Older Adults' Trait Impressions of Faces Are Sensitive to Subtle Resemblance to Emotions

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 139-151

  Franklin Jr , Robert G ^a   Zebrowitz, Leslie A ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Emotion resemblance; Face perception; Overgeneralization; Trait impressions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880749280     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10919-013-0150-4     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12(6), 1043-1047.
2. Bar, M., Neta, M., & Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions. Emotion, 6(2), 269.
3. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The 'Reading the mind in the eyes' Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
4. Bartlett, J. C., & Fulton, A. (1991). Familiarity and recognition of faces in old age. Memory and Cognition, 19, 229-238.
5. Benton, A., van Allen, M., Hamsher, K., & Levin, H. (1983). Test of facial recognition manual. Iowa City: Benton Laboratory of Neuropsychology.
6. Bouhuys, A. L., Bloem, G. M., & Groothuis, T. G. (1995). Induction of depressed and elated mood by music influences the perception of facial emotional expressions in healthy subjects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33(4), 215-226.
7. Chasteen, A. L., Kang, S. K., & Remedios, J. D. (2012). Aging and stereotype threat: Development, process, and interventions. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application (pp. 202-216). New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
9. Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but...: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 109-128.
10. Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, A. R., Benton, A. L., & van Allen, M. (1985). Neuropsychologic detection of abnormal mental decline in older persons. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 253(5), 670-674.
11. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
12. Greve, K. W., Stickle, T. R., Love, J. M., Bianchini, K. J., & Stanford, M. S. (2005). Latent structure of the Wisconsin card sorting test: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 355-364.
13. Hahn, S., Carlson, C., Singer, S., & Gronlund, S. D. (2006). Aging and visual search: Automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces. Acta Psychologica, 123(3), 312-336.
14. Halberstadt, J., Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Taumoepeau, M., & Ryan, M. (2011). Emotion perception explains age-related differences in the perception of social gaffes. Psychology and Aging, 26, 133-136.
15. Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport, 11, 43-48.
16. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107-129.
17. Isaacowitz, D. M., Löckenhoff, C. E., Lane, R. D., Wright, R., Sechrest, L., Riedel, R., et al. (2007). Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 147-159.
18. Isaacowitz, D. M., & Stanley, J. T. (2011). Bringing an ecological perspective to the study of aging and recognition of emotional facial expressions: Past, current, and future methods. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35, 261-278.
19. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 40.
20. Ishihara, S. (2010). Test for colour-blindness. Kanehara Trading Company.
21. Keating, C. F., Mazur, A., Segall, M. H., Cysneiros, P. G., Kilbride, J. E., Leahy, P., et al. (1981). Culture and the perception of social dominance from facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(4), 615.
22. Kite, M. E., Deaux, K., Haines, E. L., Denmark, F. L., & Paludi, M. A. (2008). Gender stereotypes. Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
23. Knutson, B. (1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20(3), 165-182.
24. Lange, K., Williams, L. M., Young, A. W., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (2003). Task instructions modulate neural responses to fearful facial expressions. Biological Psychiatry, 53(3), 226-232.
25. Malatesta, C. Z., Izard, C. E., Culver, C., & Nicolich, M. (1987). Emotion communication skills in young, middle-aged, and older women. Psychology and Aging, 2, 193-203.
26. Martinez, A. M. & Benavente, R. (1998). The AR face database. CVC Technical Report #24.
27. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496-502.
28. Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554-570.
29. Mather, M., & Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 61(1), 54-57.
30. McArthur, L. Z., & Baron, R. M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90(3), 215-238.
31. Montepare, J. M., & Dobish, H. (2003). The contribution of emotion perceptions and their overgeneralizations to trait impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(4), 237-254.
32. Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (1998). Person perception comes of age: The salience and significance of age in social judgments. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 93-163). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
33. Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(32), 11087-11092.
34. Pardini, M., & Nichelli, P. F. (2009). Age-related decline in mentalizing skills across adult life span. Experimental Aging Research, 35(1), 98-106.
35. Peters, E., Hess, T. M., Västfjäll, D., & Auman, C. (2007). Adult age differences in dual information processes: Implications for the role of affective and deliberative processes in older adults' decision making. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 1-23.
36. Piper, B. J., Li, V., Eiwaz, M. A., Kobel, Y. V., Benice, T. S., Chu, A. M., et al. (2012). Executive function on the psychology experiment building language tests. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 110-123.
37. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Essentials of behavioral analysis: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863-881.
39. Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Halberstadt, J., & Vater, T. (2011). Age-related differences in deception. Psychology and Aging, 27, 543-549.
40. Ruffman, T., Ng, M., & Jenkin, T. (2009). Older adults respond quickly to angry faces despite labeling difficulty. The Journals Of Gerontology: Series B, 64B(2), 171-179.
41. Ruffman, T., Sullivan, S., & Edge, N. (2006). Differences in the way older and younger adults rate threat in faces but not situations. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 61(4), 187-194.
42. Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1100-1105.
43. Said, C. P., Sebe, N., & Todorov, A. (2009). Structural resemblance to emotional expressions predicts evaluation of emotionally neutral faces. Emotion, 9(2), 260-264.
44. Salthouse, T. A. (1993). Speed and knowledge as determinants of adult age differences in verbal tasks. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 29-36.
45. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103(3), 403-428.
46. Secord, P. F. (1958). Facial features and inference processes in interpersonal perception. In R. Taguiri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior (pp. 300-315). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
47. Shipley, W. C. (1946). Institute of living scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
48. Stanley, J., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2008). Challenges older adults face in detecting deceit: The role of emotion recognition. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 24-32.
49. Voelkle, M. C., Ebner, N. C., Lindenberger, U., & Riediger, M. (2011). Let me guess how old you are: Effects of age, gender, and facial expression on perceptions of age. Psychology and Aging,. doi: 10. 1037/a0025065.
50. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
51. Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592-598.
52. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1996). Physical appearance as a basis of stereotyping. In N. MacRae, M. Hewstone, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 79-120). New York: Guilford Press.
53. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1997). Reading faces: Window to the soul?. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
54. Zebrowitz, L. A., Bronstad, M. P., & Montepare, J. M. (2011). An ecological theory of face perception. In R. Adams, N. Ambady, K. Nakayama, & S. Shimojo (Eds.), The science of social vision (pp. 3-30). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55. Zebrowitz, L. A., Franklin, R. G., Hillman, S., & Boc, H. (2013). Comparing older and younger adults' first impressions from faces. Psychology and Aging, 28, 202-212.
56. Zebrowitz, L. A., Kikuchi, M., & Fellous, J. (2007). Are effects of emotion expression on trait impressions mediated by babyfaceness? Evidence from connectionist modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 648-662.
57. Zebrowitz, L. A., Kikuchi, M., & Fellous, J. M. (2010). Facial resemblance to emotions: Group differences, impression effects, and race stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 175-189.