The redox state, FeO content, and origin of sulfur-rich magmas on Mercury

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 118, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 138-146

  Zolotov, Mikhail Yu ^a   Sprague, Ann L ^b   Hauck II, Steven A ^c   Nittler, Larry R ^d   Solomon, Sean C ^d,e   Weider, Shoshana Z ^d  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

Author keywords

Mercury; oxygen fugacity; slags; sulfides; sulfur fugacity; volcanism

Indexed keywords

ENSTATITE CHONDRITE; FUGACITY; MERCURY (PLANET); OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; OXYGEN; PARTIAL MELTING; PLANETARY EVOLUTION; PLANETARY SURFACE; SATELLITE MISSION; SILICATE; SILICATE MELT; SULFUR; VOLCANISM;

EID: 84880152764     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21699100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JE004274     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Ariskin, A. A., A. A. Borisov, and, G. S. Barmina, (1993), Simulating iron-silicate melt equilibrium in basaltic systems, Geochem. Int., 30, 13-22. (Pubitemid 24420095)
2. Barin, I., (1995), Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 3rd ed., VCH, Weinheim.
3. Bekker, A., M. E. Barley, M. L. Fiorentini, O. J. Rouxel, D. Rumble, and, S. W. Beresford, (2009), Atmospheric sulfur in Archean komatiite-hosted nickel deposits, Science, 326, 1086-1089.
4. Berthet, S., V. Malavergne, and, K. Righter, (2009), Melting of the Indarch meteorite (EH4 chondrite) at 1 GPa and variable oxygen fugacity: Implications for early planetary differentiation processes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 6402-6420.
5. Blewett, D. T., P. G. Lucey, B. R. Hawke, G. G. Ling, and, M. S. Robinson, (1997), A comparison of mercurian reflectance and spectral quantities with those of the Moon, Icarus, 129, 217-231. (Pubitemid 127172234)
6. Blewett, D. T., et al. (2013), Mercury's hollows: Constraints on formation and composition from analysis of geological setting and spectral reflectance, J. Geophys. Res., 118, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004174.
7. Brearley, A. J., and, R. H. Jones, (1998), Chondritic meteorites, in Planetary Materials, edited by, J. J. Papike, Rev. Mineral., 36, pp. 1-398, Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, D.C.
8. Boynton, W. V., A. L. Sprague, S. C. Solomon, R. D. Starr, L. G. Evans, W. C. Feldman, J. I. Trombka, and, E. A. Rhodes, (2007), MESSENGER and the chemistry of Mercury's surface, Space Sci. Rev., 131, 85-104. (Pubitemid 350231438)
9. Burbine, T. H., T. J. McCoy, L.R. Nittler, G. K. Benedix, E. A. Cloutis, and, T. L. Dickinson, (2002), Spectra of extremely reduced assemblages: Implications for Mercury, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 37, 1233-1244.
10. Denevi, B. W., and, M. S. Robinson, (2008), Mercury's albedo from Mariner 10: Implications for the presence of ferrous iron, Icarus, 197, 239-246.
11. Duffy, J. A., (1996), Optical basicity: A practical acid-base theory for oxides and oxyanions, J. Chem. Educ., 73, 1138-1142. (Pubitemid 126553214)
12. Ebel, D. S., and, C. M. O'D. Alexander, (2011), Equilibrium condensation from chondritic porous IDP enriched vapor: Implications for Mercury and enstatite chondrite origins, Planet. Space Sci., 59, 1888-1894.
13. Evans, L. G., et al. (2012), Major-element abundances on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00L07, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004178.
14. Fogel, R. A., M. K. Weisberg, and, M. Prinz, (1996), The solubility of CaS in aubrite silicate melts, Lunar Planet. Sci., 27, 371-372.
15. Grossman, L., J. R. Beckett, A. V. Fedkin, S. B. Simon, and, F. J. Ciesla, (2008), Redox conditions in the solar nebula: Observational, experimental, and theoretical constraints, in Oxygen in the Solar System, edited by, G. J. MacPherson, D. W. Mittlefehldt, J. H. Jones, and, S. B. Simon, pp. 93-140, Mineral. Soc. of America. Chantilly, Virginia.
16. Guillermet, A. F., M. Hillert, B. Jansson, and, B. Sundman, (1981), An assessment of the Fe-S system using a 2-sublattice model for the liquid-phase, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 12, 745-754. (Pubitemid 12467848)
17. Head, J. W., et al. (2009), Volcanism on Mercury: Evidence from the first MESSENGER flyby for extrusive and explosive activity and the volcanic origin of plains, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 285, 227-242.
18. Head, J. W., et al. (2012), Effusive volcanism on Mercury from MESSENGER mission data: Nature and significance for lithospheric stress and mantle convection, Lunar Planet. Sci., 43, abstract 1451.
19. Javoy, M., et al. (2010), The chemical composition of the Earth: Enstatite chondrite models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293, 259-268.
20. Jurewicz, S. R., J. H. Jones, and, B. Fegley Jr., (1995), Experimental partitioning of Zr, Nb, and Ti between platinum group metals and silicate liquid: Implications for the origin of refractory metal nuggets in carbonaceous chondrites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 132, 183-198.
21. Keil, K., (1968), Mineralogical and chemical relationships among enstatite chondrites, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6945-6976.
22. Kerber, L., J. W. Head, S. C. Solomon, L. Wilson, S. L. Murchie, M. S. Robinson, B. W. Denevi, and, D. L. Domingue, (2011), The global distribution of pyroclastic deposits on Mercury: The view from MESSENGER flybys 1-3, Planet. Space Sci., 59, 1895-1909.
23. Lee, J.-Y., K. Marti, and, J. F. Wacker, (2009), Xe isotopic abundances in enstatite meteorites and relations to other planetary reservoirs, J. Geophys. Res., 114, E04003, doi: 10.1029/2008JE003082.
24. Lehner, S. W., M. I. Petaev, M. Yu. Zolotov, and, P. R. Buseck, (2013), Formation of niningerite by silicate sulfidation in EH3 enstatite chondrites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 101, 34-56.
25. Liu, S-H, R. J. Fruehan, A. Morales, and, B. Ozturk, (2001), Measurement of FeO activity and solubility of MgO in smelting slags, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 32B, 31-36. (Pubitemid 32271494)
26. Malavergne, V., S. Berthet, and, K. Righter, (2007a), Formation of CaS-MgS in enstatite chondrites and achondrites as a function of redox conditions and temperature: Constraints on their evolution in a planetesimal and in a proto-planet, Lunar Planet. Sci., 38, abstract 1737.
27. Malavergne, V., M. Tarrida, R. Combes, H. Bureau, J. Jones, and, C. Schwandt, (2007b), New high-pressure and high-temperature metal/silicate partitioning of U and Pb: Implications for the cores of the Earth and Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 2635-2655.
28. Malavergne, V., M. J. Toplis, S. Berthet, and, J. Jones, (2010), Highly reducing conditions during core formation on Mercury: Implications for internal structure and the origin of a magnetic field, Icarus, 206, 199-209.
29. Malavergne, V., F. Brunet, K. Righter, B. Zanda, C. Avril, S. Borensztajn, and, S. Berthet, (2012), Experimental behavior of sulfur under primitive planetary differentiation processes, the sulfide formations in enstatite meteorites and implications for Mercury, Lunar Planet. Sci., 43, abstract 1860.
30. McClintock, W. E., et al. (2008), Spectroscopic observations of Mercury's surface reflectance during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby, Science, 321, 62-65. (Pubitemid 351956206)
31. McCoy, T. J., T. L. Dickinson, and, G. E. Lofgren, (1999), Partial melting of the Indarch (EH4) meteorite: A textural, chemical, and phase relations view of melting and melt migration, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 34, 735-746. (Pubitemid 30018635)
32. McCubbin, F. M., M. A. Riner, K. E. Vander Kaaden, and, L. K. Burkemper, (2012), Is Mercury a volatile-rich planet?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09202, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051711.
33. Nittler, L. R., et al. (2011), The major-element composition of Mercury's surface from MESSENGER X-ray spectrometry, Science, 333, 1847-1850.
34. Nzotta, M. M., D. Sichen, and, S. Seetharaman, (1999), Study of the sulfide capacities of iron-oxide containing slags, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 30B, 909-919.
35. O'Brien, D. P., A. Morbidelli, and, H. F. Levison, (2006), Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction, Icarus, 184, 39-58. (Pubitemid 44227789)
36. 3 in silicate melts, Chem. Geol., 186, 151-181. (Pubitemid 34641934)
37. Pankratz, L. B., A. D. Mah, and, S. W. Watson, (1987), Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfides, Bureau of Mines Bulletin 689, 427 pp., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
38. Peplowski, P. N., et al. (2011), Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: Implications for the planet's formation and evolution, Science, 333, 1850-1852.
39. Peplowski, P. N., et al. (2012), Variations in the abundances of potassium and thorium on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00L04, doi: 10.1029/ 2012JE004141.
40. Richardson, F. D., and, C. J. B. Fincham, (1954), Sulfur in silicate and aluminate slags, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 178, 4-15.
41. Righter, K., (2003), Metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements and core formation in the early Earth, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 31, 135-174. (Pubitemid 37212338)
42. Riner, M. A., F. M. McCubbin, P. G. Lucey, G. J. Taylor, and, J. J. Gillis-Davis, (2010), Mercury surface composition: Integrating petrologic modeling and remote sensing data to place constraints on FeO abundance, Icarus, 209, 301-313.
43. 5 Pascals) Pressure and at Higher Temperatures, U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 2131, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
44. Robinson, M. S., and, G. J. Taylor, (2001), Ferrous oxide in Mercury's crust and mantle, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 36, 841-847. (Pubitemid 32624120)
45. Roeder, P. L., (1974), Activity of iron and olivine solubility in basaltic liquids, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 397-410.
46. Sato, N., and, A. Kirishima, (2010), Separation of thorium and uranium by sulfide method, Energy Procedia, 7, 444-448.
47. Shankar, A., M. Görnerup, A. K. Lahiri, and, S. Seetharaman, (2006), Sulfide capacity of high alumina blast furnace slags, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 37B, 941-947. (Pubitemid 46092300)
48. Shukolyukov, A., and, G. W. Lugmair, (2004), Manganese-chromium isotope systematic of enstatite meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 2875-2888. (Pubitemid 38804269)
49. Smith, D. E., et al. (2012), Gravity field and internal structure of Mercury from MESSENGER, Science, 336, 214-217.
50. Sosinsky, D. J., and, I. D. Sommerville, (1986), The composition and temperature dependence of the sulfide capacity of metallurgical slags, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 17B, 331-337. (Pubitemid 16573756)
51. Sprague, A. L., K. L. Donaldson Hanna, R. W. H. Kozlowski, J. Helbert, A. Maturilli, J. B. Warell, and, J. L. Hora, (2009), Spectral emissivity measurements of Mercury's surface indicate Mg- and Ca-rich mineralogy, K-spar, Na-rich plagioclase, rutile, with possible perovskite, and garnet, Planet. Space Sci., 57, 364-383.
52. Sprague, A. L., D. M. Hunten, and, K. Lodders, (1995), Sulfur at Mercury, elemental at the poles and sulfides in the regolith, Icarus, 118, 211-215.
53. Starr, R. D., D. Schriver, L. R. Nittler, S. Z. Weider, P. K. Byrne, G. C. Ho, E. A. Rhodes, C. E. Schlemm, II, S. C. Solomon, and, P. M. Trávníček, (2012), MESSENGER detection of electron-induced X-ray fluorescence from Mercury's surface, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00L02, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004118.
54. Stockstill-Cahill, K. R., T. J. McCoy, L. R. Nittler, S. Z. Weider, and, S. A. Hauck II, (2012), Magnesium-rich crustal compositions on Mercury: Implications for magmatism from petrologic modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00L15, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004140.
55. Tachibana, S., and, A. Tsuchiyama, (1998), Incongruent evaporation of troilite (FeS) in the primordial solar nebula: An experimental study, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 2005-2022. (Pubitemid 28555833)
56. 2-MgO-MnO slags in the temperature range 1673-1773 K, ISIJ Int., 49, 156-163.
57. Taylor, G. J., and, E. R. D. Scott, (2003), Mercury, in Meteorites, Comets and Planets, edited by, A. M. Davis, Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 1, pp. 477-485, Elsevier, Pergamon, Oxford, U.K.
58. Vasavada, A. R., D. A. Page, and, S. E. Wood, (1999), Near-surface temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the stability of polar ice deposits, Icarus, 141, 179-193.
59. Vernazza, P., F. DeMeo, D. A. Nedelcu, M. Birlan, A. Doressoundiram, S. Erard, and, E. Volquardsen, (2010), Resolved spectroscopy of Mercury in the near-IR with SpeX/IRTF, Icarus, 209, 125-137.
60. Vilas, F., (1988), Surface composition of Mercury from reflectance spectrophotometry, in Mercury, edited by, F. Vilas, C. R. Chapman, and, M. S. Matthews, pp. 59-76, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
61. Vilas, F., D. L. Domingue, A. L. Sprague, N. R. Izenberg, R. L. Klima, E. A. Jensen, J. Helbert, M. D'Amore, K. R. Stockstill-Cahill, and, S. C. Solomon, (2012), Search for absorption features in Mercury's visible reflectance spectra: Recent results from MESSENGER, Lunar Planet. Sci., 43, abstract 1330.
62. Wade, J., B. J. Wood, and, J. Tuff, (2012), Metal-silicate partitioning of Mo and W at high pressures and temperatures: Evidence for late accretion of sulphur to the Earth, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 85, 58-74.
63. Wasson, J. T., (1988), The building stones of the planets, in Mercury, edited by, F. Vilas, C. R. Chapman, and, M. S. Matthews, pp. 622-650, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
64. Weider, S. Z., L. R. Nittler, R. D. Starr, T. J. McCoy, K. R. Stockstill-Cahill, P. K. Byrne, B. W. Denevi, J. W. Head, and, S. C. Solomon, (2012), Compositional heterogeneity on Mercury's surface revealed by the MESSENGER X-Ray spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 117, E00L05, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004153.
65. Weider, S. Z., L. R. Nittler, R. D. Starr, and, S. C. Solomon, (2012), The distribution of iron on the surface of Mercury from MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer measurements, Lunar Planet. Sci., 44, abstract 2189.
66. Young, R. W., J. A. Duffy, G. J. Hussall, and, Z. Hu, (1992), Use of optical basicity concept for determining phosphorous and sulfur slag-metal partitions. Ironmaking Steelmaking, 19, 201-219.
67. Zolotov, M. Yu., (2011), On the chemistry of mantle and magmatic volatiles on Mercury, Icarus, 212, 24-41.