Land conservation in the United States: Evolution and innovation across the urban-rural interface

Urban-Rural Interfaces: Linking People and Nature

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 225-255

  Meyer, Spencer R ^a   Johnson, Michelle L ^a   Lilieholm, Robert J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation innovation; Conservation policy; Land conservation; Municipal land use policies; Public conservation funding; United States; Urban rural interface

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880203871     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2136/2012.urban-rural.c13     Document Type: Chapter

References (126)

1. Aldrich, R., and J. Wyerman. 2006. Land Trust Alliance 2005 National Land Trust census report. Land Trust Alliance, Washington, DC.
2. Alexander, K., and R.W. Gorte. 2007. Federal land ownership: Constitutional authority and the history of acquisition, disposal, and retention. CRS Report for Congress. 3 Dec. 2007.
3. Alig, R.J., J.D. Kline, and M. Lichtenstein. 2004. Urbanization on the U.S. landscape: Looking ahead in the 21st century. Landscape Urban Plan. 69:219-234. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.07.004
4. American Farmland Trust. 2011. Protection statistics. www.farmland.org/about/default.asp (accessed 24 Aug. 2011).
5. American Farmland Trust. 2001. Purchase of development rights and transfer of development rights case studies. Prepared for Boone County Planning Commission.
6. Anderson, M.G., B. Vickery, M. Gorman, L. Gratton, M. Morrison, J. Maillet, A. Olivero, C. Ferree, D. Morse, G. Kehm, K. Rosalska, S. Khanna, and S. Bernstein. 2006. The Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion: Ecoregional assessment, conservation status and resource CD. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Conservation Science and The Nature Conservancy of Canada: Atlantic and Quebec Regions. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.
7. Anthony, J. 2004. Do state growth management regulations reduce sprawl? Urban Affairs Rev. 39:376-397. doi:10.1177/1078087403257798
8. Arizona State Lands Department. 2011. State Land Department historical overview. www.land.state.az.us/history.htm (accessed 26 Aug. 2011).
9. Baker, E.W., and J.G. Reid. 2004. Amerindian power in the early modern Northeast: A reappraisal. William Mary Q. 61:77-106. doi:10.2307/3491676
10. Bengston, D., J.O. Fletcher, and K.C. Nelson. 2004. Public policies for managing urban growth and protecting open space: Policy instruments and lessons learned in the United States. Landscape Urban Plan. 69:271-286. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.007
11. Benson, C., and C. Rebelo (ed.) 2009. Financing for forest conservation: Payments for ecosystem services in the tropics. (Special issue.) J. Sustainable For. 28:279-596. doi:10.1080/10549810902791408
12. Blockstein, D.E. 1999. Representative biological reserves. Conserv. Biol. 13:1239. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.991632.x
13. Bollens, S. 1992. State growth management: Intergovernmental frameworks and policy objectives. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 58:454-466. doi:10.1080/01944369208975829
14. Brander, L.M., and M.J. Koetse. 2011. The value of urban open space: Meta-analyses of conjoint valuation and hedonic pricing results. J. Environ. Manage. 92:2763-2773. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.019
15. Brewer, R. 2003. Conservancy: The land trust movement. Univ. Press of New England, Lebanon.
16. Cabeza, M., and A. Moilanen. 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:242-248. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02125-5
17. California State Parks and Recreation. 2011. Civilian Conservation Corps in California State Parks. www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24877(accessed 2 Sept. 2011).
18. Chamblee, J.F., P.F. Colwell, C.A. Dehring, and C.A. Depken. 2011. The effect of conservation activity on surrounding land prices. Land Econ. 87:453-472.
19. Cheever, F. 1996. Public good and private magic in the law of land trusts and conservation easements: A happy present and a troubled future. Denv. Univ. Law Rev. 73:1077.
20. Christoffersen, N., D. Harker, M.W. Lyman, and B. Wyckoff. 2008. The status of community-based forestry in the United States: A report to the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities. Community Forest Consortium Report.
21. Clark, S. 2007. A field guide to conservation finance. Island Press, Washington, DC.
22. Colorado Open Lands. 2011. Latest development in tax incentives for conservation easements. www.coloradoopenlands.org/site/landownerServices/taxCredits.php (accessed 30 Aug. 2011).
23. Conservation Biology Institute. 2010. PAD-US 1.1 CBI Edition. CBI, Corvallis, OR.
24. Cook, E., and M. Zieper. 2005. State and local government funding of land conservation: What is the full potential? In: J.N. Levitt, editor, From Walden to Wall Street: Frontiers in conservation finance. Island Press, Washington, DC. p. 51-72, 235.
25. Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260. doi:10.1038/387253a0
26. Cronan, C.S., R.J. Lilieholm, J. Tremblay, and T. Glidden. 2010. A retrospective assessment of land conservation patterns in Maine based on spatial analysis of ecological and socioeconomic indicators. Environ. Manage. 45:1076-1095. doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9481-7
27. Cubbage, F.W., O’Laughlin, J., and C.S. Bullock. 1993. Forest Resource Policy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
28. Daley, J. 2006. The Vermont Town Forest stewardship guide. www.vtfpr.org/urban/documents/TownForestStewardshipGuide.pdf (accessed 30 Aug. 2011).
29. Daniels, T.L., and M. Lapping. 2005. Land preservation: An essential ingredient in smart growth. J. Plan. Lit. 19:316-329. doi:10.1177/0885412204271379
30. Davis, S.M. 2008. Preservation, resource extraction, and recreation on public lands: A view from the states. Natur. Resour. J. 48:303-352.
31. Diamond, J.M. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nature reserves. Biol. Conserv. 7:129-146. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(75)90052-X
32. Dickman, D.I., and L.A. Leefers. 2003. The forests of Michigan. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
33. Dobbs, D., and R. Ober. 1995. The Northern Forest. Chelsea Green, Whiter River Junction, VT. Echeverria, J.D., and R. Booth Eby. 1995. Let the people judge: Wise use and the private property rights movement. Island Press, Washington, DC.
34. Eliot, C.W. 1902. Charles Eliot: Landscape architect. 1999 ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
35. Fairfax, S.K., L. Gwin, M.A. King, L. Raymond, and L.A. Watt. 2005. Buying nature: The limits of land acquisition as a conservation strategy, 1780-2004. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
36. Farr, J.A., and O.G. Brock. 2006. Florida’s landmark programs for conservation and recreation land acquisition. Sustain 14:35-44.
37. Ferrier, F., R.L. Pressey, and T.W. Barrett. 2000. A new predictor of the irreplaceability of areas for achieving a conservation goal, its application to real-world planning, and a research agenda for further refinement. Biol. Conserv. 93:303-325. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00149-4
38. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. 2011. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
39. Forman, R.T.T. 2008. Urban regions: Ecology and planning beyond the city. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
40. Foster, C.H.W. 2009. Twentieth-century New England Land conservation: A heritage of civic engagement. Petersham, Harvard Forest, Cambridge, UK.
41. Foster, D.R., B.M. Donahue, D.B. Kittredge, K.F. Lambert, M.L. Hunter, B.R. Hall, L.C. Irland, R.J. Lilieholm, D.A. Orwig, A.W. D’Amato, E.A. Colburn, J.R. Thompson, J.N. Levitt, A.M. Ellison, W.S. Keeton, J.D. Aber, C.V. Cogbill, C.T. Driscoll, T.J. Fahey, and C.M. Hart. 2010. Wildlands and woodlands: A vision for the New England landscape. Harvard Forest, dist. by Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
42. Gillham, O. 2002. The limitless city: A primer on the urban sprawl debate. Island Press, Washington, DC.
43. Ginn, W.J. 2005. Investing in nature: Case studies of land conservation in collaboration with business. Island Press, Washington, DC.
44. Glick, D.A., and T.W. Clark. 1998. Overcoming boundaries: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. In: R.L. Knight and P.B. Landres editors, Stewardship across boundaries. Island Press, Washington, DC. p. 237-256.
45. Hawken, P. 2008. Blessed unrest: How the largest social movement in history is restoring grace, justice, and beauty to the world. Penguin Group, New York.
46. Hays, S.P. 1959. Conservation and the gospel of efficiency: The progressive conservation movement, 1890-1920. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
47. Hollis, L.E, and W. Fulton. 2002. Open space protection: Conservation meets growth management. Brookings Inst. Center for Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Washington, DC.
48. Howell-Moroney, M.E. 2008. A mixed method look at state growth management policy. Am. Rev. Public Admin. 38:339-361. doi:10.1177/0275074007310556
49. Jacobs, H.M. 1999. State property rights laws: The impacts of those laws on my land. Lincoln Inst. of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA.
50. Jaffe, M. 2011. BLM to boost oil and gas drilling permit approvals in 2011 news. The Denver Post, March 15, 2011.
51. Joppa, L.N., and A. Pfaff. 2009. High and far: Biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS ONE 4(12):e8273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008273
52. Judd, R. W. 1997. Common lands, common people: The origins of conservation in northern New England. Harvard Univ.Press, Cambridge, MA.
53. Kartez, J., and M. Casto. 2008. Information into action: Biodiversity data outreach and municipal land conservation. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 74:467-480. doi:10.1080/01944360802378096
54. King County. 2011. Transfer of development rights (TDR) program. King County, Washington. www.kingcounty.gov/environment/stewardship/sustainable-building/transferdevelopment-rights.aspx (accessed 7 Aug. 2011).
55. Knaap, G. 2005. A requiem for smart growth? p. 103. In: D.R. Mandelkar, editor, Planning reform in the new century. American Planning Assoc. Planners Press, Chicago, IL.
56. Knight, A.T., R.M. Cowling, M. Rouget, A. Balmford, A.T. Lombard, and B.M. Campbell. 2008. Knowing but not doing: Selecting priority conservation areas and the research-implementation gap. Conserv. Biol. 22: 610-7. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00914.x
57. Knight, R.L., and P.B. Landres. 1998. Stewardship across boundaries. Island Press, Washington, DC.
58. Kramer, D.B., and P.J. Doran. 2010. Land conversion at the protected area’s edge. Conserv. Lett. 3:349-358. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00122.x
59. Levin, R.H. 2010. A guided tour of the conservation easement enabling statutes. Land Trust Alliance. http://www.landtrustalliance.org/policy/cestatutesfinalreport.pdf (accessed 2 Sept. 2011).
60. Levitt, J.N. 2003. The next level: The Pingree Forest Partnership as a private lands conservation innovation. Harvard Forest Occasional Research Paper 03-01. Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA.
61. Levitt, J.N., editor. 2005. From Walden to Wall Street. Island Press, Washington, DC.
62. Lilieholm, R.J. 2007. Forging a common vision for Maine’s north woods. Maine Policy Rev. 16:12-25.
63. Lilieholm, R.J., L.C. Irland, and J.M. Hagan. 2010. Changing socio-economic conditions for private woodland protection. In: S.C. Trombulak and R.F. Baldwin, editors, Landscape-scale conservation planning. Springer-Verlag, New York. p. 67-98.
64. Lilieholm, R.J., and J.M. Romm. 1992. The Pinelands National Reserve: An intergovernmental approach to nature preservation. Environ. Manage. 16:335-343. doi:10.1007/BF02400072
65. Lind, B. 2001. Working forest conservation easements. The Land Trust Alliance, Washington, DC. www.lta.org (accessed 6 Sept. 2012).
66. Lo, Y.H., J.A. Blanco, and J.P. Kimmins. 2010. A word of caution when planning forest management using projections of tree species range shifts. For. Chron. 86:312-316.
67. MacArthur, R.H., and E.O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
68. Maher, N. 2008. Nature’s new deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the roots of the American environmental movement. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
69. Margules, C.R., I.D. Cresswell, and A.O. Nicholls. 1994. A scientific basis for establishing networks of protected area. In: P.L. Forey, C.J. Humphries, and R.I. Vane-Wright editors, Systematics and conservation evaluation. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. p. 327-350.
70. McBryde, M., P.R. Stein, and S. Clark. 2005. External revolving loan funds: Expanding interim financing for land conservation. In: J.N. Levitt, editor, From Walden to Wall Street. Island Press, Washington, DC. p. 73-81, 235
71. McCloskey, J.T., R.J. Lilieholm, and C.S. Cronan. 2011. Using Bayesian belief networks to identify potential compatibilities and conflicts between development and landscape conservation. Landscape Urban Plan. 101:190-203. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.011
72. McDonnell, M.J., A.J. Hahs, and J.H. Breuste. 2009. Ecology of cities and towns: A comparative approach. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
73. McLaughlin, N.A. 2001. The role of land trusts in biodiversity conservation on private land. Idaho Law Rev. 38:453-472.
74. McLaughlin, N. 2004. Questionable conservation easement donations. Probate Property, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 40-45. http://www.privatelandownernetwork.org/plnpro/questionable%20conservation%20easement%20donations.pdf (accessed 20 Aug. 2011).
75. McLaughlin, N.A. 2005. Rethinking the perpetual nature of conservation easements. Harvard Environ. Law Rev. 29:421-521.
76. McLaughlin, N.A. 2006. Amending perpetual conservation easements: A case study of the Myrtle Grove controversy. Univ. Richmond Law Rev. 40:1031-1097.
77. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
78. Miller, J.R, M. Groom, G.R Hess, T. Steelman, D.L. Stokes, J. Thompson, T. Bowman, L. Fricke, B. King, and R. Marquardt. 2009. Biodiversity conservation in local planning. Conserv. Biol. 23: 53-63. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01110.x.
79. Montgomery County Planning Commission. 2007. Tracking transferable development rights. Montgomery County Planning Commission, Rockville, MD.
80. Nash, R.F. 2001. Wilderness and the American mind. 4th ed. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.
81. Nelson, E., M. Uwasu, and S. Polasky. 2007. Voting on open space: What explains the appearance and support of municipal-level open space conservation referenda in the United States? Ecol. Econ. 62:580-593. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.027.
82. Norris, F. 2006. The Antiquities Act and the acreage debate. George Wright Forum 23:6-16.
83. Northern Forest Lands Council. 2005. 10th Anniversary Forum Final Report. NEFA, Concord, NH.
84. Office of Management and Budget. 2011. Historical Table 3.2. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals (accessed 23 Aug. 2011).
85. Office of State Lands and Investments. 2011. Wyoming state lands. http://lands.state.wy.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=27 (accessed 24 Aug. 2011).
86. Pagiola, S., J. Bishop, and N. Landell-Mills. 2002. Selling forest environmental services: Market-based mechanisms for conservation and development. Earthscan, London. Partnership for Sustainable Communities. 2008. Partnership for Sustainable Communities. http://www.sustainablecommunities.gov/ (accessed 15 Aug. 2011).
87. Perlin, J. 2005. A forest journey: The story of wood and civilization. The Countryman Press, Woodstock, VT.
88. Pidot, J. 2005. Reinventing conservation easements: A critical examination and ideas for reform. Policy Focus Rep. Code PF013. Lincoln Inst. of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA.
89. Platt, R.H. 2006. The humane metropolis: People and nature in the 21st century city. Lincoln Inst. of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA.
90. Porter, W.F., J.D. Erickson, and R.S. Whaley. 2009. The great experiment in conservation: Voices from the Adirondack Park. Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, New York.
91. Portland Water District. 2011. The history of the protection of Sebago Lake, 1908-1925. Transcribed from Portland Water District Annual Reports. http://www.pwd.org/environment/sebago/Sebago_Lake_History.php (accessed 29 Aug. 2011).
92. Pressey, R.L., I.R. Johnson, and P.D. Wilson. 1994. Shades of irreplaceability: Towards a measure of the contribution of sites to a reservation goal. Biodiv. Conserv. 3:242-262. doi:10.1007/BF00055941
93. Radeloff, V.C., S.I. Stewart, T.J. Hawbaker, U. Gimmi, A.M. Pidgeon, C.H. Flather, R.B. Hammer, and D.P. Helmers. 2010. Housing growth in and near United States protected areas limits their conservation value. PNAS 107:940-945. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911131107
94. Raymond, L., and S.K. Fairfax. 2002. The “Shift to Privatization” in land conservation: A cautionary essay. Nat. Resour. J. 42:599-639.
95. Richert, E. 2010. 40 years of land use in Maine: From production to consumption. In: R. Barringer, editor, Changing Maine: 1960-2010. Tilbury House Publ., Gardiner, ME.
96. Richmond, H.R. 2000. Metropolitan land-use reform: The promise and challenge of majority consensus. In Katz and Bruce, editors, Reflections on regionalism. Brookings, Washington, DC. p. 9-40.
97. Righter, R.W. 1982. Crucible for conservation: The struggle for Grand Teton National Park. Colorado Associated Univ. Press, Boulder.
98. Rissman, A.R., T. Comendant, L. Lozier, P. Kareiva, J.M. Kiesecker, M.R. Shaw, and A.M. Merenlender. 2007. Conservation easements: Biodiversity protection and private use. Conserv. Biol. 21(3):709-718.
99. Smart Growth Network. 2011. Smart growth principles. http://www.smartgrowth.org/engine/index.php/principles/ (accessed 9 Aug. 2011).
100. Snell, C.W. 1983. A history of the Naval Live Oak Reservation Program, 1794-1880: A forgotten chapter in the history of American conservation. National Park Service, Denver, CO.
101. Souder, J.A., and S.K. Fairfax. 1996. State Trust Lands. Univ. Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. p. 360.
102. Soule, M.E. 1991. Conservation: Tactics for a constant crisis. Science 253:744-750. doi:10.1126/science.253.5021.744.
103. Soule, M.E., and D. Simberloff. 1986. What do genetics and ecology teach us about the design of nature reserves? Biol. Conserv. 35:19-40. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90025-X
104. South Carolina State Parks. 2011. South Carolina state parks-Civilian Conservation Corps. www.southcarolinaparks.com/soldiers-settlers//civilian_conservation_corps.aspx (accessed 18 Aug. 2011).
105. Spies, T.A. and K.N. Johnson. 2007. Projecting forest policy and management effects across ownerships in coastal Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 17:3-4.
106. Steelman, T.A., and G.R. Hess. 2009. Effective protection of open space: Does planning matter? Environ. Manage. 44:93-104. doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9272-1.
107. Stein, S.M., R.J. Alig, E.M. White, S.J. Comas, M. Carr, M. Eley, K. Elverum, M. O’Donnell, D.M. Theobald, K. Cordell, J. Haber, and T.W. Beauvais. 2007. National Forests on the edge: Development pressures on America’s National Forests and Grasslands. U.S. Forest Service PNW-GTR-728.
108. Stein, S., R.E. McRoberts, R.J. Alig, M.D. Nelson, D.M. Theobald, M. Eley, M. Dechter, and M. Carr. 2005. Forests on the edge: Housing development on America’s private forests. General Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-636. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Stn., Portland, OR.
109. Tear, T.H., P. Kareiva, P.L. Angermeier, P. Comer, B. Czech, R. Kautz, L. Landon, D. Mehlman, K. Murphy, M. Ruckelshaus, J.M. Scott, and G. Wilhere. 2005. How much is enough? The recurrent problem of setting measurable objectives in conservation. BioScience 55:835-849. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0835:HMIETR]2.0.CO;2.
110. The Nature Conservancy. 2011. Conservation statistics. www.nature.org/aboutus/ouraccountability (accessed 24 Aug. 2011).
111. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 2011. The look of nature: Designing Texas state parks during the Depression. www.texascccparks.org (accessed 18 Aug. 2011).
112. Trust for Public Land. 2011a. Conservation almanac. www.conservationalmanac.org/ (accessed 17 Aug. 2011).
113. Trust for Public Land. 2011b. TPL landvote database. http://tplgis.org/LandVoteLaunch/ (accessed 17 Aug. 2011).
114. United Nations. 2007. State of the world population 2007: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. United Nations Population Fund.
115. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. 2010 Census. www.census.gov (accessed 12 Aug. 2011).
116. USDA. 2011. RCA Appraisal: Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act. www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS//stelprdb1044939.pdf (accessed 11 Aug. 2011).
117. USEPA. 2004. What is smart growth factsheet. EPA 231-F-01-001A. USEPA, Washington, DC.
118. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Preble’s Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei) species profile. Available on the Internet at http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=A0C2. Accessed 1 Sep. 2011.
119. University of Southern Maine Muskie School of Public Service. 2011. Conservation finance course. New England Environmental Finance Center. http://efc.muskie.usm.maine.edu/conservation_finance/HOME.htm (accessed 5 Aug. 2011).
120. Wade, A.A., and D.M. Theobald. 2010. Residential development encroachment on U.S. protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 24:151-161. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01296.x
121. Weems, S. 2005. Payrolls versus pickerels redux: A story of economic revitalization and timberland conservation using new markets tax credits. In: J.N. Levitt, editor, From Walden to Wall Street. Island Press, Washington, DC. p. 138-154, 235.
122. White, E.M., R.J. Alig, S.M. Stein, L.G. Mahal, and D.M. Theobald. 2009. A sensitivity analysis of “Forests on the Edge: Housing Development on America’s Private Forests.” USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-792.
123. White, E.M., and R. Mazza. 2008. A closer look at Forests on the Edge: Future development on private forests in three states. USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rep.PNW-GTR-758.
124. Williams, K., S.A. Sader, C. Pryor, and F. Reed. 2006. Application of geospatial technology to monitor forest legacy conservation easements. J. For. 104:89-93.
125. Wright, J.B, and R.J. Czerniak. 2000. The rising importance of voluntary methods of land use control in planning. J. Plan. Educ. Res. 19:419-423. doi:10.1177/0739456X0001900411
126. Zinkhan, F.C., W.R. Sizemore, G.H. Mason, and T.J. Ebner. 1989. Timberland investments: A portfolio perspective. Timber Press, Portland, OR.