Water vapor-mediated volatilization of high-temperature materials

Annual Review of Materials Research

Volumn 43, Issue , 2013, Pages 559-588

  Meschter, Peter J ^a   Opila, Elizabeth J ^b   Jacobson, Nathan S ^c  

^a GE GLOBAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b University of Virginia   (United States)

^c NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Hydroxides; Mass transport; Quantum chemistry; Thermodynamics; Vapor pressure

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE; HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS; HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS; HYDROXIDES; MATERIAL TRANSPORT; MEASUREMENT METHODS; MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION; QUANTUM CHEMISTRY CALCULATIONS;

BOILERS; CATALYST POISONING; HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS; HYDROCRACKING; ISOTOPES; MASS TRANSFER; QUANTUM CHEMISTRY; SODIUM; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; THERMODYNAMICS; VAPOR PRESSURE; WASTE INCINERATION;

WATER VAPOR;

EID: 84880198979     PISSN: 15317331     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121636     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Gaskell DR. 1991. Introduction to Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering. New York: Macmillan
2. Poirer DB, Geiger GH. 1998. Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing. New York:Wiley
3. Tedmon CS Jr. 1967. The effect of oxide volatilization on the oxidation kinetics of Cr and Fe-Cr alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. 113:766-68
4. Opila EJ, Hann RE Jr. 1997. Paralinear oxidation of CVD SiC in water vapor. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80:197-205
5. Hastie JW. 1975. High Temperature Vapors: Science and Technology. New York: Academic. 480 pp.
6. Krikorian OH. 1970. Thermodynamics of the silica-steam system. Proc. Symp. Eng. Nucl. Explor., Las Vegas, Jan. 14-16, pp. 481-92. Washington, DC: Am. Nucl. Soc.
7. Krikorian OH. 1982. Predictive calculations of volatilities of metals and oxides in steam-containing environments. High Temp. High Press. 14:387-97
8. Hildenbrand DL, Lau KH. 1994. Thermochemistry of gaseous manganese oxides and hydroxides. J. Chem. Phys. 100:8377-80
9. Jacobson NS, Opila EJ,Myers DL, Copland EH. 2005. Thermodynamics of the gas phase species in the Si-O-H system. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 37:1130-37
10. Stull DR, Prophet H. 1967. The calculation of thermodynamic properties of materials over wide temperature ranges. See Ref. 136, pp. 359-424
11. Allendorf MD, Melius CF, Ho P, Zachariah MR. 1995. Theoretical study of the thermochemistry of molecules in the Si-O-H system. J. Phys. Chem. 99:15284-93
12. Haworth NL, Bacskay GB. 2002. Heats of formation of phosphorus compounds determined by current methods of computational quantum chemistry. J. Chem. Phys. 117:11175-87
13. Merten U, Bell WE. 1967. The transpiration method in the characterization of high-temperature vapors. See Ref. 136, pp. 91-114
14. Glemser O,Wendlandt HG. 1963. Gaseous hydroxides. Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 5:215-58
15. Belton GR, McCarron RL. 1964. The volatilization of tungsten in the presence of water vapor. J. Phys. Chem. 68:1852-56
16. Maeda E, Sasamoto T, Sata T. 1978. Vaporization from magnesia in O2-H2O atmospheres. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 86:491-99
17. Hashimoto A. 1992. The effect of H2O gas on volatilities of planet-forming major elements. I. Experimental determination of thermodynamic properties of Ca-, Al-, and Si-hydroxide gas molecules and its application to the solar nebula. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56:511-32
18. Berkowitz JA, Meschi DJ, Chupka WA. 1960. Heterogeneous reactions studied by mass spectroscopy. II. Reaction of Li2O(s) with H2O(g). J. Chem. Phys. 33:533-40
19. Meschi DJ, ChupkaWA, Berkowitz J. 1960. Heterogeneous reactions studied by mass spectrometry. I. Reactions of B2O3(s) with H2O(g). J. Chem. Phys. 33:530-33
20. HildenbrandDL, LauKH. 1994. Thermochemical properties of gaseous POBr and some H-P-O species. J. Chem. Phys. 100:8373-76
21. Stearns DA, Kohl FJ, Fryburg GC, Miller RA. 1979. High pressure molecular beam mass spectrometric sampling of high temperature molecules. In Proc.Mater. Res. Symp. Charact. High Temp. Vap. Gases, 10th, 1978, Natl. Bur. Stand. Spec. Pub. 561, ed. JW Hastie, pp. 303-55. Washington, DC: Natl. Bur. Stand.
22. Fryburg GC, Miller RA, Kohl FJ, Stearns CA. 1977. Volatile products in the corrosion of Cr, Mo, Ti, and four superalloys exposed to O containing HO and gaseous NaCl. J. Electrochem. Soc. 124:1738-43
23. Opila EJ, Fox DS, Jacobson NS. 1997. Mass spectrometric identification of Si-O-H (g) species from the reaction of silica with water vapor at atmospheric pressure. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80:1009-12
24. Bonnell DW, Hastie JW. 1979. Transpiration mass spectrometry of high temperature vapors. In Proc. Mater. Res. Symp. Charact. High Temp. Vap. Gases, 10th, 1978, Natl. Bur. Stand. Spec. Pub. 561, ed. JW Hastie, pp. 357-409. Washington, DC: Natl. Bur. Stand.
25. SugdenTM, Schofield K. 1966. Heats of dissociation of gaseous alkali earth dihydroxides. Trans. Faraday Soc. 62:566-75
26. Kelley R, Padley PJ. 1971. Photometric studies in hydrogen + oxygen + carbon dioxide flames. Trans. Faraday Soc. 67:740-49
27. Gurvich LV, Ryabova VG, Khitrov AN. 1973. Determination of dissociation energies of alkaline-earth chlorides, bromides, and hydroxides by flame photometry. Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 8:83-106
28. Whitham CJ, Ozeki J, Saito S. 1999. Microwave spectroscopic detection of transition metal hydroxides: CuOH and AgOH. J. Chem. Phys. 110:11109-12
29. Lide DR Jr, Kuczkowski RL. 1967. Structure of the alkali hydroxides. I.Microwave spectrum of gaseous CsOH. J. Chem. Phys. 46:4768-74
30. Thompson CA, Andrews L. 1996. Reactions of laser ablated Be atoms with H2O: infrared spectra and density functional calculations of HOBeOH, HBeOH, and HBeOBeH. J. Phys. Chem. 100:12214-21
31. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Infrared spectra and electronic structure calculations for the group 2 metal M(OH)2 dihydroxide molecules. J. Phys. Chem. A 109:2782-92
32. Wang X, Andrews L. 2006. Experimental and theoretical investigations of IR spectra and electronic structures of the U(OH)2, UO2(OH), and UO2(OH)2 molecules. Inorg. Chem. 45:4157-66
33. Wang X, Andrews L. 2006. Contrasting products in the reactions of Cr, Mo, andWatoms with H2O2: argon matrix infrared spectra and theoretical calculations. J. Phys. Chem. A 110:10409-18
34. Wang X, Andrews L. 2006. Infrared spectra of M(OH)1,2,3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) molecules in solid argon and the character of first row transition metal hydroxide bonding. J. Phys. Chem. A 110:10035-45
35. Wang X, Andrews L. 2007. Infrared spectroscopic observations of the group 13 metal hydroxides, M(OH)1,2,3 (M = Al, Ga, In, and Tl) and HAl(OH)2. J. Phys. Chem. A 111:1860-68
36. Greene FT. 1967. Applications of electronic spectroscopy to high-temperature systems. See Ref. 136, pp. 244-63
37. Lewis GN, Randall M. 1961. Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2nd ed., rev.
38. Gurvich LV, Bergman GA, Gorokhov LN, Iorish VS, Leonidov VYa, Yungman VS. 1996. Thermodynamic properties of alkali metal hydroxides. Part 1: Lithium and sodium hydroxides. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25:1211-76
39. Gurvich LV, Bergman GA, Gorokhov LN, Iorish VS, Leonidov VYa, Yungman VS. 1997. Thermodynamic properties of alkali metal hydroxides. Part 2: Potassium, rubidium, and cesium hydroxides. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26:1031-110
40. Chase MWJr. 1999. NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD. 4th ed. 1,951 pp.
41. Sci. Group Thermodata Eur. 2011. SGTE Pure Substance Database V13.02. http://www.sgte.org
42. Yannopoulos LN. 1968. The thermodynamics of the vanadium pentoxide (solid or liquid)-water vapor system. J. Phys. Chem. 72:3293-96
43. Sanchez JL, Hager JP. 1994. Investigation of volatile hydroxide formation as the basis for the enhanced vapor transport of refractory metal oxides. In Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century. Vol. 1. Basic Principles, ed. HY Sohn, pp. 1756-62. Warrendale, PA: TMS
44. Opila EJ,Myers DL, Jacobson NS,Nielson IMB, Johnson DF, et al. 2007. Theoretical and experimental investigation of the thermochemistry of CrO2(OH)2(g). J. Phys. Chem. A 111:1971-80
45. Stanislowski M, Wessel E,HilpertK,MarkusT, Singheiser L. 2007. Chromium vaporization from hightemperature alloys. I. Chromia-forming steels and the influence of outer oxide layers. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154:A295-306
46. Belton GR, Jordan AS. 1967. The gaseous hydroxides of cobalt and nickel. J. Phys. Chem. 71:4114-20
47. Opila EJ, Myers DL. 2004. Alumina volatility in water vapor at elevated temperatures. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87:1701-5
48. Stanislowski M, Seeling U, Peck DH, Woo SK, Singheiser L, Hilpert K. 2005. Vaporization study of doped lanthanum gallates and Ga2O3(s) in H2/H2O atmospheres by the transpiration method. Solid State Ionics 176:2523-33
49. Plyasunov AV. 2011. Thermodynamic properties of H4SiO4 in the ideal gas state as evaluated from experimental data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75:3853-65
50. Natl. Phys. Lab. 2009. MTOX Database V6.2. Teddington, UK: Natl. Phys. Lab.
51. Bauschlicher CW Jr. 1999. Heats of formation for POn and POnH (n = 1-3). J. Phys. Chem. A 103:11126-29
52. Konings RJM, Cordfunke EHP, Smit-Groen V. 1990. The vapour pressures of hydroxides II. TeO(OH)2. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 22:751-6
53. Ebbinghaus BB. 2002. Calculated thermodynamic functions for gas phase uranium, neptunium, plutonium, and americium oxides (AnO3), oxyhydroxides (AnO2(OH)2), oxychlorides (AnO2Cl2), and oxyfluorides (AnO2F2). Rep. UCRL-ID-122278, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, Calif.
54. Ebbinghaus BB, Krikorian OH, Fleming DL. 2002. Thermodynamic study of UO3(g), UO2(OH)2(g), UO2Cl2(g), and UO2F2(g). Rep. UCRL-ID-150979, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, Calif.
55. Krikorian OH, Fontes AS Jr, Ebbinghaus BB, AdamsonMG. 1997. Transpiration studies on the volatilities of PuO3(g) and PuO2(OH)2(g) from PuO2(s) in the presence of steam and oxygen and application to plutonium volatility in mixed-waste thermal oxidation. J. Nucl. Mater. 247:161-71
56. Wang X, Andrews L. 2006. Infrared spectra and density functional calculations for the Sc(OH)2,3 and HOScO molecules and the Sc(OH)2 + cation in solid argon. J. Phys. Chem. A 109:1850-58
57. Wang X, Andrews L. 2006. Infrared spectra and density functional calculations for M(OH)2,3 and HOMO molecules and M(OH)2 + cations (M = Y, La). J. Phys. Chem. A 110:4157-68
58. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Infrared spectra and structure of the Hf(OH)4 molecule. Inorg. Chem. 44:7189-93
59. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Infrared spectra and structures for group 4 dihyroxide and tetrahydroxide molecules. J. Phys. Chem. A 109:10689-701
60. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Infrared spectra and structures of the coinage metal dihydroxide molecules. Inorg. Chem. 44:9076-83
61. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Zinc and cadmium dihydroxide molecules: matrix infrared spectra and theoretical calculations. J. Phys. Chem. A 109:3849-57
62. Wang X, Andrews L. 2005. Infrared spectra of M(OH)1,2,4 (M = Pb, Sn) in solid argon. J. Phys. Chem. A 109:9013-20
63. Gurvich LV, Iorish VS, Chekhovskoi DV, Yungman VS. 1993. IVTANTHERMO: a thermodynamic database and software system for the personal computer. NIST Special Database 5. Gaithersburg, MD: Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.
64. BaleCW,Chartrand P, Decterov SA,ErikssonG,Hack K, et al. 2002. FactSage thermochemical software and databases. CALPHAD 26:189-228
65. FritschM. 2007. Heißgaskorrosion keramischer Werkstoffe inH2O-Haltigen Rauchgasatmospharen. PhD diss. Tech. Univ. Dresden, Dresden, Ger.
66. Courcot E, Rebillat F, Teyssandier C, Louchet-Poullerie C. 2010. Stability of rare earth oxides in a moist environment at high temperatures-experimental and thermodynamic studies. Part I: the way to assess thermodynamic parameters from volatilization rates. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30:1903-10
67. Courcot E, Rebillat F, TeyssandierC, Louchet-PoullerieC. 2010. Stability of rare earth oxides in amoist environment at high temperatures-experimental and thermodynamic studies. Part II: comparison of the rare earth oxides. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30:1903-10
68. Ueno S, Jayaseelan DD, Ohji T. 2004. Development of oxide-based EBC for silicon nitride. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 1:362-73
69. Ueno S, Jayaseelan DD, Kondo N, Ohji T, Kanzaki S. 2004. Anisotropic behavior of water vapor corrosion of rutile TiO2 at high temperature. Mater. Trans. 45:281-83
70. Schaedler TA, Fabrichnaya O, Levi CG. 2008. Phase equilibria in the TiO2-YO1.5-ZrO2 system. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28:2509-20
71. FritschM, Klemm H, HerrmannM, Schenk B. 2006. Corrosion of selected ceramic materials in hot gas environment. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26:3557-65
72. Taniguchi M, Ooue M. 1970. V2O5(s)-H2O(g)-VO(OH)3(g) system. In Annu. Conf. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 23rd. Reprint 2
73. Farber M, Uy M, Srivastava RD. 1972. Effusion-mass spectrometric determination of the heats of formation of the gaseous molecules V4O10, V4O8, VO2, and VO. J. Chem. Phys. 56:5312-15
74. Klemm H. 2010. Silicon nitride for high-temperature applications. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93:1501-22
75. Bhattacharya AK, Shklover V, Steurer W, Witz G, Bossmann HP, Fabrichnaya O. 2011. Ta2O5- Y2O3-ZrO2 system: experimental study and preliminary thermodynamic description. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 31:249-57
76. Ebbinghaus BB. 1995. Thermodynamics of gas phase chromium species: the chromium chlorides, oxychlorides, fluorides, oxyfluorides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, mixed oxyfluorochlorohydroxides, and volatility calculations in waste incineration processes. Combust. Flame 101:311-38
77. Kim YW, Belton GR. 1974. The thermodynamics of volatilization of chromic oxide. Part I: the species CrO3 and CrO2OH. Met. Mater. Trans. B 5:1811-16
78. Belton GR, Jordan AS. 1965. The volatilization of molybdenum in the presence of water vapor. J. Phys. Chem. 69:2065-71
79. Belton GR, Richardson FD. 1962. A volatile iron hydroxide. Trans. Faraday Soc. 58:1562-72
80. GlemserO,Muller A, SchwarzkopfH. 1964.GasformigeHydroxide. IX.Uber ein gasformigesHydroxid des Rheniums. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 334:21-26
81. Allendorf MD, Melius CF, Cosic B, Fontijn A. 2002. BAC-G2 predictions of thermochemistry for gas-phase aluminum compounds. J. Phys. Chem. A 106:2629-40
82. Krikorian OH, Ebbinghaus BB, AdamsonMG, Fontes AS Jr, Fleming DL. 1993. Experimental studies and thermodynamic modeling of volatilities of uranium, plutonium, and americium from their oxides and from their oxides interacted with ash. Rep. UCRL-ID-114774, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, Calif.
83. Krikorian OH,Condit RH, Fontes AS Jr, Fleming DL,Magana JW, et al. 1993. Measurement of plutonium and americium volatilities under thermal process conditions: final report. Rep. UCRL-JC-112994, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, Calif.
84. Lu X, Xia G, Lemmon G, Yang Z. 2010. Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: status, challenges and perspectives. J. Power Sources 195:2431-42
85. Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer M, Lu X, Choi D, et al. 2011. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem. Rev. 111:3577-613
86. Cubicciotti D, Sehgal BR. 1984. Vapor transport of fission products in postulated severe light water reactor accidents. Nucl. Technol. 65:266-91
87. Cubicciotti D. 1985. Thermodynamics of vaporization of fission products and materials under severe reactor accident conditions. Pure Appl. Chem. 57:1-13
88. Cubicciotti D. 1988. Vapor transport of fission products under nuclear accident conditions. J. Nucl. Mater. 154:53-61
89. Minato K. 1991. Thermodynamic analysis of cesium and iodine behavior in severe light water reactor accidents. J. Nucl. Mater. 185:154-58
90. Rapp RA, Zhang YS. 1994. Hot corrosion of materials: fundamental studies. JOM 46(12):47-55
91. Elias N, Shemesh G, Latanision RM. 2002. Hot corrosion in gas turbine components. Eng. Fail. Anal. 9:31-43
92. Rapp RA. 2002. Hot corrosion of materials: a fluxing mechanism? Corros. Sci. 44:209-21
93. Luthra KL, Spacil HS. 1982. Impurity deposits in gas turbines from fuels containing sodium and vanadium. J. Electrochem. Soc. 129:649-56
94. Luthra KL, Spacil HS, Spacil JW. 2010. System and method for operating a gas turbine using vanadiumcontaining fuels. US Patent Appl. No. 2010/0154430 A1
95. Wormsbecher RF, Peters AW,Maselli JM. 1986. Vanadium poisoning of cracking catalysts: mechanism of poisoning and design of vanadium tolerant catalyst system. J. Catal. 100:130-37
96. WormsbecherRF, ChengWC,KimG,HardingRH.1996. Vanadiummobility in fluid catalytic cracking. In Deactiv. Test. Hydrocarb. Proc. Catal., ACS Symp. Ser., 634:283-395. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
97. Wormsbecher RF. 1990. Catalytic cracking catalyst and process. US Patent No. 4,929,338
98. Hilpert K,Das D, MillerM, PeckDH, Weiss R. 1996. Chromium vapor species over solid oxide fuel cell interconnect materials and their potential for degradation processes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143:3642-47
99. Konysheva E, Mertens J, Penkella H, Singheiser L, Hilpert K. 2007. Chromium poisoning of the porous composite cathode: effect of cathode thickness and current density. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154:B1252-64
100. Stanislowski M, Froitzheim J, Niewolak L, Quadakkers WJ, Hilpert K, et al. 2007. Reduction of chromium vaporization from SOFC interconnectors by highly effective coatings. J. Power Sources 164:578-89
101. Zurek J, Wessel L,Niewolak L, Schmitz F,KernTU, et al. 2004. Anomalous temperature dependence of oxidation kinetics during steam oxidation of ferritic steels in the temperature range 550-650°C. Corros. Sci. 46:2301-17
102. Ehlers J, Young DJ, Smaardijk EJ, Tyagi AK, Penkalla HJ, et al. 2006. Enhanced oxidation of the 9% Cr steel P91 in water vapour containing atmospheres. Corros. Sci. 48:3428-54
103. Young DJ, Pint BA. 2006. Chromium volatilization rate from Cr2O3 scales into flowing gases containing water vapor. Oxid. Met. 66:137-53
104. Young DJ. 2008. Effects of water vapor on oxidation. In High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Metals, ed. DJ Young, pp. 455-95. Amsterdam: Elsevier
105. Jacobson NS, Farmer S, Moore A, Sayir H. 1999. High-temperature oxidation of boron nitride. I. Monolithic boron nitride. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82:393-98
106. Steinbr uck M. 2005. Oxidation of boron carbide at high temperature. J. Nucl. Mater. 336:185-93
107. Fergus JW, Worrell WL. 1990. The oxidation of chemically vapor deposited silicon carbide. Ceram. Trans. 10:43-51
108. Jacobson NS, Morscher GN, Bryant DR, Tressler RE. 1999. High-temperature oxidation of boron nitride. II. Boron nitride layers in composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82:1473-82
109. Sheldon BW. 1998. Kinetic model for the oxidation of BN interface layers in SiC/SiC composites. In High Temp. Corros. Mater. Chem., Electrochem. Soc. Proc., ed. PY Hou, MJ McNallan, R Oltra, EJ Opila, DA Shores, 98-99:366-81. Pennington, NJ: Electrochem. Soc.
110. Robinson RC, Smialek JL. 1999. SiC recession caused by SiO2 scale volatility under combustor conditions. I. Experimental results and empirical model. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82:1817-25
111. Smialek JL, Robinson RC, Opila EJ, Fox DS, Jacobson NS. 1999. SiC and Si3N4 recession due to SiO2 scale volatility under combustor conditions. Adv. Compos. Mater. 8:33-45
112. LinHT, Ferber MK. 2002. Mechanical reliability evaluation of silicon nitride ceramic components after exposure in industrial gas turbines. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22:2789-97
113. Eaton H, Linsey GD. 2002. Accelerated oxidation of SiC CMC's by water vapor and protection via environmental barrier coating approach. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22:2741-47
114. HildenbrandDL, LauKH. 1994. Thermochemistry of gaseous SiO(OH), SiO(OH)2, and SiO2. J. Chem. Phys. 101:6076-79
115. Hildenbrand DL, Lau KH. 1998. Comment on "Thermochemistry of gaseous SiO(OH), SiO(OH)2, and SiO2" [J. Chem. Phys. 101, 6076 (1994)]. J. Chem. Phys. 108:6535
116. Fox DS, Opila EJ, Nguyen QN, Humphrey DL, Lewton SM. 2003. Paralinear oxidation of silicon nitride in a water-vapor/oxygen environment. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86:1256-61
117. Sudhir B, Raj R. 2006. Effect of steam velocity on the hydrothermal oxidation/volatilization of silicon nitride. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89:1380-87
118. Yuri I, Hisamatsu T, Etori Y, Yamamoto T. 2001. Degradation of silicon carbide in combustion gas flow at high temperature and high speed. JSME Int. J. A 44:520-27
119. Yuri I, Hisamatsu T. 2003. Recession rate prediction for ceramic materials in combustion gas flow. In Proc. ASME Turbo Expo 2003, June 16-19, Atlanta, GA, GT2003-38886, 10 pp.
120. Klemm H. 2002. Corrosion of silicon nitride materials in gas turbine environment. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22:2735-40
121. Opila EJ, Smialek JL, Robinson RC, Fox DS, Jacobson NS. 1999. SiC recession caused by SiO2 scale volatility under combustion conditions. II. Thermodynamics and gaseous-diffusion model. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82:1826-34
122. Perepezko JH. 2009. The hotter the engine, the better. Science 326:1068-69
123. Lee KN, Miller RA, Jacobson NS. 1995. New generation of plasma-sprayed mullite coatings on silicon carbide. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 78:705-10
124. LeeKN. 2000. Current status of environmental barrier coatings for Si-based ceramics. Surf. Coat. Technol. 133-134:1-7
125. Eaton HE Jr, Allen WP, Jacobson NS, Bansal NP, Opila EJ, et al. 2002. Silicon based substrate with environmental/thermal barrier layer. US Patent No. 6,410,148
126. Lee KN, Fox DS, Eldridge JI, Zhu D, Robinson RD, et al. 2003. Upper temperature limit of environmental barrier coatings based on mullite and BSAS. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86:1299-308
127. Eaton HE Jr, Allen WP, Jacobson NS, Lee KN, Opila EJ, et al. 2001. Silicon based substrate with yttrium silicate environmental/thermal barrier layer. US Patent No. 6,296,941
128. Lee KN, Fox DS, Bansal NP. 2005. Rare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings for SiC/SiC composites and Si3N4 ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25:1705-15
129. Motdovan M, Weyant CM, Johnson DL, Faber KT. 2004. Tantalum oxide coatings as candidate environmental barriers. J. Therm. Spray Technol. 13:51-56
130. Spitsberg I, Steibel J. 2004. Thermal and environmental barrier coatings for SiC/SiC CMC's in aircraft engine applications. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 1:291-301
131. Toropov NA, Galakhov FY, Bondar IA. 1954. The diagram of state of the ternary system BaO-Al2O3- SiO2. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Div. Chem. Sci. 3:647-55
132. Ueno S, Ohji T, LinHT. 2006. Recession behavior of a silicon nitride with multi-layered environmental barrier layer system. J. Ceram. Process. Res. 7(1):20-23
133. Aparicio M, Duran A. 2000. Yttrium silicate coatings for oxidation protection of carbon-silicon carbide composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83:1351-55
134. MaoH, Selleby M, Fabrichnaya O. 2008. Thermodynamic reassessment of theY2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 system and its subsystems. CALPHAD 32:399-412
135. Ebbinghaus BB, Krikorian OH, Adamson MG. 1994. Vaporization of actinide oxides in thermal treatment processes for mixed waste. Rep. UCRL-JC-116414, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, Calif.
136. Margrave JL, ed. 1967. Characterization of High-Temperature Vapors. New York:Wiley 588 Meschter