Sex-specific differences in the severity of symptoms and recovery rate following sports-related concussion in young athletes

Physician and Sportsmedicine

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 58-63

  Berz, Kate ^a,b   Divine, Jon ^b   Foss, Kim Barber ^a,c   Heyl, Rachel ^d   Ford, Kevin R ^a,b,e   Myer, Gregory D ^a,b,f  

^a CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c College of Mount St Joseph ^*  (United States)

^d Wellington Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine   (United States)

^e HIGH POINT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletes; Concussion; Sex differences; Sports related concussion; Symptom scores

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONCUSSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INJURY SEVERITY; MALE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPORT INJURY; SYMPTOM;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATHLETES; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BRAIN CONCUSSION; CHILD; FEMALE; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HUMANS; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; MALE; POST-CONCUSSION SYNDROME; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84880626978     PISSN: 00913847     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/psm.2013.05.2015     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Adirim TA, Cheng TL. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sports Med. 2003;33(1):75-81.
2. Knowles SB, Marshall SW, Bowling JM, et al. A prospective study of injury incidence among North Carolina high school athletes. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(12):1209-1221.
3. Halstead ME, Walter KD; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report-sport-related concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):597-615.
4. Preiss-Farzanegan SJ, Chapman B, Wong TM, et al. The relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury. PM R. 2009;1(3):245-253.
5. Myer GD, Ford KR, Barber Foss KD, et al. The incidence and potential pathomechanics of patellofemoral pain in female athletes. Clin Biomech. 2010;25(7):700-707.
6. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Epidemiological considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes. Appl Neuropsychol. 2003;10(1):12-22.
7. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):747-755.
8. Gessel LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2007;42(4):495-503.
9. Bazarian JJ, Blyth B, Mookerjee S, et al. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(3):527-539.
10. Daneshvar DH, Riley DO, Nowinski CJ, et al. Long-term consequences: effects on normal development profile after concussion. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2011;22(4):683-700, ix.
11. Sady MD, Vaughan CG, Gioia GA. School and the concussed youth: recommendations for concussion education and management. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2011;22(4):701-719, ix.
12. McCrory P, Collie A, Anderson V, Davis G. Can we manage sport related concussion in children the same as in adults? Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(5):516-519.
13. Meehan WP 3rd, Taylor AM, Proctor M. The pediatric athlete: younger athletes with sport-related concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(1):133-144, x.
14. Frommer LJ, Gurka KK, Cross KM, Ingersoll CD, Comstock RD, Saliba SA. Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):76-84.
15. Blinman TA, Houseknecht E, Snyder C, Wiebe DJ, Nance ML. Postconcussive symptoms in hospitalized pediatric patients after mild traumatic brain injury. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(6):1223-1228.
16. Colvin AC, Mullen J, Lovell MR, West RV, Collins MW, Groh M. The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(9):1699-1704.
17. Dvorak J, McCrory P, Kirkendall DT. Head injuries in the female football player: incidence, mechanisms, risk factors and management. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(suppl 1):i44-i46.
18. Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Drummond R, et al. The effect of protective headgear on head injuries and concussions in adolescent football (soccer) players. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(2):110-115; discussion 115.
19. McCrory P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(4):196-204.
20. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. J Athl Train. 2009;44(4): 434-448.
21. McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013; 47(5):250-258.
22. Zuckerman SL, Lee YM, Odom MJ, et al. Recovery from sports-related concussion: Days to return to neurocognitive baseline in adolescents versus young adults. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:130.
23. Lau BC, Kontos AP, Collins MW, et al. Which on-field signs/symptoms predict protracted recovery from sport-related concussion among high school football players? Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(11):2311-2318.
24. Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(2):395-399.
25. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport the Third International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Phys Sportsmed. 2009; 37(2):141-159.
26. Bakhos LL, Lockhart GR, Myers R, Linakis JG. Emergency department visits for concussion in young child athletes. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(3):e550-e556.
27. Dick RW. Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i46-i50.
28. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Sex differences and the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2003; 38(3):238-244.
29. Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA. 1999;282(10):958-963.
30. Mansell J, Tierney RT, Sitler MR, et al. Resistance training and headneck segment dynamic stabilization in male and female collegiate soccer players. J Athl Train. 2005;40(4):310-319.
31. Tierney RT, Sitler MR, Swanik CB, Swanik KA, Higgins M, Torg J. Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):272-279.
32. Granito J, Vincent J. Psychological response to athletic injury: gender differences. J Sport Behav. 2002;25(3):243-259.
33. Farace E, Alves WM. Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(4):539-545.
34. Spinos P, Sakellaropoulos G, Georgiopoulos M, et al. Postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in Western Greece. J Trauma. 2010;69(4):789-794.
35. Orchard J, Wood T, Seward H, Broad A. Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football. J Sci Med Sport. 1998;1(2):83-88.
36. Guskiewicz KM, Valovich McLeod TC. Pediatric sports-related concussion. PMR. 2011;3(4):353-364; quiz 364.
37. Grady MF. Concussion in the adolescent athlete. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2010;40(7):154-169.
38. Karlin AM. Concussion in the pediatric and adolescent population: "different population, different concerns". PM R. 2011;3(10 suppl 2): S369-S379.
39. McCrory P, Johnston KM, Mohtadi NG, et al. Evidence-based review of sport-related concussion: basic science. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11(3):160-165.
40. Johnston KM, McCrory P, Mohtadi NG, et al. Evidence-based review of sport-related concussion: clinical science. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11(3):150-159.
41. Johnston KM, Bloom GA, Ramsay J, et al. Current concepts in concussion rehabilitation. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2004;3(6):316-323.
42. Ohio High School Athletic Associaton. OHSAA to issue guidance to schools and officials on new concussion legislation. 2013. http://www.ohsaa.org/news/sports/2013ConcussionLegislationInformation.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2013.