Particle sedimentation and diffusive convection in volcanic ash-clouds

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 118, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1420-1437

  Carazzo, G ^a,b   Jellinek, A M ^b  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

ash cloud; diffusive convection; explosive volcanism; layering; residence time

Indexed keywords

CONVECTION; DIFFUSION; EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; PARTICLE MOTION; RESIDENCE TIME; SEDIMENTATION; TURBULENT FLOW; VOLCANIC ASH; VOLCANIC CLOUD; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

PINATUBO;

EID: 84880724369     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50155     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Acrivos, A., R. Mauri, and, X. Fan, (1993), Shear-induced resuspension in a couette device, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 19, 797-802.
2. Ansmann, A., I. Mattis, U. Wandinger, F. Wagner, J. Reichardt, and, T. Deshler, (1997), Evolution of the Pinatubo aerosol: Raman lidar observations of particle optical depth, effective radius, mass, and surface area over Central Europe at 53.4°n, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2630-2641.
3. Ansmann, A., et al. (2010), The 16 April 2010 major volcanic ash plume over Central Europe: EARLINET lidar and AERONET photometer observations at Leipzig and Munich, Germany, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13810, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043,809.
4. Baines, W. D., and, J. S. Turner, (1969), Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region, J. Fluid Mech., 37, 51-80.
5. Barton, I. J., A. J. Prata, I. G. Watterson, and, S. A. Young, (1992), Identification of the Mount Hudson cloud over SE Australia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1211-1214. (Pubitemid 23372506)
6. Bluth, G. J. S., J. S. Courtney, I. E. Sprod, C. C. Schnetzler, A. J. Krueger, and, L. S. Walter, (1995), Explosive emissions of sulfur dioxide from the 1992 Crater Peak eruptions, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2139, 37-45.
7. Bonadonna, C., G. Macedonio, and, R. S. J. Sparks, (2002), Numerical modeling of tephra fallout associated with dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions: Application to hazard assessment on Montserrat, in The Eruption of Soufriére Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, edited by, T. H. Druitt, and, B. P. Kokelaar, Geological Society, London Memoir, 21, 517-538.
8. Borrmann, S., et al. (1993), In situ measurements of changes in stratospheric aerosol and the N2O-aerosol relationship inside and outside of the polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2559-2562.
9. Burns, P., and, E. Meiburg, (2012), Sediment-laden fresh water above salt water: Linear stability analysis, J. Fluid Mech., 691, 279-314.
10. Bursik, M. I., R. S. J. Sparks, S. N. Carey, and, J. S. Gilbert, (1994), The concentration of ash in volcanic plumes, inferred from dispersal data, in Volcanic ash and aviation safety: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Volcanism and Aviation Safety, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2047, 19-29.
11. Carazzo, G., and, A. M. Jellinek, (2012), A new view of the dynamics, stability and longevity of volcanic clouds, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 325-326, 39-51.
12. Carazzo, G., E. Kaminski, and, S. Tait, (2008a), On the rise of turbulent plumes: Quantitative effects of variable entrainment for submarine hydrothermal vents, terrestrial and extra terrestrial explosive volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B09201, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005,458.
13. Carazzo, G., E. Kaminski, and, S. Tait, (2008b), On the dynamics of volcanic columns: A comparison of field data with a new model of negatively buoyant jets, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 178, 94-103.
14. Carey, S., H. Sigurdsson, and, R. S. J. Sparks, (1988), Experimental studies of particle-laden plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,314-15,328.
15. Casadevall, T. J., (1994), The 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Impacts on aircrafts operations, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 62, 301-316.
16. Casadevall, T. J., and, M. D. Krohn, (1995), Effects of the 1992 Crater Peak eruptions on airports and aviation operations in the United States and Canada, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2139, 205-220.
17. Chazette, P., C. David, J. Lefrère, S. Godin, J. Pelon, and, G. Mégie, (1995), Comparative lidar study of the optical, geometrical, and dynamical properties of stratospheric post-volcanic aerosols, following the eruptions of El Chichon and Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,195-23,207.
18. Chen, J. C., (1980), Studies on gravitational spreading currents. Rep. No. K-40, PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology.
19. Constantine, E. K., G. J. S. Bluth, and, W. I. Rose, (2000), TOMS and AVHRR sensors applied to drifting volcanic clouds from the August 1991 eruptions of Cerro Hudson, Geophys. Monogr., 116, 45-64.
20. Crowe, C. T., M. Sommerfield, and, Y. Tsuji, (eds.) (1998), Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles, 471 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton.
21. Da Cunha, F. R., and, EJ. Hinch, (1996), Shear-induced dispersion in a dilute suspension of rough sphere, J. Fluid Mech., 309, 211-223. (Pubitemid 126469118)
22. Dacre, H. F., et al. (2011), Evaluating the structure and magnitude of the ash plume during the initial phase of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption using lidar observations and NAME simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00U03, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015,608.
23. Danielsen, E. F., (1981), Trajectories of the Mount St. Helens eruption plume, Nature, 211, 819-821. (Pubitemid 11271481)
24. Davis, R. H., (1996), Hydrodynamic diffusion of suspended particles: A symposium, J. Fluid Mech., 310, 325-335. (Pubitemid 126469280)
25. Davis, R. H., and, D. T. Leighton, (1987), Shear-induced transport of a particle layer along a porous wall, Chem. Eng. Sci., 42, 275-281.
26. De Graaf, M., D. P. Donovan, A. Apituley, and, K. M. Wilson, (2010), First estimates of mass concentrations from Eyjafjöll over the Netherlands using PCA on multi-wavelength Raman lidar data, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 12, 15770
27. DeFoor, T. E., E. Robinson, and, S. Ryan, (1992), Early lidar observations of the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption plume at Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 187-190.
28. Deshler, T., D. J. Hofmann, B. J. Johnson, and, W. R. Rozier, (1992), Balloonborne measurements of the Pinatubo aerosol size distribution and volatility at Laramie, Wyoming during the summer of 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 199-202.
29. Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and, W. R. Rozier, (1993), Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N: Vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435-1438. (Pubitemid 24396515)
30. Devenish, B. J., et al. (2012), Droplet growth in warm turbulent clouds, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1401-1429, doi: 10.1002/qj.1897.
31. Didden, N., and, T. Maxworthy, (1982), The viscous spreading of plane and axisymmetric gravity currents, J. Fluid. Mech., 121, 27-42.
32. Durant, A. J., and, W. I. Rose, (2009), Sedimentological constraints on hydrometeor-enhanced particle deposition: 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Alaska, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 186, 40-49.
33. Dürbeck, T., and, T. Gerz, (1996), Dispersion of aircraft exhausts in the free atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26,007-26,015.
34. Fero, J., S. N. Carey, and, J. T. Merrill, (2009), Simulating the dispersal of tephra from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption: Implications for the formation of widespread ash layers, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 186, 120-131.
35. Flentje, H., et al. (2010), The Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010 detection of volcanic plume using in situ measurements, ozone sondes and lidar-ceilometer profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10,085-10,092.
36. Folch, A., A. Costa, and, S. Basart, (2012), Validation of the FALL3D ash dispersion model using observations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash cloud, Atmos. Environ., 48, 165-183, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.072.
37. Glaze, L., S. M. Baloga, and, L. Wilson, (1997), Transport of atmospheric water vapor by volcanic eruption columns, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6099-6108.
38. Goodman, J., K. G. Snetsinger, R. F. Pueschel, G. V. Ferry, and, S. Verma, (1994), Evolution of Pinatubo aerosol near 19 km altitude over western North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1129-1132.
39. Green, T., (1987), The importance of double diffusion to the settling of suspended material, Sedimentology, 34, 319-331.
40. Guo, S., W. I. Rose, G. J. S. Bluth, and, I. M. Watson, (2004a), Particles in the great Pinatubo volcanic cloud of June 1991: The role of ice, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q05,003, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000,655.
41. Guo, S., G. J. S. Bluth, W. I. Rose, and, I. M. Watson, (2004b), Re-evaluation of SO2 release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q04001, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000,654.
42. Hazen, A., (1904), On sedimentation, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 53, 45-88.
43. Hobbs, P. V., L. F. Radke, M. W. Eltgroth, and, D. A. Hegg, (1981), Airborne studies of the emissions from the volcanic eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Science, 211, 816-818. (Pubitemid 11271480)
44. Hobbs, P. V., J. P. Tuell, D. A. Hegg, L. F. Radke, and, M. W. Elgroth, (1982), Particles and gases in the emissions from the 1980-1981 volcanic eruptions of Mt St Helens, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 11,062-11,086.
45. Hofmann, D. J., and, J. M. Rosen, (1982), Balloon-borne observations of stratospheric aerosol and condensation nuclei during the year following the Mt St Helens eruptoin, J. Geophys. Res, 87, 11,039-11,061.
46. Hofmann, D. J., and, J. M. Rosen, (1984), On temporal variation of stratospheric aerosol size and mass during the first 18 months following the 1982 eruptions of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4883-4890. (Pubitemid 14584638)
47. Holasek, R. E., and, S. Self, (1995), GOES weather satellite observations and measurements of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens eruption, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8469-8487.
48. Holasek, R. E., A. W. Woods, and, S. Self, (1996a), Experiments of gas-ash separation processes in volcanic umbrella plumes, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 70, 169-181.
49. Holasek, R. E., S. Self, and, A. W. Woods, (1996b), Satellite observation and interpretation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27,635-27,655.
50. Hoyal, D. C. J. D., M. I. Bursik, and, J. F. Atkinson, (1999), The influence of diffusive convection on sedimentation from buoyant plumes, Mar. Geol., 159, 205-220. (Pubitemid 29337434)
51. Huppert, H. E., (1971), On the stability of a series of double-diffusive layers, Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1005-1021.
52. Huppert, H. E., and, P. F. Linden, (1979), On heating a stable salinity gradient from below, J. Fluid. Mech., 95, 431-464.
53. Huppert, H. E., and, P. C. Manins, (1973), Limiting conditions for salt-fingering interface, Deep-Sea Res., 20, 315-323.
54. Huppert, H. E., and, J. S. Turner, (1981), Double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid. Mech., 106, 299-329.
55. Huppert, H. E., J. S. Turner, and, M. A. Hallworth, (1995), Sedimentation and entrainment in dense layers of suspended particles stirred by an oscillating grid, J. Fluid. Mech., 289, 263-293. (Pubitemid 26438741)
56. Kelley, D., (1984), Effective diffusivities within oceanic thermohaline staircases, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,484-10,488.
57. Kerr, R. C., (1991), Erosion of a stable density gradient by sedimentation-driven convection, Nature, 353, 423-425. (Pubitemid 21912526)
58. Kotsovinos, N. E., (2000), Axisymmetric submerged intrusion in stratified fluid, J. Hydrau. Eng., 126, 446-456.
59. Koyaguchi, T., K. Ochiai, and, Y. J. Suzuki, (2009), The effect of intensity of turbulence in umbrella cloud on tephra dispersion during explosive volcanic eruptions: Experimental and numerical approaches, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 186, 68-78.
60. Labazuy, P., et al. (2010), Monitoring the Eyjafjöll volcanic plume using OPGC platforms: Remote sensing and in situ measurements, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 12, 15763.
61. Leighton, D., and, A. Acrivos, (1987a), Measurement of shear-induced self-diffusion in concentrated suspensions of spheres, J. Fluid. Mech., 177, 109-131. (Pubitemid 17583595)
62. Leighton, D., and, A. Acrivos, (1987b), The shear-induced migration of particles in concentrated suspensions, J. Fluid. Mech., 181, 415-439.
63. Lemkert, C. J., and, J. Imberger, (1993), Axisymmetric intrusive gravity currents in linearly stratified fluids, J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 119, 662-679. (Pubitemid 24429527)
64. Martin, D., and, R. Nokes, (1988), Crystal settling in a vigorously convecting magma chamber, Nature, 332, 534-536.
65. Mather, T. A., D. M. Pyle, and, C. Oppenheimer, (2003), Tropospheric volcanic aerosol, Geophys. Monogr., 139, 189-212.
66. McCormick, M. P., L. W. Thomason, and, C. R. Trepte, (1995), Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption, Nature, 373, 399-404.
67. Oberbeck, V. R., N. H. Farlow, W. Fong, K. G. Snetsinger, G. V. Ferry, and, D. M. Hayes, (1982), Mount St. Helens aerosol evolution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1089-1092.
68. Osborn, M. T., R. J. DeCoursey, and, C. R. Trepte, (1995), Evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic cloud over Hampton, Virginia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1101-1104.
69. Rampall, I., and, D. T. Leighton, (1994), Influence of shear-induced migration on turbulent resuspension, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 20, 631-650. (Pubitemid 282877)
70. Robock, A., (2000), Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191-219. (Pubitemid 32200846)
71. Rose, W. I., and, A. J. Durant, (2008), ElChichon volcano, April 4, 1982: Volcanic cloud history and fine ash fallout, Nat. Haz., 51, 363-374, doi: 10.1007/s11,069-008-9283-x.
72. Rose, W. I., A. B. Kostinski, and, L. Kelley, (1995), Real time C band radar observations of 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak/Spurr Volcano, Alaska, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2139, 19-26.
73. Rose, W. I., G. J. S. Bluth, and, G. G. J. Ernst, (2000), Integrating retrievals of volcanic cloud characteristics from satellite remote sensors: A summary, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 358, 1585-1606.
74. Rose, W. I., G. J. S. Bluth, D. J. Schneider, G. G. J. Ernst, C. M. Riley, L. J. Henderson, and, R. G. McGimsey, (2001), Observations of volcanic clouds in their first few days of atmospheric residence: The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska, J. Geology, 109, 677-694. (Pubitemid 33092298)
75. Russell, P. B., and, R. D. J. Hake, (1977), The post-Fuego stratospheric aerosol: Lidar measurements, with radiative and thermal implications, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 163-177.
76. Russell, P. B., (1993), Pinatubo and pre-Pinatubo optical-depth spectra: Mauna Loa measurements, comparisons inferred particle size distributions, radiative effects, and relationship to lidar data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,969-22,985.
77. Russell, P. B., (1996), Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol derived from diverse measurements and analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18,745-18,763.
78. Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M., S. Shipley, R. B. Waitt, D. Dzurisin, and, S. H. Wood, (1981), Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of air-fall ash from the six major eruptions of 1980, U.S.G.S Prof. Paper, 1250, 577-600.
79. Schaflinger, U., A. Acrivos, and, K. Zhang, (1990), Viscous resuspension of a sediment within a laminar and stratified flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 16, 567-578.
80. Schlager, H., U. Schumann, B. Weinzierl, A. Minikin, O. Reitebuch, T. Sailer, and, R. Baumann, (2010), Aircraft-borne measurements of emissions from the Eyjafjallajokull eruption, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 91, V53F-05.
81. Schmitt, R. W., (1979), Flux measurements on salt fingers at an interface, J. Marine Res., 37, 419-436.
82. Schneider, D. J., W. I. Rose, and, L. Kelley, (1995), Tracking of 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak vent of Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska, using AVHRR, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2139, 27-36.
83. Schneider, D. J., W. I. Rose, L. R. Coke, and, G. J. S. Bluth, (1999), Early evolution of a stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4037-4050. (Pubitemid 29280430)
84. Schumann, U., H. Schlager, B. Weinzierl, O. Reitebuch, A. Minikin, H. Huntrieser, T. Sailer, and, H. Mannstein, (2012), Annex 1c: Report on the Falcon flight of 19 April 2010, ESA Scientific and Technical Memoranda, 280, 71-76.
85. Simpson, J. J., G. L. Hufford, D. C. Pieri, R. Severanchx, J. Berg, and, C. Bauer, (2002), The February, 2011 eruption of Mt Cleveland, Alaska: Case study of an aviation hazard, Weather Forecast., 17, 691-704.
86. Slingo, J., (2010), Society's growing vulnerability to natural hazards and implications for geophysics research, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 91, U15A-01.
87. Solomatov, V. S., and, D. J. Stevenson, (1993), Suspension in convective layers and style of differentiation of a terrestrial magma ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5375-5390. (Pubitemid 23391886)
88. Solomatov, V. S., P. Olson, and, D. J. Stevenson, (1993), Entrainment from a bed of particles by thermal convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 120, 387-393. (Pubitemid 24422950)
89. Sparks, R. S. J., (1986), The dimensions and dynamics of volcanic eruption columns, Bull. Volc., 48, 3-15.
90. Sparks, R. S. J., and, L. Wilson, (1976), A model for the formation of ignimbrite by gravitational column collapse, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 132, 441-451.
91. Sparks, R. S. J., M. I. Bursik, S. N. Carey, and, J. S. Gilbert, (1994), The controls of eruption column dynamics on the injection and mass loadings of ash into the atmosphere, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety USGS, 2047, 81-86.
92. Sparks, R. S. J., M. Bursik, S. Carey, J. S. Gilbert, L. S. Glaze, H. Sigurdsson, and, A. W. Woods, (eds.) (1997), Volcanic Plumes, 574 pp., John Wiley, New York.
93. Stern, M. E., and, J. S. Turner, (1969), Salt fingers and convecting layers, Deep-Sea Res., 16, 497-511.
94. Telling, J., and, J. Dufek, (2012), An experimental evaluation of ash aggregation in explosive volcanic eruptions, J. Volc. Geoth. Res., 209-210, 1-8.
95. Turner, J. S., (1967), Salt fingers across a density interface, Deep Sea Res., 14, 599-611.
96. Turner, J. S., (ed.) (1973), Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, 368 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
97. Turner, J. S., (1985), Multicomponent convection, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 17, 11-44.
98. Winker, D. M., and, M. T. Osborn, (1992), Airborne lidar observations of the Pinatubo volcanic plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 167-170.
99. Woods, A. W., (1988), The fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of eruption columns, Bull. Volc., 50, 169-193.
100. Woods, A. W., (1995), The dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions, Rev. Geophys., 33, 495-530. (Pubitemid 26460052)
101. Woods, A. W., and, S. Self, (1992), Thermal disequilibrium at the top of volcanic clouds and its effect on estimates of the column height, Nature, 355, 628-630.
102. Woods, A. W., R. E. Holasek, and, S. Self, (1995), Wind-driven dispersal of volcanic ash plumes and its control on the thermal structure of the plume-top, Bull. Volc., 57, 283-292. (Pubitemid 27001305)
103. Ziskind, G., and, C. Gutfinger, (2002), Shear and gravity effects on particle motion in turbulent boundary layers, Powder Technol., 125, 140-148. (Pubitemid 34518440)