Fibre optic sensors for selected wastewater characteristics

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 8640-8668

  Chong, Su Sin ^a   Abdul Aziz, A R ^a   Harun, Sulaiman W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Biological oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand; Colour; Environmental sensing; Fibre optic; Online monitoring; Optical sensor

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; CALIBRATION; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; COLOR; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; FIBER OPTIC SENSORS; FIBER OPTICS; OPTICAL SENSORS; SEWAGE;

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; CONVENTIONAL METHODS; CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES; ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT; ONLINE MONITORING; REAL TIME MEASUREMENTS; WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS;

TIME MEASUREMENT;

EID: 84880085378     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s130708640     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Department of Environmental (DOE). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. In Strategic Communications Division; ISSN 0127-6433; DOE: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, 2006; p. 72.
2. Department of Environmental (DOE). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. In Strategic Communications Division; ISSN 0127-6433; DOE: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, 2011; p. 87.
3. Hur, J.; Lee, B.-M.; Lee, T.-H.; Park, D.-H. Estimation of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand for combined sewer systems using synchronous fluorescence spectra. Sensors 2010, 10, 2460-2471.
4. Kao, K.C.; Hockham, G.A. Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies. IEEE Proc. 1986, 133, 191-198.
5. Ahmad, A.B.H. Development of a Portable Optical Fibre Chemica Sensor Measuring Instrument. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 1994.
6. Mignani, A.G.; Ciaccheri, L.; Cucci, C.; Mencaglia, A.A.; Cimato, A.; Attilio, C.; Ottevaere, H.; Thienpont, H.; Paolesse, R.; Mastroianni, M.; et al. EAT-by-LIGHT: Fiber-Optic and micro-optic devices for food quality and safety assessment. IEEE Sens. J. 2008, 8, 1342-1354.
7. Burns, D.A.; Ciurczak, W. Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007.
8. Guwy, A.J.; Farley, L.A.; Cunnah, P.; Hawkes, F.R.; Hawkes, D.L.; Chase, M.; Buckland, H. An automated instrument for monitoring oxygen demand in polluted waters. Water Res. 1999, 33, 3142-3148.
9. American Public Health Association, A. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed.; American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation: Washington, DC, USA, 1992.
10. Ohno, Y.; Hardis, J.E. Four-Color Matrix Method for Correction of Tristimulus Colorimeters. In Color and Imaging, 5th ed.; Society for Imaging Science and Technology: Scottsdale, AZ, USA, 1997; pp. 301-305.
11. Kao, C.M.; Chou, M.S.; Fang, W.L.; Liu, B.W.; Huang, B.R. Regulating colored textile wastewater By 3/31 wavelength ADMI methods in Taiwan. Chemosphere 2001, 44, 1055-1063.
12. Kim, H.; Lim, H.; Colosimo, M.F. Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) using ultrasound digestion and oxidation-reduction potential-based titration. Environ. Sci. Health A 2007, 42, 1665-1670.
13. Slatter, N.P.; Alborough, H. Chemical oxygen demand using microwave digestion: A tentative new method. Water SA 1992, 18, 145-147.
14. Han, S.; Gan, W.; Jiang, X.; Zi, H.; Su, Q. Introduction of electromagnetic induction heating technique into on-line chemical oxygen demand determination. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2010, 90, 137-147.
15. Hou, X.; Su, Y.; Li, X.; Chen, H.; Lv, Y. Rapid, sensitive and on-line measurement of chemical oxygen demand by novel optical method based on UV photolysis and chemiluminescence. Microchem. J. 2007, 87, 56-61.
16. Roppola, K.; Kuokkanen, T.; Ramo, J.; Prokkola, H.; Heiska, E. Comparison study of different BOD tests in the determination of BOD7 evaluated in a model domestic sewage. Autom. Methods Manag. Chem. 2007, 2007, 1-4.
17. Riedel, K.; Lange, K.P.; Stein, H.J.; Kuhn, M.; Ott, P.; Scheiler, F. A Microbial sensor for BOD. Water Res. 1990, 24, 883-887.
18. Anjum, M.; Shekhar, H.; Hyun, S.H.; Hong, S.; Cho, H.J. A Disposable BOD Microsensor Using a Polymer Substrate. In Proceeding of the IEEE Sensors Conference, Vienna, Austria, 24-27 October 2004; pp. 1202-1205.
19. Fayyad, M.; Tutunji, M.; Ramakrishna, R.S.; Taha, Z. Dissolved oxygen: Method comparison with potentiometric stripping analysis. Anal. Lett. 1987, 20, 529-535.
20. Maidment, C.; Mitchell, P.; Westlake, A. Measuring aquatic organic pollution by the permanganate value method. Biol. Educ. 1997, 31, 126-130.
21. Lima, R.O.A.A.D.; Bazo, A.P.; Salvadori, D.M.F.A.; Rech, C.E.M.; Oliveira, D.D.P.; Umbuzeiro, G.d.A.A. Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a textile azo dye processing plant effluent that impacts a drinking water source. Mutat. Res. 2007, 626, 53-60.
22. Pelaez-Cid, A.-A.; Blasco-Sancho, S Determination of textile dyes by means of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Talanta 2008, 75, 1362-1368.
23. Sawyer, C.N.; McCarty, P.L.; Parkin, G.F. Chemistry For Environmental Engineering, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill, Inc: Singapore, 1994.
24. Wu, G.; Bi, W.; Lau, J.; Fu, G. Determination of chemical oxygen demand in water using near-infrared transmission and UV absorbance method. Chin. Opt. Lett. 2011, 6, 1486-1489.
25. Brookman, S.K.E. Estimation of biochemical oxygen demand in slurry and effluents using ultra-violet spectrophotometry. Water Res. 1997, 31, 372-374.
26. Nataraja, M.; Qin, Y.; Seagren, E.A. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry as an index parameter for estimating the biochemical oxygen demand of domestic wastewater. Environ. Technol. 2006, 27, 789-800.
27. Matsche, N.; Stumwohrer, K. UV absorption as control-parameter for biological treatment plants. Water Sci. Technol. 1996, 33, 211-218.
28. Kim, H.; Kwak, J.Y.; Khang, B.; Kim, E. Estimation of biochemical oxygen demand based on dissolved organic carbon, UV absorption and fluorescence measurement. Chemistry 2013, 2013, 9 pages.
29. Bourgeois, W.; Burgess, J.E.; Stuetz, R.M. On-line monitoring of wastewater quality: A review. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2001, 76, 337-348.
30. Weber, A. Meeting the Fiber Optics Challenge. Assembly, 1 January 2001.
31. Udd, E. An overview of fiber-optic sensors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1995, 66, 4015-4030.
32. Grattan, K.T.V.; Sun, T. Fiber optic sensor technology: An overview. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2000, 82, 40-61.
33. Thyagarajan, K.; Ghatak, A. Fiber Optic Essentials; John Wiley & Sons Inc: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007.
34. Vahala, K.J. Optical microcavities. Nature 2003, 424, 839-846.
35. Ahmed, S.F. Preparation and Characterization of Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membranes. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2005.
36. Udd, E.; William, B.S., Jr. Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction For Engineers and Scientists, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Singapore, 2011; p. 498.
37. Kersey, A.D. A review of recent developments in fiber optic sensor technology. Opt. Fiber Technol. 1996, 2, 291-317.
38. Zhu, Y.; Wang, A. Miniature fiber-optic pressure sensor. IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett. 2005, 17, 447-449.
39. Xu, J.; Wang, X.; Cooper, K.L.; Wang, A. Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors. Opt. Lett. 2005, 30, 3269-3271.
40. Murphy, K.A.; Gunther, M.F.; Vengsarkar, A.M.; Claus, R. Quadrature phase-shifted, extrinsic fabry-perot optical fiber sensors. Opt. Lett. 1991, 16, 273-275.
41. Lin, J. Recent development and applications of optical and fiber-optic pH sensors. Trac-Trend Anal. Chem. 2000, 19, 541-552.
42. Bhatia, V. Applications of long-period gratings to single and multi-parameter sensing. Opt. Express 1999, 4, 457-466.
43. Narayanaswamy, R.; Vaughan, A.A. Optical fibre reflectance sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions based on immobilised Br-PADAP. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1998, 51, 368-376.
44. Yeo, T.L.; Sun, T.; Grattan, K.T.V. Review: Fibre-optic sensor technologies for humidity and moisture measurement. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 2008, 144, 280-295.
45. Ojeda, C.B.; Rojas, F.S. Recent development in optical chemical sensors coupling with flow injection analysis. Sensors 2006, 6, 1245-1307.
46. George, H.S., Jr.; Zhou, Q.; Shahriari, M.R.; Kritz, D. Porous fiber optic sensor for high-sensitivity humidity measurements. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 2317-2320.
47. Wolfbeis, O.S. Analytical chemistry with optical sensors. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 1986, 325, 387-392.
48. Gaigalas, A.K.; Li, L.; Henderson, O.; Vogt, R.; Barr, J.; Marti, G.; Weaver, J.; Schwartz, A. The development of fluorescence intensity standards. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2001, 106, 381-389.
49. Carstea, E.M. Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for in-situ Monitoring of Dissolved Organic Matter in Surface Water Systems. In Water Pollution; Balkis, P.N., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012; Volume 1.
50. Baker, A. Thermal fluorescence quenching properties of dissolved organic matter. Water Res. 2005, 39, 4405-4412.
51. Keltona, N.; Molotb, L.A.; Dillonc, P.J. Spectrofluorometry properties of dissolved organic matter from central and southern ontario streams and the influence of iron and irradiation. Water Res. 2007, 41, 638-646.
52. Yuan, J.; El-Sherif, A.M. Fiber-Optic chemical sensor using polyaniline as modified cladding material. IEEE Sens. J. 2003, 3, 5-12.
53. Elosua, C.; Matias, I.R.; Bariain, C.; Arregui, F.J. Volatile organic compound optical fiber sensors: A review. Sensors 2006, 6, 1440-1465.
54. Palais, J.C. Fiber Optic Communications, 5th ed.; Prentice Hall: New Jersey, United State, 2005.
55. Ahmad, M.; Hench, L.L. Effect of taper geometries and launch angle on evanescent wave penetration depth in optical fibers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20, 1312-1319.
56. Khalil, S.; Bansal, L.; El-Sherif, M. Intrinsic fiber optic chemical sensor for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate. Opt. Eng. 2004, 43, 2683-2688.
57. Jha, R.; Villatoro, J.; Badenes, G. Ultrastable in reflection photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer for accurate refractive index sensing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 191106:1-191106:3.
58. Shinomiya, N.; Goh, L.S.; Onodera, K.; Kanetsuna, M.; Watanabe, K. Constructing an ptical Fiber Sensor Network for Natural Environment Remote Monitoring. In Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 2-5 October 2011; Volume 17, pp. 208-212.
59. James, S.W.; Tatam, R.P. Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: Characteristics and application. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2003, 14, 49-61.
60. Arregui, F.J.; Claus, R.O.; Cooper, K.L.; Fernandez-Valdivielso, C.; Matias, I.R. Optical fiber gas sensor based on self-assembled gratings. Lightwave Technol. 2001, 19, 1932-1937.
61. Nolan, D.A.; Blaszyk, P.E.; Udd, E. Optical Fibers. In Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists; Udd, E., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc: United States, 1991; p. 33.
62. Leung, A.; Shankar, P.M.; Mutharasan, R. A review of fiber-optic biosensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2007, 125, 688-703.
63. Minkovich, V.P.; Monzón-Hernández, D. Microstructured optical fiber coated with thin films for gas and chemical sensing. Opt. Express 2006, 14, 8413-8418.
64. Dawson, P.; Puygranier, B.A.F. Chemical etching of optical fibre tips-experiment and model. Ultramicroscopy 2000, 85, 235-248.
65. Kurkjian, C.R.; Matthewson, M.J.; Rooney, J.M. Effects of Heat Treatment and HF Etching On The Strength of Silica Lightguides. In Reliability of Optical Fiber Components, Devices, Systems, and Networks II; Limberger, H.G., Matthewson, M.J., Eds.; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2004; Volume 5465, pp. 223-229.
66. Lim, K.-S.; Chiam, Y.-S.; Phang, S.-W.; Chong, W.-Y.; Pua, C.-H.; Zulkifli, A. Z.; Ganesan, I.; Harun, S.W.; Ahmad, H. A Polyaniline-Coated integrated microfiber resonator for UV detection. IEEE Sens. J. 2013, 13, 2020-2025.
67. Renqiang, L.; Zhuang, F.; Yanzheng, Z.; Qixin, C.; Shuguo, W. In Operation Principle of a Bend Enhanced Curvature Optical Fiber Sensor. 2006 In Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing, China, 9-15 October 2006; pp. 1966-1971.
68. Peters, K. Polymer optical fiber sensors-A review. Smart Mater. Struct. 2011, 20, 1-17.
69. Bernini, R.; Gravina, R.; Testa, G. Perfluorinated plastic optical fiber tapers for evanescent wave sensing. Sensors 2009, 9, 10423-10433.
70. Guo, L.; Ni, Q.; Li, J.; Zhang, L.; Lin, X.; Xie, Z.; Chen, G. A novel sensor based on the porous plastic probe for determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater. Talanta 2008, 74, 1032-1037.
71. Villatoro, J.; Monzón-Hernández, D. Low-cost optical fiber refractive-index sensor based on core diameter mismatch. Lightwave Technol. 2006, 24, 1409-1413.
72. Kima, K.T.; Moona, N.I.; Kimb, H.-K. A fiber optic UV sensor based on a side-polished single mode fiber covered with azobenzene dye-doped polycarbonate. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2010, 160, 19-21.
73. MacCraith, E.D.; Malins, C.; Landl, M.; Simon, P. Fibre optic ammonia sensing employing novel near infrared dyes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1998, 51, 359-367.
74. Lee, S.T.; Gin, J.; Nampoori, V.P.N.; Vallabhan, C.P.G.; Unnikrishnan, N.V.; Radhakrishnan, P. A sensitive fibre optic ph sensor using multiple sol-gel coatings. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 2001, 3, 355-359.
75. Ghatak, A.; Thyagarajan, K. Introduction to Fiber Optics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2004; p. 565.
76. Moore, J.N.; Abbott, L.C.; Batchelor, S.N.; Smith, J.R.L. Resonance Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy of black dyes on textiles. Forensic Sci. Int. 2010, 202, 54-63.
77. Gene, J.; Blanco, M.; Canals, T.; Coello, J.; Iturriaga, H.; Maspocha, S. Direct determination of leather dyes by visible reflectance spectroscopy using partial least-squares regression. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 419, 209-214.
78. Sahin, U.; Ulgen, A. Real-Time monitoring of indigo concentrations in the dyebath with a laser diode spectrometer. Text. Res. J. 2004, 74, 193-197.
79. Conde, O.M.; Cubillas, A.M.; Anuarbe, P.; Lopez-Higuera, J.M. Fiber-Optic Spectroscopic Sensor for Reactive Dye Mixture Spectrum Synthesis in Textile Industry. In Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2009 Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, 25-28 October 2009; Volume 8, pp. 136-139.
80. Huoliang, K.; Huifang, W. A rapid determination method of chemical oxygen demand in printing and dyeing wastewater using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Water Environ. Res. 2009, 81, 2381-2386.
81. Zhao, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhen, Y.; Fang, Y. A novel monitoring system for COD using optical ultraviolet absorption method. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2011, 10, 2348-2353.
82. Hur, J.; Cho, J. Prediction of BOD, COD, and total nitrogen concentrations in a typical urban river using a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix with PARAFAC and UV absorption indices. Sensors 2012, 12, 972-986.
83. Fang, J.; Dai, L. Rapid Detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using Least Square Support Vector Machines. In Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2004), Hangzhou, China, 15-19 June 2004; pp. 3810-3813.
84. Ahmad, S.R.; Reynolds, D.M. Rapid and direct determination of wastewater BOD values using a fluorescence technique. Water Res. 1997, 31, 2012-2018.
85. Wolfbels, O.S.; Preinlnger, C.; Kllmant, I. Optical fiber sensor for biological oxygen demand. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1841-1846.
86. Karube, I.; Chee, G.J.; Nomura, Y.; Ikebukuro, K. Optical fiber biosensor for the determination of low biochemical oxygen demand. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2000, 15, 371-376.
87. Bondi, M.C.M.; Orellana, G. From Molecular Engineering of Luminescent Indicators to Environmental Analytical Chemistry in the Field with Fiber-optic (Bio)sensors. In Proceedings of the 15th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference Technical Digest (OFS 2002), Portland, OR, USA, 10 May 2002; Volume 1, pp.115-118.
88. Kwok, Y.W.; Kwok, N.Y.; Dong, S.; Lo, W. An optical biosensor for multi-sample determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2005, 110, 289-298.
89. Chen, X.; Lin, L.; Xiao, L.L.; Huang, S.; Zhao, L.; Cui, J.S.; Wang, X.H. Novel BOD optical fiber biosensor based on co-immobilized microorganisms in ormosils matrix. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 1703-1709.
90. Karayannis, M.I.; Paleologos, E.K.; Prodromidis, M.I.; Giokas, D.L.; Pappas, A.C. Highly selective spectrophotometric determination of trace cobalt and development of a reagentless fiber-optic sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 467, 205-215.
91. Buerck, J.; Roth, S.; Kraemer, K.; Scholz, M.; Klaas, N. Application of A Fiber-optic NIR-EFA sensor system for in-situ monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater. J. Hazard. Mater. 2001, 83, 11-28.
92. Wei, Y.; Hao, X. Decolorization of Azo Dyes Wastewater By Electrochemical Oxidation. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE 2009), Beijing, China, 11-13 June 2009; pp. 1-4.
93. Inaloo, K.D.; Naddafi, K.; Mesdaghinia, R.; Nasseri, S.; Nodehi, N.; Rahimi, A. Optimization of operational parameters for decolorization and degradation of C.I. Reactive Blue 29 By Ozone. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. 2011, 8, 227-234.
94. Mahimwalla, Z.; Yager, K.G.; Mamiya, J.; Shishido, A.; Priimagi, A.; Barrett, C.J. Azobenzene photomechanics: Prospects and potential applications. Polym. Bull. 2012, 69, 967-1006.
95. Grattan, K.T.V. Principles of optical fibre sensing for water industry applications. Measurement 1997, 20, 109-119.
96. Liu, J.; Mattiasson, B. Microbial BOD sensors for wastewater analysis. Water Res. 2002, 36, 3786-3802.
97. Dobbs, R.A.; Wise, R.H.; Dean, R.B. The use of ultra-violet absorbance for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and wastewater. Water Res. 1972, 6, 1173-1180.
98. Aiestaran, P.; Arrue, J.; Zubia, J. Design of a sensor based on plastic optical fibre (POF) to measure fluid flow and turbidity. Sensors 2009, 9, 3790-3800.
99. Dornbush, J.N.; Ryckman, D.W. The effects of physiochemical processes in removing organic contaminants. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1963, 35, 1325-1338.
100. Mrkva, M. Investigation of organic pollution of surface waters by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1969, 41, 1923-1931.
101. Sensfelder, E.; Bürck, J.; Ache, H.J. Determination of hydrocarbons in water by evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy in the near-infrared region. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 1996, 354, 848-851.
102. Russo, R.E.; Klunder, G.L. Core-Based intrinsic fiber-optic absorption sensor for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Appl. Spectrosc. 1995, 49, 379-385.
103. Martin, P.A. Near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy in chemical process and environmental air monitoring. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2002, 31, 201-210.
104. Henderson, R.K.; Bakera, A.; Murphya, K.R.; Hamblya, A.; Stuetza, R.M.; Khana, S.J. Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems: A review. Water Res. 2009, 43, 863-881.
105. Lakowicz, J.R. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd ed.; Springer: London, UK, 2006.
106. Valeur, B. Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2001.
107. Larsson, T.; Wedborg, M.; Turner, D. Correction of inner-filter effect in fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrometry using raman scatter. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 583, 357-363.
108. Baker, A.; Elliott, S.; Lead, J.R. Effects of filtration and ph perturbation on freshwater organic matter fluorescence. Chemosphere 2007, 67, 2035-2043.
109. Reynolds, D.M.; Ahmad, S.R. The effect of metal ions on the fluorescence of sewage wastewater. Water Res. 1995, 29, 2214-2216.
110. Entino, N.P.S.; Mounier, S.; Lucas, Y.; Benaim, J.Y. Effects of UV-visible irradiation on natural organic matter from the amazon basin. Sci. Total Environ. 2004 321, 231-239.
111. Pavasant, P.; Janhom, T.; Wattanachira, S. Characterization of brewery wastewater with spectrofluorometry analysis. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90, 1184-1190.
112. Dienert, F. Research on fluorescent substances in the control of disinfection of water. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1910, 150, 487-488.
113. Ahmad, S.R.; Foster, V.G.; Reynolds, D.M. Laser Scattering Technique For The Non-Invasive Analysis of Wastewater. In Proceedings of the Substance Detection Systems Conference, Innsbruck, Austria, 28 March 1993; pp. 353-359.
114. Chee, G.J.; Nomura, Y.; Ikebukuro, K.; Karube, I. Development of highly sensitive BOD sensor and its evaluation using preozonation. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 394, 65-71.
115. Murtagh, M.T.; Shahriari, M.R. A study of the effects of organic modification and processing technique on the luminescence quenching behavior of sol-gel oxygen sensors based on a Ru(II) complex. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 3862-3869.
116. Neal, D.P.O.; Meledeo, M.A.; Davis, J.R.; Ibey, B.L.; Gant, V.A.; Pishko, M.V.; Coté, G.L. Oxygen sensor based on the fluorescence quenching of a ruthenium complex immobilized in a biocompatible Poly(Ethylene glycol) hydrogel. IEEE Sens. J. 2004 4, 728-734.
117. Dong, S.; Jia, J.; Tang, M.; Chen, X.; Qi, L. Co-Immobilized microbial biosensor for BOD estimation based on Sol/Gel derived composite material. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 1023-1029.
118. Girotti, S.; Ferri, E.N.; Fumo, M.G.; Maiolini, E. Monitoring of environmental pollutants by bioluminescent bacteria. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 608, 2-29.
119. Belkin, S. Genetically Engineered Microorganism for Pollution Monitoring. In Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation; Twardowska, I., Allen, H.E., Haggblom, M.H., Eds.; Springer: Krakow, Poland, 2005.
120. Polyak, B.; Bassis, E.; Novodvorets, A.; Belkin, S.; Marks, R.S. Bioluminescent whole cell optical fiber sensor to genotoxicants: system optimization. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2001, 76, 18-26.
121. Selvarajan, A.; Asundi, A. Photonics, fiber optic sensors and their applications in smart structures. Non-Destruct. Eval. 1995, 15, 41-56.