Peritoneal changes in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis

Nature Reviews Nephrology

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 419-429

  Krediet, Raymond T ^a   Struijk, Dirk G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; CA 125 ANTIGEN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; GELATINASE A; HYALURONIC ACID; INTERLEUKIN 6; PENTOSIDINE; PLASMA PROTEIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; VASCULOTROPIN;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; CAPILLARY PROLIFERATION; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LONG TERM CARE; NONHUMAN; PERITONEAL BIOPSY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PERITONEAL FLUID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ULTRAFILTRATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PERITONEUM;

EID: 84879794274     PISSN: 17595061     EISSN: 1759507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.99     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Fenton, S. S. et al. Hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis: a comparison of adjusted mortality rates. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 30, 334-342 (1997). (Pubitemid 27391500)
2. Liem, Y. S., Wong, J. B., Hunink, M. G., de Charro, F. T. & Winkelmayer, W. C. Comparison of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis survival in The Netherlands. Kidney Int. 71, 153-158 (2007). (Pubitemid 46094689)
3. Rodrigues, A. S. et al. Long-term peritoneal dialysis experience on Portugal. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 29, 1109-1116 (2006). (Pubitemid 46165198)
4. Kolesnyk, I., Dekker, F. W., Boeschoten, E. W. & Krediet, R. T. Time-dependent reasons for PD technique failure and mortality. Perit. Dial. Int. 30, 170-177 (2010).
5. Flessner, M. F. et al. Peritoneal inflammation after twenty-week exposure to dialysis solution: effect of solution versus catheter-foreign body reaction. Perit. Dial. Int. 30, 284-293 (2010).
6. Flessner, M. F., Li, X., Potter, R. & He, Z. Foreign-body response to sterile catheters is variable over 20 weeks. Adv. Perit. Dial. 26, 101-104 (2010).
7. Zareie, M. et al. Immunopathological changes in a uraemic rat model for peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 1350-1361 (2005). (Pubitemid 41430608)
8. Combet, S. et al. Chronic uremia induces permeability changes, increased nitric oxide synthase expression, and structural modifications in the peritoneum. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12, 2146-2157 (2001). (Pubitemid 32880352)
9. Vrtovsnik, F. et al. Induction of chronic kidney failure in a long-term peritoneal exposure model in the rat: effects on functional and structural peritoneal alterations. Perit. Dial. Int. 30, 558-569 (2010).
10. Schambye, H. T. et al. Bicarbonate-versus lactate-based CAPD fluids: a biocompatibility study in rabbits. Perit. Dial. Int. 12, 281-286 (1992).
11. Krediet, R. T., Zweers, M. M., van Westrhenen, R., Zegwaard, A. & Struijk, D. G. Effects of reducing the lactate and glucose content of PD solutions on the peritoneum. Is the future GLAD? NDT Plus 1 (Suppl. 4), iv56-iv62 (2008).
12. Zweers, M. M., Splint, L. J., Krediet, R. T. & Struijk, D. G. Ultrastructure of basement membranes of peritoneal capillaries in a chronic peritoneal infusion model in the rat. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16, 651-654 (2001). (Pubitemid 32229315)
13. Dobbie, J. W., Zaki, M. & Wilson, L. Ultrastructural studies on the peritoneum with special reference to chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Scott. Med. J. 26, 213-223 (1981). (Pubitemid 11009121)
14. Pollock, C. A. et al. Peritoneal morphology on maintenance dialysis. Am. J. Nephrol. 9, 198-204 (1989). (Pubitemid 19168642)
15. Williams, J. D. et al. Morphologic changes in the peritoneal membrane of patients with renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 470-479 (2002). (Pubitemid 34106290)
16. Vlahu, C. A. et al. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in dialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 1900-1908 (2012).
17. Yanez-Mo, M. et al. Peritoneal dialysis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 403-413 (2003). (Pubitemid 36159357)
18. Del Peso, G. et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells is an early event during peritoneal dialysis and is associated with high peritoneal transport. Kidney Int. 73, S26-S33 (2008). (Pubitemid 351466514)
19. Aroeira, L. S. et al. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and peritoneal membrane failure in peritoneal dialysis patients: pathologic significance and potential therapeutic interventions. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18, 2004-2013 (2007). (Pubitemid 47041064)
20. Dobbie, J. W. Morphology of the peritoneum in CAPD. Blood Purif. 7, 74-85 (1989). (Pubitemid 19115540)
21. Di Paolo, N. et al. Morphology of the peritoneal membrane during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 44, 204-211 (1986). (Pubitemid 16002544)
22. Mateijsen, M. A. et al. Vascular and interstitial changes in the peritoneum of CAPD patients with peritoneal sclerosis. Perit. Dial. Int. 19, 517-525 (1999). (Pubitemid 30015564)
23. Honda, K. et al. Morphological changes in the peritoneal vasculature of patients on CAPD with ultrafiltration failure. Nephron 72, 171-176 (1996). (Pubitemid 26035372)
24. Di Paolo, N. & Sacchi, G. Peritoneal vascular changes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): an in vivo model for the study of diabetic microangiopathy. Perit. Dial. Int. 9, 41-45 (1989). (Pubitemid 19110986)
25. Krediet, R. T., Van Westrhenen, R., Zweers, M. M. & Struijk, D. G. Clinical advantages of new peritoneal dialysis solutions. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17 (Suppl. 3), 16-18 (2002). (Pubitemid 34450112)
26. Lee, T.-C., Yang, J.-Y., Wang, H.-P., Tsai, T.-J. & Yang, Y. Peritoneal thickening is not inevitable in long-term peritoneal dialysis and is associated with peritoneal transport characteristics: a two-centre sonographic study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23, 1005-1010 (2008). (Pubitemid 351767575)
27. Sampimon, D. E., Coester, A. M., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. The time course of peritoneal transport parameters in peritoneal dialysis patients who develop encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 291-298 (2011).
28. Korte, M. R., Sampimon, D. E., Betjes, M. G. & Krediet, R. T. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: the state of affairs. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7, 528-539 (2011).
29. Davies, M. et al. Proteoglycans of CAPD-dialysate fluid and mesothelium. Contr. Nephrol. 85, 134-141 (1990).
30. Yung, S. et al. Source of peritoneal proteoglycans. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 520-529 (1995).
31. Yung, S. & Chan, T. M. Pathophysiology of the peritoneal membrane during peritoneal dialysis: the role of hyaluronan. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/180594.
32. Osada, S. et al. Alterations in proteoglycan components and histopathology of the peritoneum in uraemic and peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 3504-3512 (2009).
33. Yamada, K. et al. Immunohistochemical study of human advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) in chronic renal failure. Clin. Nephrol. 42, 354-361 (1994).
34. Nakayama, M. et al. Immunohistochemical detection of advanced glycosylation end-products in the peritoneum and its possible pathophysiological role in CAPD. Kidney Int. 51, 182-186 (1997). (Pubitemid 27064536)
35. Weiss, M. F. et al. Mechanisms for the formation of glyoxidation products in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 57, 2571-2585 (2000). (Pubitemid 30340756)
36. Combet, S. et al. Vascular proliferation and enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human peritoneum exposed to long-term peritoneal dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 717-728 (2000). (Pubitemid 30171881)
37. Kihm, L. P. et al. RAGE expression in the human peritoneal membrane. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23, 3302-3306 (2008).
38. Makita, Z. et al. Reactive glycosylation endproducts in diabetic uraemia and treatment of renal failure. Lancet 343, 1519-1522 (1994). (Pubitemid 24180047)
39. Raj, D. S., Choudhury, D., Welbourne, T. C. & Levi, M. Advanced glycation end products: a nephrologist's perspective. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 35, 365-380 (2000).
40. Friedlander, M. A., Wu, Y.-C., Schulak, J. A., Monnier, V. M. & Hricik, D. E. Influence of dialysis modality on plasma and tissue concentrations of pentosodine in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 25, 445-451 (1995).
41. Hartog, J. W. et al. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products, measured as skin autofluorescence, in renal disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1043, 299-307 (2005). (Pubitemid 41123919)
42. Jiang, J. et al. Accumulation of tissue advanced glycation end products correlated with glucose exposure and associated with cardiovascular morbidity in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Atherosclerosis 224, 187-194 (2012).
43. McIntyre, N. J. et al. Tissue-advanced glycation end product concentration in dialysis patients. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 51-55 (2010).
44. Brown, E. et al. Guidelines on encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). Perit. Dial. Int. 29, 595-602 (2009).
45. Dulaney, J. T. & Hatch, F. E. Peritoneal dialysis and loss of proteins: a review. Kidney Int. 26, 253-262 (1984). (Pubitemid 14021695)
46. Lopes Barreto, D. & Krediet, R. T. Current status and practical use of effluent biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (in press).
47. Cuccurullo, M. et al. Proteomic analysis of peritoneal fluid of patients treated by peritoneal dialysis: effect of glucose concentration. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 1990-1999 (2011).
48. Raaijmakers, R. et al. Proteomic profiling and identification in peritoneal fluid of children treated by peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23, 2402-2405 (2008). (Pubitemid 351957640)
49. Lin, W. T. et al. Proteomic analysis of peritoneal dialysate fluid in patients with dialysis-related peritonitis. Ren. Fail. 30, 772-777 (2008).
50. Wang, H. Y. et al. Differential proteomic characterization between normal peritoneal fluid & diabetic dialysate. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25, 1955-1963 (2010).
51. Sritippayawan, S. et al. Proteomic analysis of peritoneal dialysate fluid in patients with different types of peritoneal membranes. J. Proteome Res. 6, 4356-4362 (2007). (Pubitemid 350158511)
52. Krediet, R. T. et al. Biological markers in the peritoneal dialysate effluent: are they useful. Contrib. Nephrol. 163, 54-59 (2009).
53. Zemel, D. et al. Appearance of tumor necrosis factor and soluble TNF-receptors I and II in peritoneal effluent of CAPD. Kidney Int. 46, 1422-1430 (1994).
54. Zweers, M. M., De Waart, D. R., Smit, W., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. The growth factors VEGF and TGF-1 in peritoneal dialysis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 134, 124-132 (1999). (Pubitemid 29375441)
55. Krediet, R. T. Dialysate cancer antigen concentration as marker of peritoneal membrane status in patients treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 21, 560-567 (2001). (Pubitemid 34083506)
56. Visser, C. E. et al. Cancer antigen 125: a bulk marker for mesothelial mass in stable peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 10, 64-69 (1995).
57. Breborowicz, A., Breborowicz, M., Pyda, M., Polubinska, A. & Oreopoulos, D. Limitations of CA 125 as an index of peritoneal mesothelial cell mass. Nephron Clin. Pract. 100, c46-c51 (2005). (Pubitemid 40868662)
58. Koomen, G. C. et al. Dialysate cancer antigen (CA) 125 is a reflection of peritoneal cell mass in CAPD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 14, 132-136 (1994).
59. Ho-dac-Pannekeet, M. M., Hiralall, J. K., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Longitudinal follow-up of CA125 in peritoneal effluent. Kidney Int. 51, 888-893 (1997). (Pubitemid 27157978)
60. Lopes-Barreto, D. et al. Variability of effluent cancer antigen 125 and interleukin-6 determination in dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 3739-3744 (2011).
61. Coester, A. M., Zweers, M. M., De Waart, D. E. & Krediet, R. T. The relationship between effluent potassium due to cellular release, free water transport and CA125 in peritoneal dialysis patients. NDT Plus 1, iv41-iv45 (2008).
62. Sampimon, D. E. et al. Early diagnostic markers for encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: a case-control study. Perit. Dial. Int. 30, 163-169 (2010).
63. Goldman, M. et al. Intraperitoneal secretion of interleukin-6 during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 56, 277-280 (1990). (Pubitemid 20330095)
64. Zemel, D. et al. Interleukin-6 in CAPD patients without peritonitis: relationship to the intrinsic permeability of the peritoneal membrane. Clin. Nephrol. 37, 97-103 (1992).
65. Pecoits-Filho, R. et al. Plasma and dialysate Il-6 and VEGF concentrations are associated with high peritoneal solute transport rate. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17, 1480-1486 (2002).
66. Oh, K. H. et al. Intra-peritoneal interleukin-6 system is a potent determinant of the baseline periritoneal solute transport in incident peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25, 1639-1646 (2010).
67. Rodrigues, A. S. et al. Peritoneal fast transport in incident peritoneal dialysis patients is not consistently associated with systemic inflammation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21, 763-769 (2006). (Pubitemid 43372926)
68. Van Esch, S. et al. Determinants of peritoneal solute transport rates in newly started nondiabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 24, 554-561 (2004).
69. Pecoits-Filho, R., Carvalho, M. J., Stenvinkel, P., Lindholm, B. & Heimburger, O. Systemic and intraperitoneal interleukin-6 system during the first year of peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 26, 53-63 (2006). (Pubitemid 44339662)
70. Rodrigues, A. S. et al. Evaluation of peritoneal transport and membrane status in peritoneal dialysis: focus on incident fast transporters. Am. J. Nephrol. 27, 84-91 (2007). (Pubitemid 46364545)
71. Dvorak, H. F., Brown, L. F., Detmar, M. & Dvorak, A. M. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1029-1039 (1995).
72. Tanaka, Y., Katoh, S., Hori, S., Miura, M. & Yamashita, H. Vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 349, 1520 (1997). (Pubitemid 27216369)
73. Aiello, L. P., Avary, R. L. & Arrigg, P. G. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retina disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1480-1487 (1994). (Pubitemid 24356306)
74. Zweers, M. M., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Vascular endothelial growth factor in peritoneal dialysis, a longitudinal follow-up. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 137, 125-132 (2001). (Pubitemid 32116955)
75. Shimo, T. et al. Connective tissue growth factor induces proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro, and angiogenesis in vivo. J. Biochem. 126, 137-145 (1999). (Pubitemid 29355403)
76. Mizutani, M. et al. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is increased in peritoneal dialysis patients with high peritoneal solute transport rate. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 298, F721-F733 (2010).
77. Krediet, R. T. et al. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is associated with peritoneal transport parameters. Perit. Dial. Int. 26 (Suppl. 2), S8 (2006).
78. Ho-dac-Pannekeet, M. M., Hiralall, J. K., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Markers of peritoneal mesothelial cells during treatment with peritoneal dialysis. Adv. Perit. Dial. 13, 72-76 (1997).
79. Lai, K. N. et al. Increased production of hyaluronan by peritoneal cells and its significance in patients on CAPD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32, 318-324 (1999). (Pubitemid 29072235)
80. Wong, T. Y. et al. Longitudinal study of peritoneal membrane function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: relationship with peritonitis and fibrosing factors. Perit. Dial. Int. 20, 679-685 (2000). (Pubitemid 32185993)
81. Martikainen, T., Ekstrand, A., Honkanen, E., Teppo, A.-M. & Gronhagen-Riska, C. Do interleukin-6, hyaluronan, soluble adhesion molecule-1 and cancer antigen 125 in dialysate predict changes in peritoneal function? Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 39, 410-416 (2005). (Pubitemid 41666026)
82. Yamagata, K., Tomida, C. & Koyama, A. Intraperitoneal hyaluronan production in stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 19, 131-137 (1999). (Pubitemid 30088063)
83. Szeto, C. C. et al. Dialysate hyaluronan concentration predicts survival but not peritoneal sclerosis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 36, 609-614 (2000).
84. Ho-dac-Pannekeet, M. M. et al. Analysis of non enzymatic glycosylation in vivo: impact of different dialysis solutions. Perit. Dial. Int. 19 (Suppl. 2), S68-S74 (1999).
85. Ahmad, S. et al. CCL18 in peritoneal dialysis patients and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 40, 1067-1073 (2010).
86. Eddy, A. A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283, F209-F220 (2002). (Pubitemid 34778983)
87. Goedde, M. et al. Coagulation and fibrinolysis-related antigens in plasma and dialysate of CAPD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 17, 162-166 (1997). (Pubitemid 27474773)
88. De Boer, A. W. et al. Intraperitoneal hypercoagulation ans hypofibrinolysis is present in childhood peritonitis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 13, 284-287 (1999). (Pubitemid 29243728)
89. Lopes-Barreto, D., Coester, A. M., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Can effluent matrix metalloproteinase-2 and plasminogen activator-1 be used as biomarkers of peritoneal membrane alterations in peritoneal dialysis patients? Perit. Dial. Int. (in press).
90. Masunaga, Y. et al. A case of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis at the clinical early stage with high concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in peritoneal effluent. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 9, 85-89 (2005). (Pubitemid 40576891)
91. Hirahara, I. et al. The potential of matrix metalloproteinase-2 as a marker of peritoneal injury, increased solute transport, or progression to encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis during peritoneal dialysis-a multi centre study in Japan. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 22, 560-567 (2007). (Pubitemid 46189902)
92. Hommes, N. H. et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and procollagen lll peptide in peritoneal effluent: relationship with markers of mesothelial cell mass and angiogenesis. Perit. Dial. Int. 23 (Suppl. 1), S8 (2003).
93. Flessner, M. Osmotic barrier of the parietal peritoneum. Am. J. Physiol. 267, F861-F870 (1994).
94. Lindholm, B., Heimburger, O., Waniewski, J., Werynski, A. & Bergstrom, J. Peritoneal ultrafiltration and fluid reabsorption during peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 4, 805-813 (1989). (Pubitemid 20008380)
95. Krediet, R. T., Struijk, D. G., Koomen, G. C. & Arisz, L. Peritoneal fluid kinetics during CAPD measured with intraperitoneal dextran 70. ASAIO Trans. 37, 662-667 (1991).
96. Tran, L. et al. Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anasthetized and conscious sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 859-867 (1993). (Pubitemid 23078187)
97. Zakaria, E. R., Mays, C. J., Matheson, P. J., Hurt, R. T. & Garrison, R. N. Plasma appearance rate of intraperitoneal macromolecular tracer underestimates peritoneal lymph flow. Adv. Perit. Dial. 24, 16-21 (2008).
98. Zakaria, E. R. & Rippe, B. Peritoneal fluid and tracer albumin kinetics in the rat. Effects of increases in intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure. Perit. Dial. Int. 15, 118-128 (1995).
99. Galach, M., Werynski, A., Lindholm, B. & Waniewski, J. in Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis (ed. Krediet, R. T.) 1-22 (InTech, Rijeka, 2011).
100. Blake, P. G. Controversies in peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 24, 309-317 (2004).
101. Pannekeet, M. M. et al. The standard peritoneal permeability analysis: a tool for the assessment of peritoneal permeability characteristics in CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 48, 866-875 (1995).
102. Smit, W. et al. Peritoneal function and assessment of reference values using a 3.86 glucose solution. Perit. Dial. Int. 23, 440-449 (2003). (Pubitemid 37321747)
103. Fuszholler, A., Zur Nieden, S., Grabensee, B. & Plum, J. Peritoneal fluid and solute transport: influence of treatment time, peritoneal dialysis modality, and peritonitis incidence. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1055-1060 (2002). (Pubitemid 34274103)
104. Michels, W. M. et al. Does lymphatic absorption change with the duration of peritoneal dialysis? Perit. Dial. Int. 24, 347-352 (2004). (Pubitemid 39206629)
105. Coester, A. M., Smit, W., Struijk, D. G., Parikova, A. & Krediet, R. T. Longitudinal analysis of peritoneal fluid transport and its determinants in a cohort of incident PD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. (in press).
106. Smit, W., Parikova, A., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. The difference in causes of early and late ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 25 (Suppl. 1), S41-S45 (2005). (Pubitemid 40883213)
107. Rippe, B. & Haraldsson, B. Transport of macromolecules across microvascular walls. Physiol. Rev. 74, 163-219 (1994). (Pubitemid 24045677)
108. Nolph, K. D., Hano, J. E. & Teschan, P. E. Peritoneal sodium transport during hypertonic peritoneal dialysis: physiologic mechanisms and clinical implications. Ann. Intern. Med. 70, 931-941 (1969).
109. Rippe, B. & Stelin, G. Simulations of peritoneal solute transport during CAPD. Application of two-pore formalism. Kidney Int. 35, 1234-1244 (1989).
110. Rippe, B., Stelin, G. & Haraldsson, B. Computer simulations of peritoneal fluid transport in CAPD. Kidney Int. 40, 315-325 (1991).
111. Pannekeet, M. M. et al. Demonstration of aquaporin-CHIP in peritoneal tissue of uremic and CAPD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 19 (Suppl. 1), S54-S57 (1996). (Pubitemid 26159711)
112. Ni, J. et al. Aquaporin-1 plays an essential role in water permeability and ultrafiltration during peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 69, 1518-1525 (2006).
113. Smit, W., Struijk, D. G., Ho-dac-Pannekeet, M. M. & Krediet, R. T. Quantification of free water transport in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 66, 849-854 (2004). (Pubitemid 38982030)
114. La Milia, V. et al. Mini-peritoneal equilibration test: a simple and fast method to assess free water and small solute transport across the peritoneal membrane. Kidney Int. 68, 840-846 (2005). (Pubitemid 43323142)
115. Parikova, A., Smit, W., Struijk, D. G., Zweers, M. M. & Krediet, R. T. The contribution of free water transport and small pore transport to the total fluid removal in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 68, 1849-1856 (2005). (Pubitemid 43169931)
116. Parikova, A., Smit, W., Zweers, M. M., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Free water transport, small pore transport and the osmotic gradient. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23, 2350-2355 (2008). (Pubitemid 351957577)
117. Numata, M. et al. Association between an increased surface area of peritoneal microvessels and a high peritoneal solute transport rate. Perit. Dial. Int. 23, 116-122 (2003). (Pubitemid 36410851)
118. Davies, S. J., Brown, B., Bryan, J. & Russel, G. I. Clinical evaluation of the peritoneal equilibration test: a population-based study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 8, 64-70 (1993). (Pubitemid 23050599)
119. Smit, W. et al. Free water transport in fast transport status: a comparison between CAPD peritonitis and long-term PD. Kidney Int. 65, 298-303 (2004). (Pubitemid 38037517)
120. Parikova, A., Smit, W., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Analysis of fluid transport pathways and their determinants in peritoneal dialysis patients with ultrafiltration failure. Kidney Int. 70, 1988-1994 (2006). (Pubitemid 44863388)
121. Michels, W. M. et al. Time course of peritoneal function in automated and continuous peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 32, 605-611 (2012).
122. Lo, W. K. et al. Changes in the peritoneal equilibration test in selected chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 1466-1474 (1994).
123. Struijk, D. G. et al. A prospective study of peritoneal transport in CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 45, 1739-1744 (1994). (Pubitemid 24207510)
124. Heimburger, O., Wang, T. & Lindholm, B. Alterations in water and solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 19 (Suppl. 2), S83-S90 (1999). (Pubitemid 30015457)
125. Del Peso, G. et al. Factors influencing peritoneal transport parameters during the first year on peritoneal dialysis: peritonitis is the main factor. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 1201-1206 (2005).
126. Clerbaux, G., Francart, J., Wallemacq, P., Robert, A. & Goffin, E. Evaluation of peritoneal transport properties at onset of peritoneal dialysis and longitudinal follow-up. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21, 1032-1039 (2006).
127. Fernandez-Reyes, M. J. et al. The influence of initial peritoneal transport characteristics, inflammation, and high glucose exposure on prognosis of peritoneal membrane function. Perit. Dial. Int. 32, 636-644 (2012).
128. Davies, S. J., Bryan, J., Phillips, L. & Russel, G. I. Longitudinal changes in peritoneal kinetics: the effects of peritoneal dialysis and peritonitis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 11, 498-506 (1996). (Pubitemid 26092790)
129. Fernandez-Reyes, M. J. et al. Inherent high peritoneal transport and ultrafiltration deficiency: their mid-term clinical relevance. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 22, 218-223 (2007).
130. Oliveira, L. & Rodrigues, A. Previous renal replacement therapy time at start of peritoneal dialysis independently impact on peritoneal membrane ultrafiltration failure. Int. J. Nephrol. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/685457.
131. Chung, S. H. et al. Peritoneal transport characteristics, comorbid diseases and survival in CAPD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 20, 541-547 (2000).
132. Szeto, C. C., Law, M. C., Wong, T. Y., Leung, C. B. & Li, P. K. Peritoneal transport status correlates with morbidity but not longitudinal change of nutritioinal status of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: a 2-year prospective study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 37, 329-336 (2001). (Pubitemid 32116025)
133. Selgas, R. et al. Ultrafiltration and small solute transport at initiation of PD: Questioning the paradigm of peritoneal function. Perit. Dial. Int. 25, 68-70 (2005).
134. Smit, W. et al. Analysis of the prevalence and causes of ultrafiltration failure during long-term peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Perit. Dial. Int. 24, 562-570 (2004). (Pubitemid 39562061)
135. Davies, S. J. Longitudinal relationship between solute transport and ultrafiltration capacity in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 66, 2437-2445 (2004).
136. Lambie, M. L., John, B., Mushahar, L., Huckvale, C. & Davies, S. J. The peritoneal osmotic conductance is low well before the diagnosis of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis is made. Kidney Int. 78, 611-618 (2010).
137. Feit, J., Richard, C., McCaffrey, C. & Levy, M. Peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin in dogs: effect of splanchnic vasodilators. Kidney Int. 16, 459-469 (1979). (Pubitemid 10195857)
138. Pietrzak, I. et al. Splanchnic volume, not flow rate, determines peritoneal permeability. ASAIO Trans. 35, 583-587 (1989). (Pubitemid 20118311)
139. Kim, M., Lofthouse, J. & Flessner, M. F. A method to test blood flow limitation of peritoneal-blood solute transport. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 471-474 (1997). (Pubitemid 127454183)
140. Flessner, M. F., Henegar, J., Bigler, S. & Genous, L. Is the peritoneum a significant transport barrier in peritoneal dialysis? Perit. Dial. Int. 23, 542-549 (2003). (Pubitemid 37527297)
141. Levick, J. R. Flow through interstitium and other fibrous matrices. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 72, 409-438 (1987).
142. Fox, J. R. & Wayland, H. Interstitial diffusion of macromolecules in the rat mesentery. Microvasc. Res. 18, 255-276 (1979). (Pubitemid 10234941)
143. Flessner, M. F., Fenstermacher, J. D., Dedrick, R. L. & Blasberg, R. G. A distributed model of peritoneal-plasma transport: tissue concentration gradients. Am. J. Physiol. 248, F425-F435 (1985). (Pubitemid 15142313)
144. Wiig, H., DeCarlo, M., Sibley, L., Renkin, E. M. Interstitial exclusion of albumin in rat tissues measured by a continuous infusion method. Am. J. Physiol. 263, H1222-H1233 (1992).
145. Hirszel, P., Shea-Donohue, T., Chakrabarti, E., Montcalm, E. & Maher, J. F. The role of the capillary wall in restricting diffusion of macromolecules. Nephron 49, 58-61 (1988).
146. Lasrich, M., Maher, J. M, Hirszel, P. & Maher, J. F. Correlation of peritoneal transport rates with molecular weight: a method for predicting clearances. ASAIO J. 2, 107-113 (1979). (Pubitemid 11030927)
147. Leypoldt, J. K., Parker, H. R., Frigon, R. P. & Henderson, L. W. Molecular size dependence of peritoneal transport. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 110, 207-216 (1987). (Pubitemid 17139454)
148. Krediet, R. T., Zuyderhoudt, F. M., Boeschoten, E. W. & Arisz, L. Alterations in the peritoneal transport of water and solutes during peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 17, 43-52 (1987). (Pubitemid 17020044)
149. Krediet, R. T. et al. The peritoneal transport of serum proteins and neutral dextran in CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 35, 1064-1072 (1989). (Pubitemid 19099721)
150. Gotloib, L., Bar Sella, P. & Shustack, A. Ruthenium-red-stained polyanionic fixed charges in peritoneal microvessels. Nephron 47, 22-28 (1998).
151. Buis, B. et al. Effect of electric charge on the transperitoneal transport of plasma proteins during CAPD. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 11, 1113-1120 (1996). (Pubitemid 26182508)
152. Zemel, D., Krediet, R. T., Koomen, G. C., Struijk, D. G. & Arisz, L. Day to day variability of protein transport used as a method for the analysis of peritoneal permeability in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 11, 217-223 (1991).
153. Rumpsfeld, M., McDonald, S. P., Purdie, D. M., Collins, J. & Johnson, D. W. Predictors of baseline peritoneal transport status in Australian and New Zealand peritoneal dialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 43, 492-501 (2004). (Pubitemid 38298209)
154. Serlie, M. J., Struijk, D. G., de Blok, K. & Krediet, R. T. Differences in fluid and solute transport between diabetic and nondiabetic patients at the onset of CAPD. Adv. Perit. Dial. 13, 29-32 (1997).
155. Hendriks, P. M. et al. Peritoneal sclerosis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients: analysis of clinical presentation, risk factors, and peritoneal transport kinetics. Perit. Dial. Int. 17, 136-143 (1997). (Pubitemid 27474769)
156. Davies, S. J., Phillips, L., Naish, P. F. & Russell, G. I. Peritoneal glucose exposure and changes in membrane solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12, 1046-1051 (2001). (Pubitemid 32378346)
157. Goel, S., Kathuria, P., Moore, H. L., Prowant, B. F. & Nolph, K. D. The effect of peritonitis on the peritoneal membrane transport properties in patients on CAPD. Adv. Perit. Dial. 12, 181-184 (1996).
158. Kolesnyk, I. et al. The impact of ACE inhibitors and AII receptor blockers on the peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in long-term PD patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 27, 446-453 (2007). (Pubitemid 47207733)
159. Kolesnyk, I. et al. A positive effect of AII inhibitors on peritoneal membrane function in long-term PD patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 272-277 (2009).
160. Selgas, R. et al. Stability of the peritoneal membrane in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv. Ren. Replace. Ther. 5, 168-178 (1998). (Pubitemid 28323576)
161. Rodrigues, A., Cabrita, A., Maia, P. & Guimares, S. Peritoneal rest may successfully recover ultrafiltration in patients who develop hyperpermeability with time on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Adv. Perit. Dial. 18, 78-80 (2002).
162. Struijk, D. G. et al. Functional characteristics of the peritoneal membrane in long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 59, 213-220 (1991).
163. Ho-dac-Pannekeet, M. M., Koopmans, J. G., Struijk, D. G. & Krediet, R. T. Restriction coefficients of low molecular weight solutes and macromolecules during peritoneal dialysis. Adv. Perit. Dial. 13, 17-22 (1997).