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Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 404-410

Not quite a myriad of gene patents

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DRUG INDUSTRY; GENETICS; JURISPRUDENCE; LEGAL ASPECT; PATENT; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84880537701     PISSN: 10870156     EISSN: 15461696     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2568     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (39)
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    • For clarity of exposition, we seek throughout to maintain a semantic distinction between the term “nucleic acid molecule” as a physical object and the term “nucleotide sequence” as abstract information or code describing the structure of such a molecule
    • For clarity of exposition, we seek throughout to maintain a semantic distinction between the term “nucleic acid molecule” as a physical object and the term “nucleotide sequence” as abstract information or code describing the structure of such a molecule.
  • 4
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    • Gold, E.R. Nature 18, 1217–1218 (2000).
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  • 5
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    • Nuffield Council on Bioethics. The Ethics of Patenting DNA: a Discussion Paper
    • Nuffield Council on Bioethics. The Ethics of Patenting DNA: a Discussion Paper (2002) .
    • (2002)
  • 9
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    • No. 2010–1406Fed. Cir. Aug. 16
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    • Moreover, some claims specify sequences within a certain percentage of homology or similarity to a reference sequence, which for more highly conserved genetic sequences, can, in theory, encompass multiple species’ versions of that gene
    • Moreover, some claims specify sequences within a certain percentage of homology or similarity to a reference sequence, which for more highly conserved genetic sequences, can, in theory, encompass multiple species’ versions of that gene.
  • 20
    • 84988041693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moreover, if interpreted more broadly, the “product of nature” exception being argued could logically be extended to composition-of-matter claims to other biological molecules with naturally occurring sequences or structures, including proteins and antibodies, but logically even fatty acids, vitamins, etc
    • Moreover, if interpreted more broadly, the “product of nature” exception being argued could logically be extended to composition-of-matter claims to other biological molecules with naturally occurring sequences or structures, including proteins and antibodies, but logically even fatty acids, vitamins, etc.
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    • National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). GenBank Nucleotide database
    • National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). GenBank Nucleotide database.
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    • Edn. 17Thomson Reuters
    • Anonymous. Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI) CPI Manual Codes, Edn. 17, (Thomson Reuters, 2010).
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  • 24
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    • US patents in this analysis include all US patents referenced in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide sequence database, all US patents that responded to a full text query using all possible permutations of six-nucleotide (hexi-mer) sequences for both DNA and RNA as search terms, and all US patents identified by a select list of Derwent World Patent Index Manual Codes that refer to nucleotide sequences
    • US patents in this analysis include all US patents referenced in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide sequence database, all US patents that responded to a full text query using all possible permutations of six-nucleotide (hexi-mer) sequences for both DNA and RNA as search terms, and all US patents identified by a select list of Derwent World Patent Index Manual Codes that refer to nucleotide sequences.
  • 25
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    • CAMBIA. PatentLens Sequence Search Facility.
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    • CAMBIA PatentLens
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  • 27
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    • Given the wide variety of ways in which a nucleotide sequence can be identified, such assessment is not straightforward. Bacon et al.26 analyzed 31, 572 US patents granted between 2002 and 2010, almost all of which were referenced by nucleotide accessions to the GenBank nucleotide database. In 12, 240 (39%) of these patents at least one nucleotide sequence is found in at least one of the claims of the patent. In the remaining 19, 332 (61%), nucleotide sequences were not found in any of the claims. Our range of estimates is based upon the assumption that any additional patents found by our search algorithms have the same or lower probability of containing nucleotide sequence references in the claims as those included in the CAMBIA PatentLens data
    • Given the wide variety of ways in which a nucleotide sequence can be identified, such assessment is not straightforward. Bacon et al.26 analyzed 31, 572 US patents granted between 2002 and 2010, almost all of which were referenced by nucleotide accessions to the GenBank nucleotide database. In 12, 240 (39%) of these patents at least one nucleotide sequence is found in at least one of the claims of the patent. In the remaining 19, 332 (61%), nucleotide sequences were not found in any of the claims. Our range of estimates is based upon the assumption that any additional patents found by our search algorithms have the same or lower probability of containing nucleotide sequence references in the claims as those included in the CAMBIA PatentLens data.
  • 28
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    • The precision and recall rates of the machine learning algorithms used (that is, the true positives relative to classification by the algorithm and to classification by experts, respectively, for subsets of the training sample) was greater than 93%
    • The precision and recall rates of the machine learning algorithms used (that is, the true positives relative to classification by the algorithm and to classification by experts, respectively, for subsets of the training sample) was greater than 93%.
  • 29
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    • such as for failure to pay maintenance fees
    • Expiration was either (a) projected from patent application and grant dates or (b) determined from the International Patent Documentation Center (INPA DOC) Legal Status data of the European Patent Office (EPO) (http://www.epo.org/searching/subscription/raw/product-14-11.html), such as for failure to pay maintenance fees.
  • 30
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    • Interestingly, all three of the patents being challenged in the Myriad case (US patents 5, 747, 282, 5, 837, 492, and 5, 693, 473) involve both public and private sector assignees. See Supplementary Notes 1 and 2, appendix S1, for copies of the front pages of these three patents
    • Interestingly, all three of the patents being challenged in the Myriad case (US patents 5, 747, 282, 5, 837, 492, and 5, 693, 473) involve both public and private sector assignees. See Supplementary Notes 1 and 2, appendix S1, for copies of the front pages of these three patents.
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.