Promoting physical activity in preschoolers: A review of the guidelines, barriers, and facilitators for implementation of policies and practices

Canadian Psychology

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 280-290

  Tremblay, Line ^a   Boudreau Larivière, Céline ^a   Cimon Lambert, Krystel ^a  

^a LAURENTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

determinants; guidelines; physical activity; policies; preschool children

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880568985     PISSN: 07085591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030210     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Alhassan, S., Sirard, J. R., & Robinson, T. N. (2007). The effects of increasing outdoor play time on physical activity in Latino preschool children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2, 153-158. doi: 10.1080/17477160701520108
2. Alpert, B., Field, T., Goldstein, S., & Perry, S. (1990). Aerobics enhances cardiovascular fitness and agility in preschoolers. Health Psychology, 9, 48-56. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.9.1.48
3. Bailey, R. (2005). Evaluating the relationship between physical education, sport and social inclusion. Educational Review, 57, 71-90. doi:10.1080/ 0013191042000274196
4. Benham-Deal, T. (2005). Preschool children's accumulated and sustained physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, 443-450. doi: 10.2466/pms.100.2.443-450
5. Binkley, T., & Specker, B. (2004). Increased periosteal circumference remains present 12 months after an exercise intervention in preschool children. Bone, 35, 1383-1388. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.08.012
6. Bower, J. K., Hales, D. P., Tate, D. F., Rubin, D. A., Benjamin, S. E., & Ward, D. S. (2008). The childcare environment and children's physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.022
7. Branta, C., Haubenstricker, V., & Seefeldt, V. (1984). Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. Exercise, Sport and Science Review, 12, 467-520. doi:10.1249/00003677-198401000-00015
8. Branta, C. F., & Goodway, J. D. (1996). Facilitating social skills in urban school children through physical education. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2, 305-319. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0204-3
9. Brown, J. E., Broom, D. H., Nicholson, J. M., & Bittman, M. (2010). Do working mothers raise couch potato kids? Maternal employment and children's lifestyle behaviours and weight in early childhood. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1816-1824. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01 .040
10. Brown, W. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., McIver, K. L., Dowda, M., Addy, C. L., & Pate, R. R. (2009). Social and environmental factors associated with preschoolers' nonsedentary physical activity. Child Development, 80, 45-58. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01245.x
11. Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is "no risk": A simple, innovative intervention to increase children's activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17, 33-45. doi:10.1080/ 09669760802699878
12. Cameron, N., Norgan, N. G., & Ellison, G. T. H. (2006). Childhood obesity: Contemporary issues. Society for the Study of Human Biology Series. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group.
13. Canadian Paediatric Society. (2002). News Releases & Advisories. Retrieved from http://www.cps.ca/english/media/NewsReleases/2002/ TVTurnoffWeek.htm
14. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2012a). Canadian physical activity guidelines for children (aged 5-11 years). Retrieved from http:// www.csep.ca/guidelines
15. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2012b). Canadian physical activity guidelines for the early years (aged 0-4). Retrieved from http://www.csep.ca/guidelines
16. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2012c). Canadian sedentary behaviors guidelines for children (aged 5-11 years). Retrieved from http://www.csep.ca/guidelines
17. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2012d). Canadian sedentary behaviors guidelines for the early years (aged 0-4). Retrieved from http://www.csep.ca/guidelines
18. Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. W., Lee, S. M., Myanard, M., Brown, D. R., Kohl, H. W., & Dietz, W. H. (2008). Physical education and academic achievement in elementary school: Data from the early childhood longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 721-727. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2007.117176
19. Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126-131.
20. Clarke, W. R., & Lauer, R. M. (1993). Does childhood obesity track into adulthood? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 33, 423- 430. doi:10.1080/10408399309527641
21. Colley, R. C., Garriguet, D., Jansen, L., Craig, C., Clarke, J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2011). Physical activity of Canadian children and youth: Accelerometer results from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Report, 22, 15-23.
22. Copeland, K. A., Kendeigh, C. A., Saelens, B. E., Kalkwarf, H. J., & Sherman, S. N. (2012). Physical activity in child-care centers: Do teachers hold the key to the playground? Health Education Research, 27, 81-100. doi:10.1093/her/cyr038
23. Danner, F., Noland, M., McFadden, M., DeWalt, K., & Kotchen, J. M. (1991). Description of the physical activity of young children using movement sensor and observation methods. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3, 11-20.
24. Day Nurseries Act. (1990). Government of Ontario, Service Ontario Web site. http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws-regs- 900262-e.htm
25. Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101, 518-525.
26. Dowda, M., Dishman, R. K., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pate, R. R. (2007). Family support for physical activity in girls from 8th to 12th grade in South Carolina. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 44, 153-159. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.001
27. Dowda, M., Pate, R. R., Trost, S. G., Almeida, M. J. C. A., & Sirard, J. R. (2004). Influences of preschool policies and practices on children's physical activity. Journal of Community Health: The Publication for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 29, 183-196. doi:10.1023/ B:JOHE.0000022025. 77294.af
28. DuRant, R. H., Baranowski, T., Johnson, M., & Thompson, W. O. (1994). The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatrics, 94, 449-455.
29. Emck, C., Bosscher, R., Beek, P., & Doreleijers, T. (2009). Gross motor performance and self-perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: A review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51, 501-517. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03337.x
30. Eveline, V. C., Valery, L., Jessica, G., Ilse, D. B., & Greet, C. (2012). Preschoolers physical activity levels and associations with lesson context, teachers behavior, and environment during preschool physical education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27, 221-230. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.09. 007
31. Evers, S., Arnold, R., Hamilton, T., & Midgett, C. (2007). Persistence of overweight among young children living in low income communities in Ontario. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26, 219-224.
32. Finn, K., Johannsen, N., & Specker, B. (2002). Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 140, 81-85. doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.120693
33. Fisher, A., Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L. A., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Paton, J. Y., & Grant, S. (2005). Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37, 684-688. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000159138 .48107.7D
34. Freedman, D. S., Khan, K. K., Dietz, W. H., Srinivasan, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (2001). Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics, 108, 712-718. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.712
35. Funk, J. B., Brouwer, J., Curtiss, K., & McBroom, E. (2009). Parents of preschoolers: Expert media recommendations and ratings knowledge, media-effects beliefs, and monitoring practices. Pediatrics, 123, 981- 988. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1543
36. Goodway, J. D., & Rudisill, M. E. (1996). Influence of a motor skill intervention program on perceived competence of at-risk African American preschoolers. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 13, 288-301.
37. Goran, M. I. (1998). Measurement issues related to studies of childhood obesity: Assessment of body composition, body fat distribution, physical activity, and food intake. Pediatrics, 101, 505-518.
38. Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self-reported developmental experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 25-55. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.1301006
39. Harris, K. C., Kuramoto, L. K., Schulzer, M., & Retallack, J. E. (2009). Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180,719-726. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080966
40. Heelan, K. A., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2006). Physical activity, media time, and body composition in young children. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 3, 200-209.
41. Hill., J. O., & Peters, J. C. (1998). Environmental contribution to the obesity epidemic. Science, 280, 1371-1374. doi:10.1126/science.280 .5368.1371
42. Hinkley, T., Crawford, D., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., & Hesketh, K. (2008). Preschool children and physical activity. A review of correlates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 435-441.
43. Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., Crawford, D., & Hesketh, K. (2011). Influences on preschool children's physical activity: Exploration through focus groups. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 34, 39-50.
44. Irwin, J. D., He, M., Bouck, L. M. S., Tucker, P., & Pollett, G. L. (2005). Preschoolers' physical activity behaviours: Parents' perspectives. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue canadienne de santé publique, 96, 299-303.
45. Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. C., Thompson, D., & Greaves, K. A. (2005). BMI from 3-6y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 557- 564. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802969
46. Janz, K. F., Burns, T. L., & Levy, S. M. (2005). Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29, 171-178. doi:10.1016/j .amepre.2005.06.001
47. Kemper, H. C. G., Post, G. B., Twisk, J. W. R., & van Mechelen, W. (1999). Lifestyle and obesity in adolescence and young adulthood: Results from the Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS). International Journal of Obesity, 23, s34 -s40. doi:10.1038/ sj.ijo.0800881
48. Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5, 4-104. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x
49. Lopez-Williams, A., Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Fabiano, G. A., Seymour, K. E., Gnagy, E. M., . . . Morris, T. L. (2005). Athletic performance and social behavior as predictors of peer acceptance in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 13, 173-180. doi: 10.1177/10634266050130030501
50. Magarey, A. M., Daniels, L. A., Boulton, T. J., & Cockington, R. A. (2003). Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 505-513. doi:10.1038/ sj.ijo.0802251
51. Maynard, L. M., Galuska, D. A., Blanck, H. M., & Serdula, M. K. (2003). Maternal perceptions of weight status of children. Pediatrics, 111, 1226-1231.
52. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. (2005). Active 2010; Ontario's Sport and Physical Activity Strategy. Retrieved from Ontario Government Web site, http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/en/active-living/about/ about2010.asp
53. Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Bradlee, M. L., Cupples, L. A., Sundarajan- Ramamurti, A., Proctor, M. H., . . . Ellison, R. C. (2003). Does early physical activity predict body fat change throughout childhood? Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 37, 10-17.
54. Moore, L. L., Nguyen, U.-S. D. T., Rothman, K. J., Cupples, L. A., & Ellison, R. C. (1995). Preschool physical activity level and change in body fatness in young children: The Framingham Children's Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 982-988.
55. Must, A., & Tybor, D. J. (2005). Physical activity and sedentary behavior: A review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth. International Journal of Obesity, 29, S84-S96. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo .0803064
56. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2009). Active Start: A statement of physical activity guidelines for children from birth to age 5 (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/ standards/nationalGuidelines/ActiveStart.cfm
57. Oliver, M., Schofield, G. M., & Schluter, P. J. (2010). Parent influences on preschoolers' objectively assessed physical activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 403-409. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.05.008
58. Pagani, L. S., Fitzpatrick, C., Barnett, T. A., & Dubow, E. (2010). Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well-being by middle childhood. Archive of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164, 425-431. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics. 2010.50
59. Paluska, S. A., & Schwenk, T. L. (2000). Physical activity and mental health: Current concepts. Sports Medicine, 29, 167-180. doi:10.2165/ 00007256-200029030-00003
60. Pan Canadian Joint Consortium for School Health. (2010). Facilitating health and education sector collaboration in support of comprehensive school health. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101, S18-S19.
61. Pate, R. R., Baranowski, T., Dowda, M., & Trost, S. G. (1996). Tracking of physical activity in young children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28, 92-96. doi:10.1097/00005768-199601000-00019
62. Pate, R. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., Trost, S. G., Ziegler, P., & Dowda, M. (2004). Physical activity among children attending preschools. Pediatrics, 114, 1258-1263. doi:10.1542/peds.2003-1088-L
63. Pate, R. R., Trost, S. G., Dowda, M., Ott, A. E., Ward, D. S., & Saunders, R. (1999). Tracking of physical activity, physical inactivity, and healthrelated physical fitness in rural youth. Pediatric Exercise Science, 11, 364-376.
64. Pelligrini, A. D., & Smith P. K. (1998). Physical activity play: The nature and function of a neglected aspect of play. Child Development, 69, 577-598.
65. Proctor, M. H., Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Cupples, L. A., Bradlee, M. L., Hood, M. Y., & Ellison, R. C. (2003). Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 827-833. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802294
66. Purper-Ouakil, D., Michel, G., Baup, N., & Mouren-Simeoni, M.-C. (2002). Psychopathology in children and adolescents with intensive physical activity: Case study and overview. Annales Médico- Psychologiques, 160, 543-549. doi:10.1016/S0003-4487(02)00233-0
67. Raitakari, O. T., Porkka, K. V. K., Taimela, S., Telama, R., Räsänen, L., & Viikari, J. S. A. (1994). Effects of persistent physical activity and inactivity on coronary risk factors in children and young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 195-205.
68. Reilly, J. J., Methven, E., McDowell, Z. C., Hacking, B., Alexander, D., Stewart, L., & Kelnar, C. J. H. (2003). Health consequences of obesity. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 748-752. doi:10.1136/adc.88.9 .748
69. Sääkslahti, A., Numminen, P., Väinö, V., Helenius, H., Tammi, A., Viikari, J., & Välimäki, I. (2004). Physical activity as a preventive measure for coronary heart disease risk factors in early childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, 14, 143-149. doi:10.1111/j .1600-0838.2004.00347.x
70. Sallis, J. F., Nader, P. R., Broyles, S. L., Berry, C. C., Elder, J. P., McKenzie, T. L., & Nelson, J. A. (1993). Correlates of physical activity at home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American preschool children. Health Psychology, 12, 390-398. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.5.390
71. Sallis, J. F., Patterson, T. L., McKenzie, T. L., & Nader, P. R. (1988). Family variables and physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 57-61.
72. Schmidt, M. E., Rich, M., Rifas-Shiman, S., Oken, E., & Taveras, E. M. (2009). Television viewing in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics, 123, e370-e375. doi:10.1542/peds.2008- 3221
73. Statistics Canada. (2003). Television Viewing 2002. The Daily. November 21, 2003. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/031121/ d031121a.htm
74. Taylor, R. W., Murdoch, L., Carter, P., Gerrard, D. F., Williams, S. M., & Taylor, B. J. (2009). Longitudinal study of physical activity and inactivity in preschoolers: The FLAME study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41, 96-102. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181849d81
75. Thompson, A. M., Humbert, M. L., & Mirwald, R. L. (2003). A longitudinal study of the impact of childhood and adolescent physical activity experiences on adult physical activity perceptions and behaviors. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 358-377. doi:10.1177/1049732302250332
76. Timmons, B. W., Naylor, P.-J., & Pfeiffer, K. A. (2007). Physical activity for preschool children-how much and how? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32, S122-S134. doi:10.1139/H07-112
77. Toftegaard-stoeckel, J., Groenfeldt, V., & Andersen, L. B. (2010). Children's self-perceived bodily competencies and associations with motor skills, body mass index, teachers' evaluation, and parents' concerns. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 1369-1375. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010 .510845
78. Tremblay, L., Lovsin, T., Zecevic, C., & Larivière, M. (2011). Perceptions of self in 3-5 year old children: A preliminary investigation into the early emergence of body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 8, 287-292. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.004
79. Tremblay, L., & Rinaldi, C. (2010). The prediction of preschool children's weight from family environment factors: Gender-linked differences. Eating Behaviors, 11, 266-275. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.07.005
80. Tremblay, L., Rinaldi, C., Cimon-Lambert, K., & Larivière, M. (2012). Toward an effective prevention of pediatric obesity; the role of parental feeding strategies and body weight perceptions on the development of young children' healthy eating habits. In L. V. Berhardt (Ed.), Advances in medicine and biology (Vol. 28, pp. 125-150). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
81. Tremblay, M. S., Colley, R., Saunders, T. J., Healy, G. N., & Owen, N. (2010). Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35, 725-740. doi: 10.1139/H10-079
82. Tremblay, M. S., LeBlanc, A. G., Carson, V., Choquette, L., Conner-Gorber, S., Dillman, C., . . . Spence, J. (2012b). Canadian sedentary behavior guidelines for the early years (aged 0-4 years). Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37, 370-380. doi:10.1139/h2012-019
83. Tremblay, M. S., LeBlanc, A. G., Carson, V., Choquette, L., Conner-Gorber, S., Dillman, C., . . . Timmons, B. W. (2012a). Canadian physical activity guidelines for the early years (aged 0-4 years). Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37, 345-356. doi:10.1139/h2012-018
84. Tremblay, M. S., Shields, M., Laviolette, M., Craig, C. L., & Janssen, I. (2010). Fitness of Canadian children and youth: Results from the 2007- 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Report, 21, 7-20.
85. Tucker, P., & Irwin, J. D. (2008). Physical activity behaviors during the preschool years. Child and Health Education, 1, 134-145.
86. Veugelers, P. J., & Schwartz, M. E. (2010). Comprehensive school health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue canadienne de santé publique, 101, S5-S8.
87. Wang, F., & Veugelers, P. J. (2008). Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic, Obesity Reviews, 9, 615-623. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00507.x
88. Wang, F., Wild, T. C., Kipp, W., Kuhle, S., & Veugelers, P. J. (2009). The influence of childhood obesity on the development of self-esteem, Health Reports, 20, 21-27.
89. Wardle, J., Guthrie, C. A., Sanderson, A., & Rapoport, L. (2001). Development of the children's eating behaviour questionnaire. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 963-970. doi:10.1111/1469-7610 .00792
90. West, D. S., Raczynski, J. M., Philips, M., Bursac, Z., Gauss, C. H., & Montgomery, B. E. E. (2008). Parental recognition of overweight in school-age children. Obesity, 16, 630-636. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.108
91. Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 869-873. doi:10.1056/ NEJM199709253371301
92. Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O'Neill, J. R., Dowda, M., McIver, K. L., Brown, W. H., & Pate, R. R. (2008). Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children. Obesity, 16, 1421-1426. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.214
93. Woodward, S., & Swinth, Y. (2002). Multisensory approach to handwriting remediation: Perceptions of school-based occupational therapists. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 305-312. doi:10.5014/ ajot.56.3.305
94. World Health Organization. (2008). School policy framework: Implementation of the WHO Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/ SPF-en-2008. pdf
95. Wosje, K. J., Khoury, P. R., Claytor, R. P., Copeland, K. A., Kalkwarf, H. J., & Daniels, S. R. (2009). Adiposity and TV viewing are related to less bone accrual in young children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 79-85.
96. Zecevic, C. A., Tremblay, L., Lovsin, T., & Larivière, M. (2010). Parental influence on young children's physical activity. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2010, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2010/468526