Diplomacy and symbolism

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 91-114

  Faizullaev, Alisher ^a  

^a University of World Economics and Diplomacy   (Uzbekistan)

Author keywords

ceremonies; formats and functions of symbolism in diplomacy; rituals; symbolic action and interactions; symbols

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879911164     PISSN: 18711901     EISSN: 1871191X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1871191X-12341254     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. A symbol, as defined by Talcott Parsons, is a 'physical or social object, event, aspect of a concrete object, or class or complex of any of these-which has acquired meaning for one or more actors involving a reference to meaningful entities other than the symbol-object itself'. See Talcott Parsons, Social Structure and Personality (London: The Free Press, 1964), p. 35.
2. Both rituals and ceremonies are symbolically framed interactions, and in a diplomatic context they have many similarities. That allows us to consider ritualistic and ceremonial symbolism as phenomena of the same order.
3. Christer Jönsson, 'Diplomatic Signaling in the Amarna Letters', in R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds), Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
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5. David I. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 104.
6. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9th edition 1995).
7. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 5.
8. Michael Walzer, 'On the Role of Symbolism in Political Thought', Political Science Quarterly, vol. 82, no. 2, June 1967, p. 194.
9. Adam Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States (London: Eyre Methuen, 1982), p. 14.
10. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 101.
11. Kissinger, Diplomacy, p. 503.
12. Carl G. Jung, 'Approaching the Unconscious', in Carl G. Jung (ed.), Man and his Symbols (New York: Dell Publishing, 1968), p. 4.
13. Tobias Theiler, Political Symbolism and European Integration (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp. 12-13.
14. Theiler, Political Symbolism and European Integration, p. 12.
15. Jönsson, Diplomatic Signaling in the Amarna Letters, p. 202.
16. Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, brief edition, revised by K.W. Thompson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993).
17. Girma Negash, Apologia Politica: States and Their Apologies by Proxy (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006), p. 110.
18. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 11.
19. Lisa Schirch, Ritual and Symbol in Peacebuilding (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2005), p. 82.
20. Christer Jönsson and Martin Hall, Essence of Diplomacy (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 45.
21. Manuel Roig-Franzia, 'Havana's 148 Flags Prove Mightier than the Billboard', Washington Post, May 13, 2006, available at http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/12/AR2006051201879.html.
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23. Roig-Franzia, 'Havana's 148 Flags Prove Mightier than the Billboard'.
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25. and Jönsson, Diplomatic Signaling in the Amarna Letters, p. 201
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27. Jönsson, Diplomatic Signaling in the Amarna Letters.
28. Barry O'Neill, Honor, Symbols, and War (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2002), p. xi.
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31. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, p. 88.
32. The concepts 'high-context culture' and 'low-context culture' were introduced by Edward Hall in Edward Hall, Beyond Culture (New York: Anchor Books, 1976).
33. Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, revised edition 2002).
34. Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures, p. 17.
35. O'Neill, Honor, Symbols, and War, pp. xi-xii.
36. Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy (Washington, DC: Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Edition, 1988), p. 122.
37. Raymond Cohen, International Politics: The Rules of the Game (London: Longman, 1981).
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39. Christer Jönsson and Karin Aggestam, 'Trends in Diplomatic Signalling', in Jan Melissen (ed.), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), p. 157.
40. Michael P. Marks, Metaphors in International Relations Theory (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 183.
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43. Mio, 'Metaphor and Politics', p. 130.
44. Jönsson and Hall, Essence of Diplomacy, p. 45.
45. Jönsson and Hall, Essence of Diplomacy, p. 65.
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47. Robert Langer, Thomas Quartier, Udo Simon, Jan Snoek and Gerard Wiegers, 'Ritual as a Source of Conflict', in Ronald L. Grimes, Ute Hüsken, Udo Simon and Eric Venbrux (eds), Ritual, Media and Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 93-132.
48. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 11.
49. Karen A. Cerulo, Identity Designs: The Sights and Sounds of a Nation (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), pp. 32-33.
50. Cerulo, Identity Designs, p. 33
51. Michael E. Geisler, 'Introduction: What are National Symbols-And What Do They Do To Us?', in Michael E. Geisler (ed.), National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative (Middlebury, VT: Middlebury College Press, 2005), p. XXI.
52. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, pp. 12 and 31.
53. Raymond Cohen, Theatre of Power: The Art of Diplomatic Signalling (London/New York: Longman, 1987);
54. Jönsson and Hall, Essence of Diplomacy; Christer Jönsson and Karin Aggestam, 'Trends in Diplomatic Signalling', in Jan Melissen (ed.), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (Houndmills: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 151-170.
55. and Kishan S. Rana, 'Diplomatic Signalling', in Bilateral Diplomacy (Geneva/Malta: DiploFoundation, 2007), pp. 213-225.
56. Cohen, Theatre of Power, p. 22.
57. Christer Jönsson, Communication in International Bargaining (London: Pinter, 1990), p. 44.
58. Jönsson and Hall, Essence of Diplomacy, p. 50
59. Cerulo, Identity Designs, p. 3.
60. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 6.
61. Schirch, Ritual and Symbol in Peacebuilding, p. 2.
62. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations.
63. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 178.
64. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 37.
65. Jönsson, Diplomatic Signaling in the Amarna Letters, p. 193.
66. For example, Air Force One is one of the visible symbols of the American presidency.
67. In turn, religious symbols can appear as value and identity symbols, and the study of their impact on international politics and diplomacy acquires a particular importance.
68. Alexander Wendt, 'The State as Person in International Theory', Review of International Studies, vol. 30, no. 2, 2004, pp. 289-316.
69. and Alisher Faizullaev, 'Individual Experiencing of States', Review of International Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, 2007, pp. 531-554.
70. Schirch, Ritual and Symbol in Peacebuilding, p. 138.
71. L.R. Hiatt, 'Rom in Arnhem Land', in Stephen A. Wild (ed.), Rom: An Aboriginal Ritual of Diplomacy (Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1986), p. 10.
72. Orrin Edgar Klapp, Collective Search for Identity (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969);
73. Raymond Firth, Symbols: Public and Private (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1975);
74. Bernhard Leistle, 'Ritual as Sensory Communication: A Theoretical and Analytical Perspective', in Klaus-Peter Köpping, Bernhard Leistle and Michael Rudolph (eds), Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformation of Social Reality (Berlin: LIT Verlag Berlin, 2006);
75. Schirch, Ritual and Symbol in Peacebuilding; Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power; Ioan M. Lewis, 'Introduction', in Ioan M. Lewis (ed.), Symbols and Sentiments (London: Academic, 1977), pp. 1-24.
76. A1.and James Fernandez, 'Persuasions and Performances: Of the Beast in Every Body . . . And the Metaphors of Everyman', in Clifford Geertz (ed.), Myth, Symbol and Culture (New York: Norton, 1971), pp. 39-60.
77. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, p. 92.