Clinical pharmacy services in heart failure: An opinion paper from the heart failure society of america and american college of clinical pharmacy cardiology practice and research network

Journal of Cardiac Failure

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 354-369

  Milfred Laforest, Sherry K ^a   Chow, Sheryl L ^b   Didomenico, Robert J ^c   Dracup, Kathleen ^d   Ensor, Christopher R ^e   Gattis Stough, Wendy ^f   Heywood, J Thomas ^g   Lindenfeld, Joann ^h   Page II, Robert L ^h   Patterson, J Herbert ⁱ   Vardeny, Orly ^j   Massie, Barry M ^k  

^a LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^f CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g SCRIPPS CLINIC   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

ⁱ University of North Carolina   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

clinical pharmacist; Heart failure; heart transplant; multidisciplinary team

Indexed keywords

ACCREDITATION; ARTICLE; ASSISTED CIRCULATION; CERTIFICATION; CLINICAL PHARMACY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; EMERGENCY CARE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART GRAFT; HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MEDICAID; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MEDICARE; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MEDICATION ERROR; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; OUTPATIENT; PHARMACIST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SATISFACTION; UNITED STATES;

DRUG COSTS; DRUG INFORMATION SERVICES; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG TOXICITY; EDUCATION, PHARMACY, GRADUATE; HEART FAILURE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; MEDICAL ASSISTANCE; MEDICARE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MEDICATION ERRORS; MEDICATION RECONCILIATION; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; OUTPATIENT CLINICS, HOSPITAL; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PATIENT DISCHARGE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PHARMACISTS; PHARMACY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84879845552     PISSN: 10719164     EISSN: 15328414     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.02.002     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. C.D. Hepler, and L.M. Strand Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care Am J Hosp Pharm 47 1990 533 543
2. C.D. Hepler, and L.M. Strand Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care Am J Pharm Educ 53 Suppl 1989 7S 15S
3. L.M. Strand, P.C. Morley, R.J. Cipolle, R. Ramsey, and G.D. Lamsam Drug-related problems: their structure and function DICP 24 1990 1093 1097
4. C.A. Bond, and C.L. Raehl 2006 national clinical pharmacy services survey: clinical pharmacy services, collaborative drug management, medication errors, and pharmacy technology Pharmacotherapy 28 2008 1 13
5. C.A. Bond, and C.L. Raehl Adverse drug reactions in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 26 2006 601 608
6. C.A. Bond, and C.L. Raehl Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and adverse drug reactions in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 26 2006 735 747
7. C.A. Bond, and C.L. Raehl Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and hospital mortality rates Pharmacotherapy 27 2007 481 493
8. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, and T. Franke Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacist staffing, and drug costs in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 19 1999 1354 1362
9. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, and T. Franke Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and the total cost of care in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 20 2000 609 621
10. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, M.E. Pitterle, and T. Franke Health care professional staffing, hospital characteristics, and hospital mortality rates Pharmacotherapy 19 1999 130 138
11. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, and T. Franke Clinical pharmacy services, hospital pharmacy staffing, and medication errors in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 22 2002 134 147
12. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, and T. Franke Medication errors in United States hospitals Pharmacotherapy 21 2001 1023 1036
13. J. Geber, D. Parra, N.P. Beckey, and L. Korman Optimizing drug therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease: the impact of pharmacist-managed pharmacotherapy clinics in a primary care setting Pharmacotherapy 22 2002 738 747
14. K.J. McConnell, T.L. Humphries, M.A. Raebel, J.A. Merenich Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service Study Group Clinical pharmacy specialist implementation of lisinopril therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus Pharmacotherapy 23 2003 1564 1572
15. S.L. Ellis, B.L. Carter, D.C. Malone, S.J. Billups, G.J. Okano, and R.J. Valuck Clinical and economic impact of ambulatory care clinical pharmacists in management of dyslipidemia in older adults: the IMPROVE study Pharmacotherapy 20 2000 1508 1516
16. S.D. Bex, A.S. Boldt, S.B. Needham, S.M. Bolf, C.M. Walston, and D.C. Ramsey Effectiveness of a hypertension care management program provided by clinical pharmacists for veterans Pharmacotherapy 31 2011 31 38
17. R.S. Padiyara, J.J. d'Souza, and R.S. Rihani Clinical pharmacist intervention and the proportion of diabetes patients attaining prevention objectives in a multispecialty medical group J Manag Care Pharm 17 2011 456 462
18. J.K. Lee, K.A. Grace, and A.J. Taylor Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 296 2006 2563 2571
19. S.V. Monte, E.M. Slazak, N.P. Albanese, M. Adelman, G. Rao, and J.A. Paladino Clinical and economic impact of a diabetes clinical pharmacy service program in a university and primary care-based collaboration model J Am Pharm Assoc 49 2009 200 208
20. M.W. Rich, V. Beckham, C. Wittenberg, C.L. Leven, K.E. Freedland, and R.M. Carney A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure N Engl J Med 333 1995 1190 1195
21. S. Stewart, S. Pearson, and J.D. Horowitz Effects of a home-based intervention among patients with congestive heart failure discharged from acute hospital care Arch Intern Med 158 1998 1067 1072
22. G.C. Fonarow, L.W. Stevenson, J.A. Walden, N.A. Livingston, A.E. Steimle, and M.A. Hamilton Impact of a comprehensive heart failure management program on hospital readmission and functional status of patients with advanced heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1997 725 732
23. B. Riegel, T. Thomason, B. Carlson, B. Bernasconi, A. Clark, and P. Hoagland Implementation of a multidisciplinary disease management program for heart failure patients Congest Heart Fail 5 1999 164 170
24. O. Costantini, K. Huck, M.D. Carlson, K. Boyd, C.M. Buchter, P. Raiz, and G.S. Cooper Impact of a guideline-based disease management team on outcomes of hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure Arch Intern Med 161 2001 177 182
25. D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. de Simone, T.B. Ferguson, and K. Flegal Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation 119 2009 e21 181
26. H.M. Krumholz, E.M. Parent, N. Tu, V. Vaccarino, Y. Wang, and M.J. Radford Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries Arch Intern Med 157 1997 99 104
27. C. Kongkaew, P.R. Noyce, and D.M. Ashcroft Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of prospective observational studies DICP 42 2008 1017 1025
28. P.J. McDonnell, and M.R. Jacobs Hospital admissions resulting from preventable adverse drug reactions DICP 36 2002 1331 1336
29. A.K. Jha, G.J. Kuperman, E. Rittenberg, J.M. Teich, and D.W. Bates Identifying hospital admissions due to adverse drug events using a computer-based monitor Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 10 2001 113 119
30. L.L. Leape, D.J. Cullen, M.D. Clapp, E. Burdick, H.J. Demonaco, and J.I. Erickson Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit JAMA 282 1999 267 270
31. S.L. Kane, R.J. Weber, and J.F. Dasta The impact of critical care pharmacists on enhancing patient outcomes Intensive Care Med 29 2003 691 698
32. N.M. LaPointe, and J.G. Jollis Medication errors in hospitalized cardiovascular patients Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1461 1466
33. M.D. Murray, M.E. Ritchey, J. Wu, and W. Tu Effect of a pharmacist on adverse drug events and medication errors in outpatients with cardiovascular disease Arch Intern Med 169 2009 757 763
34. F.A. Masoudi, C.A. Baillie, Y. Wang, W.D. Bradford, J.F. Steiner, and E.P. Havranek The complexity and cost of drug regimens of older patients hospitalized with heart failure in the United States, 1998-2001 Arch Intern Med 165 2005 2069 2076
35. C.Y. Wong, S.I. Chaudhry, M.M. Desai, and H.M. Krumholz Trends in comorbidity, disability, and polypharmacy in heart failure Am J Med 124 2011 136 143
36. D.N. Juurlink, M.M. Mamdani, D.S. Lee, A. Kopp, P.C. Austin, and A. Laupacis Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study N Engl J Med 351 2004 543 551
37. B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W.J. Remme, R. Cody, A. Castaigne, A. Perez Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure N Engl J Med 341 1999 709 717
38. A. Talatinian, S.L. Chow, and J.T. Heywood Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: an expanding role in heart failure Pharmacotherapy 32 2012 827 837
39. R. Koppel, J.P. Metlay, A. Cohen, B. Abaluck, A.R. Localio, and S.E. Kimmel Role of computerized physician order entry systems in facilitating medication errors JAMA 293 2005 1197 1203
40. C. Zhan, R.W. Hicks, C.M. Blanchette, M.A. Keyes, and D.D. Cousins Potential benefits and problems with computerized prescriber order entry: analysis of a voluntary medication error-reporting database Am J Hosp Pharm 63 2006 353 358
41. P.P. Gerbino Digitalis glycoside intoxication - a preventive role for pharmacists Am J Hosp Pharm 30 1973 499 504
42. J.E. Tisdale, H.A. Wroblewski, B.R. Overholser, J.R. Kingery, T.N. Trujillo, and R.J. Kovacs Prevalence of QT interval prolongation in patients admitted to cardiac care units and frequency of subsequent administration of qt interval-prolonging drugs: a prospective, observational study in a large urban academic medical center in the US Drug Saf 35 2012 459 470
43. Joint Commission. National patient safety goals 2011. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/standards-information/npsgs.aspx. Accessed May 31, 2012.
44. A. Bobb, K. Gleason, M. Husch, J. Feinglass, P.R. Yarnold, and G.A. Noskin The epidemiology of prescribing errors: the potential impact of computerized prescriber order entry Arch Intern Med 164 2004 785 792
45. K.M. Gleason, J.M. Groszek, C. Sullivan, D. Rooney, C. Barnard, and G.A. Noskin Reconciliation of discrepancies in medication histories and admission orders of newly hospitalized patients Am J Health Syst Pharm 61 2004 1689 1695
46. A. Bergkvist, P. Midlov, P. Hoglund, L. Larsson, A. Bondesson, and T. Eriksson Improved quality in the hospital discharge summary reduces medication errors - LIMM: Landskrona Integrated Medicines Management Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65 2009 1037 1046
47. B.D. Hayes, J.L. Donovan, B.S. Smith, and C.A. Hartman Pharmacist-conducted medication reconciliation in an emergency department Am J Health Syst Pharm 64 2007 1720 1723
48. E.M. Murphy, C.J. Oxencis, J.A. Klauck, D.A. Meyer, and J.M. Zimmerman Medication reconciliation at an academic medical center: implementation of a comprehensive program from admission to discharge Am J Health Syst Pharm 66 2009 2126 2131
49. J.R. Pippins, T.K. Gandhi, C. Hamann, C.D. Ndumele, S.A. Labonville, and E.K. Diedrichsen Classifying and predicting errors of inpatient medication reconciliation Journal of general internal medicine 23 2008 1414 1422
50. S. Steurbaut, L. Leemans, T. Leysen, E. de Baere, P. Cornu, and T. Mets Medication history reconciliation by clinical pharmacists in elderly inpatients admitted from home or a nursing home DICP 44 2010 1596 1603
51. P. Varkey, J. Cunningham, J. O'Meara, R. Bonacci, N. Desai, and R. Sheeler Multidisciplinary approach to inpatient medication reconciliation in an academic setting Am J Health Syst Pharm 64 2007 850 854
52. R.N. Eggink, A.W. Lenderink, J.W. Widdershoven, and P.M. van den Bemt The effect of a clinical pharmacist discharge service on medication discrepancies in patients with heart failure Pharm World Sci 32 2010 759 766
53. F.H. Gwadry-Sridhar, J.M. Arnold, Y. Zhang, J.E. Brown, G. Marchiori, and G. Guyatt Pilot study to determine the impact of a multidisciplinary educational intervention in patients hospitalized with heart failure Am Heart J 150 2005 982.e1-982.e9
54. S. LaForest, J. Gee, A. Pugacz, J. Barcena, D. Hoover, and A. Guthrie SERIOUS medication reconciliation clinic: improving transitions in care J Card Fail 16 8 Suppl 2010 s112m [abstract]
55. K.S. Boockvar, H. Carlson LaCorte, V. Giambanco, B. Fridman, and A. Siu Medication reconciliation for reducing drug-discrepancy adverse events Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 4 2006 236 243
56. P.C. Walker, S.J. Bernstein, J.N. Jones, J. Piersma, H.W. Kim, and R.E. Regal Impact of a pharmacist-facilitated hospital discharge program: a quasi-experimental study Arch Intern Med 169 2009 2003 2010
57. A.V. Ambardekar, G.C. Fonarow, A.F. Hernandez, W. Pan, C.W. Yancy, and M.J. Krantz Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for nonadherent patients with heart failure: findings from Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Am Heart J 158 2009 644 652
58. A.D. Bagchi, D. Esposito, M. Kim, J. Verdier, and D. Bencio Utilization of, and adherence to, drug therapy among medicaid beneficiaries with congestive heart failure Clin Ther 29 2007 1771 1783
59. M.D. Murray, J. Young, S. Hoke, W. Tu, M. Weiner, and D. Morrow Pharmacist intervention to improve medication adherence in heart failure: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 146 2007 714 725
60. M.A. Chisholm, and J.T. DiPiro Pharmaceutical manufacturer assistance programs Arch Intern Med 162 2002 780 784
61. M.D. Murray Implementing pharmacy practice research programs for the management of heart failure Pharm World Sci 32 2010 546 548
62. E.D. Peterson, N.M. Albert, A. Amin, J.H. Patterson, and G.C. Fonarow Implementing critical pathways and a multidisciplinary team approach to cardiovascular disease management Am J Cardiol 102 5A 2008 47G 56G
63. C.M. White Ensuring that patients receive full cardiac pharmacotherapy services: a pharmacist's call to arms DICP 40 2006 2248 2250
64. C. White, and M. Chow Cost impact and clinical benefits of focused rounding in the cardiovascular intensive care unit Hosp Pharm 33 1998 419 423
65. P.J. Gandhi, B.S. Smith, G.R. Tataronis, and B. Maas Impact of a pharmacist on drug costs in a coronary care unit Am J Health Syst Pharm 58 2001 497 503
66. M.I. Rudis, K.M. Brandl Society of Critical Care Medicine and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Task Force on Critical Care Pharmacy Services Position paper on critical care pharmacy services Crit Care Med 28 2000 3746 3750
67. R.J. Brilli, A. Spevetz, R.D. Branson, G.M. Campbell, H. Cohen, and J.F. Dasta Critical care delivery in the intensive care unit: defining clinical roles and the best practice model Crit Care Med 29 2001 2007 2019
68. Joint Commission. Core measure sets: heart failure 2011. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/core-measure-sets.aspx. Accessed June 9, 2012.
69. ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry) Q1 2006 final cumulative national benchmark report Mountain View: Scios 2006
70. G.C. Fonarow, J.T. Heywood, P.A. Heidenreich, M. Lopatin, and C.W. Yancy Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Am Heart J 153 2007 1021 1028
71. M.J. Krantz, A.V. Ambardekar, L. Kaltenbach, A.F. Hernandez, P.A. Heidenreich, and G.C. Fonarow Patterns and predictors of evidence-based medication continuation among hospitalized heart failure patients (from Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure) Am J Cardiol 107 2011 1818 1823
72. N. Sato, K. Kajimoto, K. Asai, M. Mizuno, Y. Minami, and M. Nagashima Acute decompensated heart failure syndromes (ATTEND) registry. A prospective observational multicenter cohort study: rationale, design, and preliminary data Am Heart J 159 2010 949 955, e941
73. G.C. Fonarow, W.T. Abraham, N.M. Albert, W. Gattis Stough, M. Gheorghiade, and B.H. Greenberg Influence of a performance-improvement initiative on quality of care for patients hospitalized with heart failure: results of the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF) Arch Intern Med 167 2007 1493 1502
74. G.C. Fonarow, W.T. Abraham, N.M. Albert, W.G. Stough, M. Gheorghiade, and B.H. Greenberg Prospective evaluation of beta-blocker use at the time of hospital discharge as a heart failure performance measure: results from OPTIMIZE-HF J Card Fail 13 2007 722 731
75. J.J. Atherton, C.S. Hayward, W.A. Wan Ahmad, B. Kwok, J. Jorge, and A.F. Hernandez Patient characteristics from a regional multicenter database of acute decompensated heart failure in Asia Pacific (ADHERE International-Asia Pacific) J Card Fail 18 2012 82 88
76. A.G. Kfoury, T.K. French, B.D. Horne, K.D. Rasmusson, D.L. Lappe, and H.L. Rimmasch Incremental survival benefit with adherence to standardized heart failure core measures: a performance evaluation study of 2958 patients J Card Fail 14 2008 95 102
77. Y.J. Youn, B.S. Yoo, J.W. Lee, J.Y. Kim, S.W. Han, and E.S. Jeon Treatment performance measures affect clinical outcomes in patients with acute systolic heart failure: report from the Korean Heart Failure Registry Circ J 76 2012 1151 1158
78. D. Scrutinio, A. Passantino, V.A. Ricci, and R. Catanzaro Association between conformity with performance measures and 1-year postdischarge survival in patients with acute decompensated heart failure Am J Med Qual 28 2013 160 168 Epub 2012 Jul 22.
79. J.E. Rodgers, and W.G. Stough Underutilization of evidence-based therapies in heart failure: the pharmacist's role Pharmacotherapy 27 4 Pt 2 2007 18S 28S
80. P.T. Campbell, J. Tremaglio, A. Bhardwaj, and J. Ryan Utility of daily diuretic orders for identifying acute decompensated heart failure patients for quality improvement Crit Pathw Cardiol 9 2010 148 151
81. P.B. Ginsburg Spending to save - ACOs and the Medicare Shared Savings Program N Engl J Med 364 2011 2085 2086
82. C.A. Bond, C.L. Raehl, and R. Patry Evidence-based core clinical pharmacy services in United States hospitals in 2020: services and staffing Pharmacotherapy 24 2004 427 440
83. J.C. Corbelli, D.M. Janicke, J.A. Corbelli, S. Chow, and M. Pruski Acute coronary syndrome emergency treatment strategies: a rationale and road map for critical pathway implementation Crit Pathw Cardiol 2 2003 71 87
84. J.C. Coons, and T. Fera Multidisciplinary team for enhancing care for patients with acute myocardial infarction or heart failure Am J Health Syst Pharm 64 2007 1274 1278
85. E. Horn, and J. Jacobi The critical care clinical pharmacist: evolution of an essential team member Crit Care Med 34 3 Suppl 2006 S46 S51
86. RJ, Miller AE, Page RL. Discharge counseling in heart failure and myocardial infarction-a best practices model developed by the members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy's Cardiology PRN based on the Hospital to Home (H2H) Initiative. Pharmacotherapy 2013. In press.
87. S.L. Koshman, T.L. Charrois, S.H. Simpson, F.A. McAlister, and R.T. Tsuyuki Pharmacist care of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized trials Arch Intern Med 168 2008 687 694
88. S. Kripalani, C.L. Roumie, A.K. Dalal, C. Cawthon, A. Businger, and S.K. Eden Effect of a pharmacist intervention on clinically important medication errors after hospital discharge: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 157 2012 1 10
89. C. Lopez Cabezas, C. Salvador, D. Quadrada, A. Bartes, M. Bore, and N. Perea Randomized clinical trial of a postdischarge pharmaceutical care program vs regular follow-up in patients with heart failure Farm Hosp 30 2006 328 342
90. R.T. Tsuyuki, M. Fradette, J.A. Johnson, T.J. Bungard, D.T. Eurich, and T. Ashton A multicenter disease management program for hospitalized patients with heart failure J Card Fail 10 2004 473 480
91. E.C. Rainville Impact of pharmacist interventions on hospital readmissions for heart failure Am J Health Syst Pharm 56 1999 1339 1342
92. W.A. Gattis, V. Hasselblad, D.J. Whellan, and C.M. O'Connor Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team: results of the Pharmacist in Heart Failure Assessment Recommendation and Monitoring (PHARM) Study Arch Intern Med 159 1999 1939 1945
93. R. Lowrie, F.S. Mair, N. Greenlaw, P. Forsyth, P.S. Jhund, and A. McConnachie Heart Failure Optimal Outcomes From Pharmacy Study I. Pharmacist intervention in primary care to improve outcomes in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction Eur Heart J 33 2012 314 324
94. S. Varma, J.C. McElnay, C.M. Hughes, A.P. Passmore, and M. Varma Pharmaceutical care of patients with congestive heart failure: interventions and outcomes Pharmacotherapy 19 1999 860 869
95. R. Holland, I. Brooksby, E. Lenaghan, K. Ashton, L. Hay, and R. Smith Effectiveness of visits from community pharmacists for patients with heart failure: HeartMed randomised controlled trial BMJ 334 2007 1098
96. E.E. Roughead, J.D. Barratt, E. Ramsay, N. Pratt, P. Ryan, and R. Peck The effectiveness of collaborative medicine reviews in delaying time to next hospitalization for patients with heart failure in the practice setting: results of a cohort study Circ Heart Fail 2 2009 424 428
97. J. Lindenfeld, G.G. Miller, S.F. Shakar, R. Zolty, B.D. Lowes, and E.E. Wolfel Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part II: immunosuppressive drugs Circulation 110 2004 3858 3865
98. R.L. Page 2nd, G.G. Miller, and J. Lindenfeld Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part IV: drug-drug interactions Circulation 111 2005 230 239
99. R.L. Page 2nd, S.W. Mueller, M.E. Levi, and J. Lindenfeld Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between calcineurin inhibitors and proliferation signal inhibitors with antimicrobial agents: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring J Heart Lung Transplant 30 2011 124 135
100. R.R. Alloway, R. Dupuis, S. Gabardi, T.E. Kaiser, D.J. Taber, and E.M. Tichy Evolution of the role of the transplant pharmacist on the multidisciplinary transplant team Am J Transplant 11 2011 1576 1583
101. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Attachement I to appendix B of the OPTN bylaws: XI. Clinical transplant pharmacist 2009. Available at: http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policiesandBylaws2/bylaws/OPTNByLaws/pdfs/ bylaw-162.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2012.
102. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 42 CFR parts 405, 482, 488, and 498 Medicare program; hospital conditions of participation: requirements for approval and re-approval of transplant centers to perform organ transplants; final rule 2007. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/CertificationandComplianc/ Downloads/Transplantfinal.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2012.
103. C.R. Ensor, C.A. Paciullo, W.D. Cahoon Jr., and P.E. Nolan Jr. Pharmacotherapy for mechanical circulatory support: a comprehensive review DICP 45 2011 60 77
104. E.A. Rose, A.C. Gelijns, A.J. Moskowitz, D.F. Heitjan, L.W. Stevenson, and W. Dembitsky Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure N Engl J Med 345 2001 1435 1443
105. M.S. Slaughter, F.D. Pagani, J.G. Rogers, L.W. Miller, B. Sun, and S.D. Russell Clinical management of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices in advanced heart failure J Heart Lung Transplant 29 4 Suppl 2010 S1 S39
106. M.S. Slaughter, J.G. Rogers, C.A. Milano, S.D. Russell, J.V. Conte, and D. Feldman Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device N Engl J Med 361 2009 2241 2251
107. C.R. Ensor, W.D. Cahoon, M.A. Crouch, G.J. Katlaps, M.L. Hess, and R.H. Cooke Antithrombotic therapy for the CardioWest temporary total artificial heart Tex Heart Inst J 37 2010 149 158
108. V. Korb-Savoldelli, B. Sabatier, F. Gillaizeau, R. Guillemain, P. Prognon, and D. Begue Nonadherence with drug treatment after heart or lung transplantation in adults: a systematic review Patient Educ Couns 81 2010 148 154
109. M.R. Costanzo, A. Dipchand, R. Starling, A. Anderson, M. Chan, and S. Desai The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients J Heart Lung Transplant 29 2010 914 956
110. J. Lindenfeld, R.L. Page 2nd, R. Zolty, S.F. Shakar, M. Levi, and B. Lowes Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part III: common medical problems Circulation 111 2005 113 117
111. D.R. Snydman Infection in solid organ transplantation Transpl Infect Dis 1 1999 21 28
112. S. de Geest, F. Dobbels, C. Fluri, W. Paris, and T. Troosters Adherence to the therapeutic regimen in heart, lung, and heart-lung transplant recipients J Cardiovasc Nurs 20 5 Suppl 2005 S88 S98
113. M.A. Dew, R.L. Kormos, L.H. Roth, S. Murali, A. DiMartini, and B.P. Griffith Early post-transplant medical compliance and mental health predict physical morbidity and mortality one to three years after heart transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 18 1999 549 562
114. F. Dobbels, S. de Geest, J. van Cleemput, W. Droogne, and J. Vanhaecke Effect of late medication noncompliance on outcome after heart transplantation: a 5-year follow-up J Heart Lung Transplant 23 2004 1245 1251
115. M. Chisholm Increasing medication access to transplant patients Clin Transplant 18 2004 38 48
116. C.R. Ensor, J. Trofe-Clark, S. Gabardi, L.M. McDevitt-Potter, and M.A. Shullo Generic maintenance immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients Pharmacotherapy 31 2011 1111 1129
117. M.A. Chisholm-Burns, C.A. Spivey, C. Garrett, H. McGinty, and L.L. Mulloy Impact of clinical pharmacy services on renal transplant recipients' adherence and outcomes Patient Prefer Adherence 2 2008 287 292
118. J.G. O'Grady, A. Asderakis, R. Bradley, L. Burnapp, D.M. McPake, and M. Perrin Multidisciplinary insights into optimizing adherence after solid organ transplantation Transplantation 89 2010 627 632
119. L. Osterberg, and T. Blaschke Adherence to medication N Engl J Med 353 2005 487 497
120. V.V. Dickson, and B. Riegel Are we teaching what patients need to know? Building skills in heart failure self-care Heart Lung 38 2009 253 261
121. J.E. Martin, and E.Y. Zavala The expanding role of the transplant pharmacist in the multidisciplinary practice of transplantation Clin Transplant 18 Suppl 12 2004 50 54
122. J.E. Murphy, J.M. Nappi, J.A. Bosso, J.J. Saseen, B.A. Hemstreet, and M.A. Halloran American College of Clinical Pharmacy's vision of the future: postgraduate pharmacy residency training as a prerequisite for direct patient care practice Pharmacotherapy 26 2006 722 733
123. J.J. Saseen, S.E. Grady, L.B. Hansen, B.M. Hodges, S.J. Kovacs, and L.D. Martinez Future clinical pharmacy practitioners should be board-certified specialists Pharmacotherapy 26 2006 1816 1825
124. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation standards and guidelines for the professional program in pharmacy leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree 2011. Available at: http://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/ S2007Guidelines2.0-ChangesIdentifiedInRed.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2011.
125. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists;. Residency accreditation 2011. Available at: www.ashp.org/menu/Accreditation/ResidencyAccreditation.aspx. Accessed November 27, 2011.
126. Giberson S, Yoder S, Lee M. Improving patient and health system outcomes through advanced pharmacy practiceda report to the US Surgeon General. Office of the Chief Pharmacist; US Public Health Service. Dec 2011.
127. A.N. Pellegrino, M.T. Martin, J.J. Tilton, and D.R. Touchette Medication therapy management services: definitions and outcomes Drugs 69 2009 393 406
128. Culhane N, Brooks A, Cohen V, Couchenour R, Ferreri S, Garrett A, et al. Medication therapy management services: application of the core elements in ambulatory settings 2007. Available at: http://www.accp.com/docs/positions/ commentaries/pos-AmCare.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2011.
129. B.J. Zarowitz, W.A. Miller, D.K. Helling, J. Nappi, B.G. Wells, and M.C. Nahata Optimal medication therapy prescribing and management: meeting patients' needs in an evolving health care system Pharmacotherapy 30 2010 350e 359e
130. D. Ramalho de Oliveira, A.R. Brummel, and D.B. Miller Medication therapy management: 10 years of experience in a large integrated health care system J Manag Care Pharm 16 2010 185 195
131. Isetts B. Evaluating effectiveness of the Minnesota Medication Therapy Management care program 2007. Available at: http://www.dhs.state.mn.us/main/ groups/business-partners/documents/pub/dhs16-140283.pdf. Accessed July 18, 2011.
132. DaVanzo J, Dobson A, Koenig L, Brook R. Medication therapy management services: a critical review. Prepared for the American Pharmacists Association. May 17, 2005. Available at: http://www.accp.com/docs/positions/commentaries/ mtms.pdf. Accessed July 9, 2011.
133. McInnis T, Strand L, Webb C. The patient-centered medical home: integrating comprehensive medication management to optimize patient outcomes. 2010. Available at: http://www.pcpcc.net/files/medmanagepub.pdf. Accessed July 9, 2011.
134. K.A. Snella, and G.P. Sachdev A primer for developing pharmacist-managed clinics in the outpatient setting Pharmacotherapy 23 2003 1153 1166
135. K.A. Snella, R.R. Trewyn, L.B. Hansen, and J.C. Bradberry Pharmacist compensation for cognitive services: focus on the physician office and community pharmacy Pharmacotherapy 24 2004 372 388
136. J. Stubbings, E. Nutescu, S.F. Durley, and J.L. Bauman Payment for clinical pharmacy services revisited Pharmacotherapy 31 2011 1 8