A legal and ecological perspective of 'site integrity' to inform policy development and management of Special Areas of Conservation in Europe

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 14-21

  Rees, Siân E ^a   Sheehan, Emma V ^a   Jackson, Emma L ^a,d   Gall, Sarah C ^a   Cousens, Sophie L ^a   Solandt, Jean Luc ^b   Boyer, Matthew ^c   Attrill, Martin J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^b MARINE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United Kingdom)

^c Appletree Barn Chagford   (United Kingdom)

^d CENTRAL QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Ecosystem services; European marine sites; Favourable conservation status; Habitats Directive; Marine Protected Areas; Natura 2000

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; EUROPEAN MARINE SITES; FAVOURABLE CONSERVATION STATUS; HABITATS DIRECTIVES; MARINE PROTECTED AREA; NATURA 2000;

CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEMS;

MARINE ENGINEERING;

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION STATUS; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; EUROPEAN UNION; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; MARINE PARK; POLICY DEVELOPMENT;

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; BENTHOS; BIODIVERSITY; CORAL REEF; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EUROPEAN UNION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HABITAT QUALITY; INFORMATION SERVICE; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; SITE INTEGRITY; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES HABITAT; SPECIES RICHNESS; SYNECOLOGY;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; EUROPE; POLICY MAKING;

EUROPE;

EID: 84879890537     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: 18793363     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.036     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. 'the Waddenzee case' Case C-127/02, 2004. Landelijke Vereniging tot Behoud van de Waddenzee and Nederlandse Verenining tot Bescherming van Vogels - v - Staatssecretaris van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij Paragraph 36.
2. Armsworth P.R., Chan K.M.A., Daily G.C., Ehrlich P.R., Kremen C., Ricketts T.H., Sanjayan M.A. Ecosystem-service science and the way forward for conservation. Conservation Biology 2007, 21:1383-1384.
3. Attrill, M.J., Austen, M.C., Bayley, D.T.I., Carr, H.L., Downey, K., Fowell, S.C., Gall, S.C., Hattam, C., Holland, L., Jackson, E.L., Langmead, O., Mangi, S.C., Marshall, C., Munro, C., Rees, S.E., Rodwell, L.D., Sheehan, E.V., Stevens, J., Stevens, T.F., Strong, S., 2011. Lyme Bay-a case study: measuring recovery of benthic species; assessing potential "spillover" effects and socio-economic changes, 2 years after the closure. Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of bottom towed fishing gear and the associated socio-economic effects in Lyme Bay. Final Report 1. Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from the University of Plymouth-led consortium. University of Plymouth Enterprise Ltd., Plymouth, pp. 108.
4. Balmford, A., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Walpole, M., ten Brink, P., Kettunen, M., Braat, L., de Groot, R., 2008. The Economics of Biodiversity and Ecosystems: Scoping the Science. European Commission, Cambridge.
5. Boström C., Pittman S., Simenstad C., Kneib R. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: ad vances, gaps, challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2011, 191-217.
6. Bradshaw C., Veale L.O., Hill A.S., Brand A.R. The effect of scallop dredging on Irish Sea benthos: experiments using a closed area. Hydrobiologia 2001, 129-138.
7. Bradshaw C., Collins P., Brand A.R. To what extent does upright sessile epifauna affect benthic biodiversity and community composition?. Marine Biology 2003, 783-791.
8. Brand A.R., Paul J.D., Hoogesteger J.N. Spat settlement of the scallops Chlamys opercularis (L.) and Pecten maximus (L.) on artificial collectors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1980, 379-390.
9. Case C-258/11, 2012. Sweetman and Others - v - An Bord Pleanala.
10. CBD, 2010. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global Biodiversity Outlook3, Montreal.
11. Chapin F.S., Zavaleta E.S., Eviner V.T., Naylor R.L., Vitousek P.M., Reynolds H.L., Hooper D.U., Lavorel S., Sala O.E., Hobbie S.E., Mack M.C., Diaz S. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 2000, 405:234-242.
12. Client Earth, Marine Conservation Society, 2011. Habitats Directive Correspondance. Enquiry Letter and Reply: Fishing Vessel Licences and the Habitats Directive.
13. Commission v French Republic Case C-241/08, 2010. Commission of the European Communities - v - French Republic.
14. Commission v Ireland Case C-418/04, 2007. Commission of the European Communities - v - Ireland.
15. Conde, S., Jones-Walters, L., Torre-Marin, A., Romao, C., 2010. EU 2010 Biodiveristy Baseline. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, pp. 126.
16. Connell S.D., Jones G.P. The influence of habitat complexity on postrecruitment processes in a temperate reef fish population. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1991, 271-294.
17. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011. Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
18. Curtin R., Prellezo R. Understanding marine ecosystem based management: a literature review. Marine Policy 2010, 34:821-830.
19. Dare, P.J., Bannister, R.C.A., 1987. Settlement of scallop, Pecten maximus, spat on natural substances off south west England: the hydroid connection. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Pectinid Workshop. 9-14 April 1987, Menai Bridge.
20. DEFRA, 2008. The Lyme Bay Designated Area (Fishing Restrictions) Order. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London.
21. Edwards E. The Edible Crab and its Fishery in British Waters 1979, Fishing New Books Ltd., Farnham, Surrey.
22. Eggleston, D., 1962. Spat of the Scallop Pecten maximus (L.) off Port Erin, Isle of Man, Annual Report, Marine Biological Station, Port Erin, vol. 74, pp. 29-32.
23. European Commission, 2000. Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. European Commission, pp. 73.
24. European Commission, 2007. Natura 2000: Interpretation Manual of European Habitats. DG Environment; Nature and Biodiversity. European Commission and DG Environment, pp. 144. <. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/docs/2007_07_im.pdf.
25. European Parliament and Council, 2008. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Marine Environmental Policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). The European Parliment, pp. 22.
26. Fletcher, S., Saunders, J., Herbert, R., Roberts, C., Dawson, K., 2012. Description of the ecosystem services provided by broad-scale habitats and features of conservation importance that are likely to be protected by Marine Protected Areas in the Marine Conservation Zone Project area. Natural England Commissioned Reports, pp. 88.
27. Fossa J.H., Mortensen P.B., Furevik D.M. The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia 2002, 471:1-12.
28. Gaston K.J., Charman K., Jackson S.F., Armsworth P.R., Bonn A., Briers R.A., Callaghan C.S.Q., Catchpole R., Hopkins J., Kunin W.E., Latham J., Opdam P., Stoneman R., Stroud D.A., Tratt R. The ecological effectiveness of protected areas: The United Kingdom. Biological Conservation 2006, 132:76-87.
29. Hall-Spencer J.M. Conservation issue relating to maerl beds as habitats for molluscs. Journal of Conchology Special Publication No. 2 1998, 271:271-286.
30. Hall-Spencer J.M., Moore P.G. Impact of scallop dredging on maerl grounds. Effects of Fishing on Non-Turret Species and Habitats: Biological Conservation and Socio-Economic Issues 2000, 105-117. Blackwell Science, Oxford. M.J. Kaiser, S.J. de Groot (Eds.).
31. Halpern B.S., Walbridge S., Selkoe K.A., Kappel C.V., Micheli F., D'Agrosa C., Bruno J.F., Casey K.S., Ebert C., Fox H.E., Fujita R., Heinemann D., Lenihan H.S., Madin E.M.P., Perry M.T., Selig E.R., Spalding M., Steneck R., Watson R. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 2008, 319:948-952.
32. Her Majesty's Government, 1994. Planning Policy Guidance Note 9 (PPG9) on Nature Conservation.
33. Hinz H., Tarrant D., Ridgeway A., Kaiser M.J., Hiddink J.G. Effects of scallop dredging on temperate reef fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2011, 432:91-102.
34. Hiscock, K., Breckels, M., 2007. Marine Biodiversity Hotspots in the UK. A Report Identifying and Protecting Areas for Marine Biodiversity. WWF UK, Godalming, Surrey, pp. 118.
35. HM Government, 2012. Links Between the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Other Legislation Marine Strategy Framework Directive Factsheet 2. Defra, pp. 2.
36. Hochkirch, A., Schmitt, T., Beninde, J., Hiery, M., Kinitz, T., Kirschey, J., Matenaar, D., Rohde, K., Stoefen, A., Wagner, N., Zink, A., Lötters, S., Veith, M., Proelss, A., 2013. Europe Needs a New Vision for a Natura 2020 Network. Conservation Letters. Early View (Online Version of Record Published before Inclusion in an Issue).
37. Holthuis, L.B., 1991. Marine Lobsters of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries Known to Date, FAO Species Catalogue. FAO, Rome, pp. 125.
38. Hooper D.U., Chapin F.S., Ewel J.J., Hector A., Inchausti P., Lavorel S., Lawton J.H., Lodge D.M., Loreau M., Naeem S., Schmid B., Setala H., Symstad A.J., Vandermeer J., Wardle D.A. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 2005, 75:3-35.
39. Howard A.E. The distribution and behaviour of ovigerous edible crabs (Cancer pagurus), and consequent sampling bias. Journal du Conseil International Pour l'exploration de la Mer 1982, 258-261.
40. Howard A.E., Bennett D.B. The substrate preference and burrowing behaviour of juvenille lobsters (Homarus gamarus) (L.). Journal of Natural History 1979, 433-438.
41. Ieno E.N., Solan M., Batty P., Pierce G.J. How biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning: roles of infaunal species richness, identity and density in the marine benthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 311:7.
42. Jackson, D.L., Mcleod, C.R., 2000. Handbook on the UK status of EC habitats directive interest features: provisional data on the UK distribution and extent of Annex I habitats and the UK distribution and population size of Annex II species. Joint Nature Conservataion Committee, Peterborough, pp. 180.
43. Jackson, E.L., Langmead, O., Barnes, M., Tyler-Walters, H., Hiscock, K., 2008. Identification of indicator species to represent the full range of benthic life history strategies for Lyme Bay and the consideration of the wider application for monitoring of Marine Protected Areas. Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth.
44. Karr J.R., Dudley D.R. Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Managment 1981, 5:55-68.
45. Mangi S.C., Rodwell L.D., Hattam C. Assessing the impacts of establishing MPAs on fishermen and fish merchants: the case of Lyme Bay, UK. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 2011, 40:457-468.
46. Natural England, 2010. Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Lyme Bay and Torbay SAC Selection Assessment Document Version 2.5. Natural England, Peterborough, pp. 26.
47. OSPAR Convention, 2002. Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. OSPAR Commission, pp. 33.
48. Paavola J. Protected areas governance and justice: theory and the european union's habitats directive. Environmental Sciences 2004, 1:59-77.
49. Parrish J.D., Braun D.P., Unnasch R.S. Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 2003, 53:851-860.
50. Petchey O., Gaston K.J. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters 2006, 9:741-758.
51. Pollnac R., Christie P., Cinner J., Dalton T., Daw T., Forrester G., Graham N., McClanahan T. Marine reserves as linked social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America 2010, 107:18262-18265.
52. Rees S.E., Attrill M.J., Austen M.C., Mangi S.C., Richards J.P., Rodwell L.D. Is there a win-win scenario for marine nature conservation? A case study of Lyme Bay, England. Ocean & Coastal Management 2010, 53:135-145.
53. Rees S.E., Rodwell L.D., Attrill M.J., Austen M.C., Mangi S.C. The value of marine biodiversity to the leisure and recreation industry and its application to marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 2010, 34:868-875.
54. Rees S.E., Austen M.C., Attrill M.J., Rodwell L.D. Incorporating indirect ecosystem services into marine protected area planning and management. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 2012, 8:273-285.
55. Rees S., Fletcher S., Glegg G., Marshall C., Rodwell L., Jefferson R., Campbell M., Langmead O., Ashley M., Bloomfield H., Brutto D., Colenutt A., Conversi A., Earll B., Hattam C., Ingram S., McKinley E., Mee L., Oates J., Peckett F., Portus J., Reed M., Rogers S., Saunders J., Scales K., Wynn R. Priority questions to shape the marine and coastal policy research agenda in the United Kingdom. Marine Policy 2013, 38:531-537.
56. Rice J., Arvanitidis C., Borja A., Frid C., Hiddink J.G. Indicators for sea-floor integrity under the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Ecological Indicators 2012, 174-184.
57. Riesen W., Reise K. Macrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: revisited after 55 years. Helgoländer Meersunters 1982, 409-423.
58. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004. Technical Advice on the Establishment and Management of a National System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas. In: SCBD (Ed.), CBD Technical Series Number 13, pp. 40.
59. Sheehan, E.V., Gall, S.C., Cousens, S.L., 2012. Between the reefs: the occurrance of sessile organisms on pebbly-sand habitats in the Lyme Bay cSAC compared to areas open to fishing. A Report to the Wildlife Trusts. Marine Institute, Plymouth, pp. 11.
60. Smith M.D., Wilen J.E. Economic impacts of marine reserves: the importance of spatial behavior. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2003, 46:183-206.
61. Smith M.D., Sanchirico J.N., Wilen J.E. The economics of spatial-dynamic processes: Applications to renewable resources. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2009, 57:104-121.
62. Sobel J., Dahlgren C. Marine Reserves. A Guide to Science, Design and Use 2004, Island Press, Washington.
63. Somerfield P.J., Clarke K.R., Warwick R.M., Dulvy N.K. Average functional distinctness as a measure of the composition of assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2008, 65:1462-1468.
64. The Council of the European Communities, 1992. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (The Habitats Directive). European Commission, pp. 66.
65. Thrush S.F., Hewitt J.E., Cummings V.J., Dayton P.K., Cryer M., Turner S.J., Funnell G.A., Budd R.G., Milburn C.J., Wilkinson M.R. Disturbance of the marine benthic habitat by commercial fishing: impacts at the scale of the fishery. Ecological Applications 1998, 8:866-879.
66. Ulanowicz R.E. The balance between adaptability and adaptation. BioSystems 2002, 13-22.
67. Worm B., Barbier E.B., Beaumont N., Duffy J.E., Folke C., Halpern B.S., Jackson J.B.C., Lotze H.K., Micheli F., Palumbi S.R., Sala E., Selkoe K.A., Stachowicz J.J., Watson R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 2006, 314:787-790.