyle parameters fail to predict back injuries in nurses
    • Ready AE, Boreskie SL, Law SA, Russell R. Fitness and lifestyle parameters fail to predict back injuries in nurses. Can J Appl Physiol. 1993;18(1):80-90.
    • (1993) Can J Appl Physiol , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-90
    • Ready, A.E.1    Boreskie, S.L.2    Law, S.A.3    Russell, R.4
  • 150
    • 0035882154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial to prevent patient lift and transfer injuries of health care workers
    • Yassi A, Cooper J, Tate R, Gerlach S, Muir M, Trottier J, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent patient lift and transfer injuries of health care workers. Spine. 2001;26(16):1739-1746.
    • (2001) Spine , vol.26 , Issue.16 , pp. 1739-1746
    • Yassi, A.1    Cooper, J.2    Tate, R.3    Gerlach, S.4    Muir, M.5    Trottier, J.6
  • 151
    • 31144443735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis on musculoskeletal disorders between Greek and Dutch nursing personnel
    • Alexopoulos E, Burdorf A, Kalokerinou A. A comparative analysis on musculoskeletal disorders between Greek and Dutch nursing personnel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006;79(1):82-88.
    • (2006) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.79 , Issue.1 , pp. 82-88
    • Alexopoulos, E.1    Burdorf, A.2    Kalokerinou, A.3
  • 152
    • 0038082993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among nursing personnel in Greek hospitals
    • Alexopoulos E, Burdorf A, Kalokerinou A. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among nursing personnel in Greek hospitals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76(4):289-294.
    • (2003) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-294
    • Alexopoulos, E.1    Burdorf, A.2    Kalokerinou, A.3
  • 153
    • 0034024876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of self estimated workloads with muscu-loskeletal symptoms among hospital nurses
    • Ando S, Ono Y, Shimaoka M, Hiruta S, Hattori Y, Hori F, et al. Associations of self estimated workloads with muscu-loskeletal symptoms among hospital nurses. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(3):211-216.
    • (2000) Occup Environ Med , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-216
    • Ando, S.1    Ono, Y.2    Shimaoka, M.3    Hiruta, S.4    Hattori, Y.5    Hori, F.6
  • 154
    • 0022743865 scopus 로고
    • The incidence and prevalence in nurses of low back pain: A definitive survey exposes the hazards
    • Arad D, Ryan M. The incidence and prevalence in nurses of low back pain: a definitive survey exposes the hazards. Aus Nurs J. 1986;16(1):44-48.
    • (1986) Aus Nurs J , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-48
    • Arad, D.1    Ryan, M.2
  • 155
    • 0842264244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for work-related low back pain in registered nurses, and potential obstacles in using mechanical lifting devices
    • Byrns G, Reeder G, Jin G, Pachis K. Risk factors for work-related low back pain in registered nurses, and potential obstacles in using mechanical lifting devices. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1:11-21.
    • (2004) J Occup Environ Hyg , vol.1 , pp. 11-21
    • Byrns, G.1    Reeder, G.2    Jin, G.3    Pachis, K.4
  • 156
    • 0024397037 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, prevalence, and variables associated with low back pain in staff nurses
    • Cato C, Olson D, Studer M. Incidence, prevalence, and variables associated with low back pain in staff nurses. AAOHN J. 1989;37(8):321-327.
    • (1989) AAOHN J , vol.37 , Issue.8 , pp. 321-327
    • Cato, C.1    Olson, D.2    Studer, M.3
  • 157
    • 0028770320 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of back pain among nurses
    • Coggan C, Norton R, Roberts I, Hope V. Prevalence of back pain among nurses. NZ Med J. 1994;107(983):306-308.
    • (1994) NZ Med J , vol.107 , Issue.983 , pp. 306-308
    • Coggan, C.1    Norton, R.2    Roberts, I.3    Hope, V.4
  • 158
    • 0042415305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal outcomes in multiple body regions and work effects among nurses: The effects of stressful and stimulating working conditions
    • Daraiseh N, Genaidy AM, Karwowski W, Davis LS, Stambough J, Huston RI. Musculoskeletal outcomes in multiple body regions and work effects among nurses: the effects of stressful and stimulating working conditions. Ergonomics. 2003;46(12):1178-1199.
    • (2003) Ergonomics , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 1178-1199
    • Daraiseh, N.1    Genaidy, A.M.2    Karwowski, W.3    Davis, L.S.4    Stambough, J.5    Huston, R.I.6
  • 159
    • 0029761044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work related risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the nursing profession: Results of a questionnaire survey
    • Engels JA, van der Gulden JW, Senden TF, van't Hof B. Work related risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the nursing profession: results of a questionnaire survey. Occup Environ Med. 1996;53(9):636-641.
    • (1996) Occup Environ Med , vol.53 , Issue.9 , pp. 636-641
    • Engels, J.A.1    van der, G.J.W.2    Senden, T.F.3    Van'T, H.B.4
  • 162
    • 84855818057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back pain among health care workers in Pennsylvania 2002- 2006
    • Haladay D, Blorstad A, McBrier N, Denegar C, Lengerich E. Back pain among health care workers in Pennsylvania 2002- 2006. Work. 2012;41(1):93-98.
    • (2012) Work , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-98
    • Haladay, D.1    Blorstad, A.2    McBrier, N.3    Denegar, C.4    Lengerich, E.5
  • 163
    • 77955289817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers
    • Harcombe H, McBride D, Derrett S, Gray A. Physical and psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers. Injury Prev. 2010;16(2):96-100.
    • (2010) Injury Prev , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 96-100
    • Harcombe, H.1    McBride, D.2    Derrett, S.3    Gray, A.4
  • 164
    • 8244260732 scopus 로고
    • Work-related back injuries among nursing personnel in New York
    • , Dayton, OH, USA; September-October, Human Factors Society
    • Jensen R. Work-related back injuries among nursing personnel in New York. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting; Dayton, OH, USA; September-October 1986. Human Factors Society.
    • (1986) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting
    • Jensen, R.1
  • 165
    • 78651229776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low back pain and work-related factors among nurses in intensive care units
    • June KJ, Cho SH. Low back pain and work-related factors among nurses in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(3-4):479-487.
    • (2011) J Clin Nurs , vol.20 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 479-487
    • June, K.J.1    Cho, S.H.2
  • 166
    • 0347480521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the usage of body mechanics in clinical settings and the occurrence of low back pain in nurses
    • Karahan A, Bayraktar N. Determination of the usage of body mechanics in clinical settings and the occurrence of low back pain in nurses. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004;41(1):67-75.
    • (2004) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-75
    • Karahan, A.1    Bayraktar, N.2
  • 167
    • 0025601425 scopus 로고
    • Cumulative load as a risk factor for back pain
    • Kumar S. Cumulative load as a risk factor for back pain. Spine. 1990;15(12):1311-1316.
    • (1990) Spine , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1311-1316
    • Kumar, S.1
  • 168
    • 0029560384 scopus 로고
    • Occupational and individual factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms in five body regions among Swedish nursing personnel
    • Lagerstrom M, Wenemark M, Hagberg M, Hjelm EW. Occupational and individual factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms in five body regions among Swedish nursing personnel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1995;68(1):27-35.
    • (1995) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-35
    • Lagerstrom, M.1    Wenemark, M.2    Hagberg, M.3    Hjelm, E.W.4
  • 169
    • 0023353421 scopus 로고
    • Low back pain in nurses: The relative importance of medical history, work factors, exercise, and demographics
    • Mandel J, Lohman W. Low back pain in nurses: the relative importance of medical history, work factors, exercise, and demographics. Res Nurs Health. 1987;10(3):165-170.
    • (1987) Res Nurs Health , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 165-170
    • Mandel, J.1    Lohman, W.2
  • 170
    • 38449113181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ergonomics and patient handling
    • McCoskey K. Ergonomics and patient handling. AAOHN J. 2007;55(11):454-462.
    • (2007) AAOHN J , vol.55 , Issue.11 , pp. 454-462
    • McCoskey, K.1
  • 171
    • 5144230831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physical workload of nursing personnel: Association with musculoske-letal discomfort
    • Menzel N, Brooks S, Bernard T, Nelson A. The physical workload of nursing personnel: association with musculoske-letal discomfort. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004;41:859-867.
    • (2004) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.41 , pp. 859-867
    • Menzel, N.1    Brooks, S.2    Bernard, T.3    Nelson, A.4
  • 172
    • 0021738102 scopus 로고
    • Personal characteristics and back injury among hospital nursing personnel
    • Owen BD, Damron CF. Personal characteristics and back injury among hospital nursing personnel. Res Nurs Health. 1984;7(4):305-313.
    • (1984) Res Nurs Health , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 305-313
    • Owen, B.D.1    Damron, C.F.2
  • 173
    • 0028916819 scopus 로고
    • Manual handling activities and risk of low back pain in nurses
    • Smedley J, Egger P, Cooper C, Coggon D. Manual handling activities and risk of low back pain in nurses. Occup Environ Med. 1995;52(3):160-163.
    • (1995) Occup Environ Med , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 160-163
    • Smedley, J.1    Egger, P.2    Cooper, C.3    Coggon, D.4
  • 174
    • 0037335173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace prevention and musculoskeletal injuries in nurses
    • Trinkoff AM, Brady B, Nielsen K. Workplace prevention and musculoskeletal injuries in nurses. J Nurs Adm. 2003;33(3):153-158.
    • (2003) J Nurs Adm , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 153-158
    • Trinkoff, A.M.1    Brady, B.2    Nielsen, K.3
  • 176
    • 0032145176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle strength, task performance and low back load in nurses
    • de Looze M, Zinzen E, Caboor D, van Roy P, Clarijs J. Muscle strength, task performance and low back load in nurses. Ergonomics. 1998;41(8):1095-1104.
    • (1998) Ergonomics , vol.41 , Issue.8 , pp. 1095-1104
    • de Looze, M.1    Zinzen, E.2    Caboor, D.3    van Roy, P.4    Clarijs, J.5
  • 177
    • 0023376421 scopus 로고
    • Lumbo-sacral loads and selected muscle activity while turning patients in bed
    • Gagnon M, Chehade A, Kemp F, Lortie M. Lumbo-sacral loads and selected muscle activity while turning patients in bed. Ergonomics. 1987;30:1013-1032.
    • (1987) Ergonomics , vol.30 , pp. 1013-1032
    • Gagnon, M.1    Chehade, A.2    Kemp, F.3    Lortie, M.4
  • 178
    • 0026143151 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: Wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair
    • Garg A, Owen B, Beller D, Banaag J. A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair. Ergonomics. 1991;34(4):407-419.
    • (1991) Ergonomics , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 407-419
    • Garg, A.1    Owen, B.2    Beller, D.3    Banaag, J.4
  • 179
    • 0023554299 scopus 로고
    • Importance of non-patient transfer activities in nursing-related back pain: II. Observational study and implications
    • Harber P, Shimozaki S, Gardner G, Billet E, Vojtecky M, Kanim L. Importance of non-patient transfer activities in nursing-related back pain: II. Observational study and implications. J Occ Med. 1987;29(12):971-974.
    • (1987) J Occ Med , vol.29 , Issue.12 , pp. 971-974
    • Harber, P.1    Shimozaki, S.2    Gardner, G.3    Billet, E.4    Vojtecky, M.5    Kanim, L.6
  • 180
    • 0029903034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postural analysis of nursing work
    • Hignett S. Postural analysis of nursing work. Appl Ergon. 1996;27(3):171-176.
    • (1996) Appl Ergon , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 171-176
    • Hignett, S.1
  • 181
  • 182
    • 84866301754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of ergonomic devices on mechanical load during patient handling activities in nursing homes
    • Koppelaar E, Knibbe HJ, Miedema HS, Burdorf A. The influence of ergonomic devices on mechanical load during patient handling activities in nursing homes. Ann Occ Hyg. 2012;56(6):708-718.
    • (2012) Ann Occ Hyg , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 708-718
    • Koppelaar, E.1    Knibbe, H.J.2    Miedema, H.S.3    Burdorf, A.4
  • 183
    • 0029246304 scopus 로고
    • Ergonomic analysis of working posture in nursing personnel: Example of modified Ovako Working Analysis System application
    • Lee Y, Choiu W. Ergonomic analysis of working posture in nursing personnel: example of modified Ovako Working Analysis System application. Res Nurs Health. 1995;18(1): 67-75.
    • (1995) Res Nurs Health , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-75
    • Lee, Y.1    Choiu, W.2
  • 184
    • 0035141964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of low back loading on nurses during patient handling tasks: The importance of bedside reaction force measurement
    • Skotte J. Estimation of low back loading on nurses during patient handling tasks: the importance of bedside reaction force measurement. J Biomech. 2001;34(2):273-276.
    • (2001) J Biomech , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 273-276
    • Skotte, J.1
  • 185
    • 46249098622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low back injury risk during repositioning of patients in bed: The influence of handling technique, patient weight and disability
    • Skotte J, Fallentin N. Low back injury risk during repositioning of patients in bed: the influence of handling technique, patient weight and disability. Ergonomics. 2008;51(7):102-152.
    • (2008) Ergonomics , vol.51 , Issue.7 , pp. 102-152
    • Skotte, J.1    Fallentin, N.2
  • 186
    • 0036805287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic 3D biomechanical evaluation of the load on the low back during different patient-handling tasks
    • Skotte J, Essendrop M, Hansen A, Schibye B. A dynamic 3D biomechanical evaluation of the load on the low back during different patient-handling tasks. J Biomech. 2002;35:1357-1366.
    • (2002) J Biomech , vol.35 , pp. 1357-1366
    • Skotte, J.1    Essendrop, M.2    Hansen, A.3    Schibye, B.4
  • 188
    • 20444434980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromyography as a measure of peak and cumulative workload in intermediate care and its relationship to musculoskeletal injury: An exploratory ergonomic study
    • Village J, Frazer M, Cohen M, Leyland A, Park I, Yassi A. Electromyography as a measure of peak and cumulative workload in intermediate care and its relationship to musculoskeletal injury: an exploratory ergonomic study. Appl Ergon. 2005;36(5):609-618.
    • (2005) Appl Ergon , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 609-618
    • Village, J.1    Frazer, M.2    Cohen, M.3    Leyland, A.4    Park, I.5    Yassi, A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.