Norovirus contamination levels in ground water treatment systems used for food-catering facilities in South Korea

Viruses

Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1646-1654

  Lee, Bo Ram ^a   Lee, Sung Geun ^b   Park, Jong Hyun ^c   Kim, Kwang Yup ^d   Ryu, Sang Ryeol ^e   Rhee, Ok Jae ^f   Park, Jeong Woong ^g   Lee, Jeong Su ^h   Paik, Soon Young ^a  

^a The Catholic University of Korea   (South Korea)

^b Chonbuk National University   (South Korea)

^c Gachon University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^d Chungbuk National University   (South Korea)

^e Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^f Dankook University   (South Korea)

^g Sanigen Co Ltd   (South Korea)

^h National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Genotype; Groundwater; Nationwide; Norovirus

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; GROUND WATER;

ARTICLE; CATERING SERVICE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GENOTYPE; NONHUMAN; NOROVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PH; PHYLOGENY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SOUTH KOREA; TURBIDITY; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER TEMPERATURE; WATER TREATMENT;

CHLORINE; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD INDUSTRY; GENOTYPE; GROUNDWATER; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; NOROVIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, VIRAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TEMPERATURE;

NOROVIRUS;

EID: 84879898187     PISSN: 19994915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v5071646     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. CDC. Norowalk-Like Viruses. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5009a1.htm/ (accessed on 1 June 2001).
2. Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Available online: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdrw-rmtch/2011/ccdrw-rmtcs0511-eng.php/ (accessed on 4 Febuary 2011).
3. Martella, V.; Lorusso, E.; Decaro, N.; Elia, G.; Radogna, A.; D'Abramo, M.; Desario, C.; Cavalli, A.; Corrente, M.; Camero, M. et al. Detection and molecular characterization of a canine norovirus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14, 1306-1308.
4. Shen, Q.; Zhang, W.; Yang, S.; Yang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Cui, L.; Zhu, J.; Hua, X. Reconbinant porcine norovirus identified from piglet with diarrhea. BMC Vet. Res. 2012, 8, 155.
5. Marella, V.; Campolo, M.; Lorusso, E.; Cavicchio, P.; Camero, M.; Bellacicco, A.L.; Decaro, N.; Elia, G.; Greco, G.; Corrente, M. et al. Norovirus in captive lion cub (panther leo). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13, 1071-1073.
6. Patel, M.M.; Widdowson, M.A.; Glass, R.I.; Akazawa, K.; Vinge, J.; Parashar, U.D. Systematic literature review of role of NoVs in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14, 1224-1231.
7. Kim, S.H.; Cheon, D.S.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, D.H.; Jheong, W.H.; Heo, Y.J.; Chung, H.M.; Jee, Y.M.; Lee, J.S. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred during school excursions in Korea were associated with several waterborne strains of norovirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43, 4836-4839.
8. Huh, J.W.; Kim, W.H.; Moon, S.G.; Lee, J.B.; Lim, Y.H. Viral etiology and incidence associated with acute gastroenteritis in a 5-year survey in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. J. Clin. Virol. 2009, 44, 152-156.
9. World Health Organization (WHO). Basic Food Safety for Health Workers; WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999; pp. 10-12.
10. Lysén, M.; Thorhagen, M.; Brytting, M.; Hjertqvist, M.; Andersson, Y.; Hedlund, K.O. Genetic diversity among foodborne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47, 2411-2418.
11. CDC. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships-United States, 2002. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/norovirus.html/ (accessed on 13 December 2002).
12. Lee, H.L.; Kim, M.S.; Lee, J.E.; Lim, M.Y.; Kim, M.J.; Kim, J.M.; Jheong, W.H.; Kim, J.M.; Ko, G.P. Investigation of norovirus occurrence in groundwater in metropolitan Seoul, Korea. Sci. Total. Environ. 2011, 409, 2078-2084.
13. Gabrieli, R.; Maccari, F.; Ruta, A.; Pana, A.; Divizia, M. Norovirus detection in groundwater. Food Environ. Virol. 2009, 1, 92-96.
14. Kwun, J.W.; Lee, C.H. Trends of recent food-borne disease outbreaks in Korea. J. Kor. Med. Assoc. 2007, 50, 573-581.
15. Gwack, J.; Lee, K.C.; Lee, H.J.; Kwak, W.S.; Lee, D.W.; Choi, Y.H.; Kim, J.S.; Kang, Y.A. Trends in water-and foodborne disease outbreaks in Korea, 2007-2009. Osong. Pub. Health Res. Perspect. 2010, 1, 50-54.
16. Lopmam, B.A.; Reacher, M.H.; van Duijnhoven, Y.; Hanon, F.X.; Brown, D.; Koopmans, M. Viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe, 1995-2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 90-96.
17. Kageyama, T.; Shinogara, M.; Uchida, K.; Fukushi, S.; Hoshino, F.B.; Kojima, S.; Takai, R.; Oka, T.; Takeda, N.; Katayama, K. Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to norovirus in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42, 2988-2995.
18. Webby, R.J.; Carville, K.S.; Kirk, M.D.; Greening, G.; Ratcliff, R.M.; Crerar, S.K.; Dempsey, K.; Sarna, M.; Stafford, R.; Patel, M.; Hall, G. Internationally distributed frozen oyster meat causing multiple outbreaks of norovirus infection in Australia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44, 1026-1031.
19. Nygard, K.; Torven, M.; Ancker, C.; Knauth, S.B.; Hedlund, K.O.; Giesecke, J.; Andersson, Y.; Svensson, L. Emerging genotype (GGIIb) of norovirus in drinking water, Sweden. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 1548-1552.
20. Parshionikar, S.U.; Willian-True, S.; Fout, G.S.; Robbins, D.E.; Seys, S.A.; Cassady, J.D.; Harris, R. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69, 5263-5268.
21. Maunula, L.; Miettinen, I.T.; von Bonsdorft, C.H. Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11, 1716-1721.
22. Hewitt, J.; Bell, D.; Simmons, G.C.; Rivera-Aban, M.; Wolf, S.; Greening, G.E. Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by waterborne norovirus at a New Zealand ski resort. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 7853-7857.
23. Gray, J.J.; Green, J.; Cunliffe, C.; Gallimore, C.; Lee, J.V.; Neal, K.; Brown, D.W.G. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. J. Med. Virol. 1997, 52, 425-429.
24. Hoebe, C.; Vennema, H.; de Roda Husman, A.M.; Duynhoven, Y. Norovirus outbreak among primary school children who had played in a recreational water fountain. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 189, 699-705.
25. Koh, S.J.; Cho, H.G.; Kim, B.H.; Choi, B.Y. An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus-contaminated groundwater at a waterpark in Korea. J. Kor. Med. Sci. 2011, 26, 28-32.
26. Waterborne Virus Bank. Available online: http://www.knrrc.or.kr/ (accessed on 1 March 2009).
27. Lee, S.G.; Lee, S.H.; Park, S.W.; Jheong, W.H.; Oh, S.H.; Paik, S.Y. Standardized positive controls for detection of norovirus by reverse transcription PCR. J. Virol. 2011, 8, 260.
28. EditSeq, version 5.07 software; DNAStar, Inc: Madison, WI, USA, 2003.
29. Paik, S.Y. Research on the Contamination Levels of Norovirus in Food Catering Facilities;10052 KFDA060; Korean Food & Drug Administration: Osong, South Korea, 2010; pp. 101-106.
30. Lee, S.G.; Jheong, W.H.; Suh, C.I.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, J.B.; Jeong, Y.S.; Ko, G.P.; Jang, K.L.; Lee, G.C.; Paik, S.Y. Nationwide groundwater surveillance of noroviruses in South Korea, 2008. Appl. Environ. Virol. 2010, 4, 1466-1474.
31. Aw, T.G.; Gin, K.Y. H.; Oon, L.L. E.; Chen, E.X.; Woo, C.H. Prevalence and geontypes of human noroviruses in tropical urban surface waters and clinical samples in singapore. Appl. Environ. Virol. 2009, 75, 4984-4992.
32. Yu, J.H.; Kim, N.Y.; Koh, Y.J.; Lee, H.J. Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreak in Incheon, Korea. J. Kor. Med. Sci. 2010, 25, 1128-1133.