A critical review of approaches to the treatment of dental anxiety in adults

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 365-378

  Gordon, Dina ^a   Heimberg, Richard G ^a   Tellez, Marisol ^b   Ismail, Amid I ^b  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive behavioral therapy; Dental anxiety; Dental phobia; Exposure therapy; Relaxation training

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; LAVENDER OIL; MIDAZOLAM; NITROUS OXIDE;

ACUPUNCTURE; ADULT; AROMATHERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DENTAL ANXIETY; DENTAL PHOBIA; DENTAL PROCEDURE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GROUP THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MEDICAL RESEARCH; META ANALYSIS; MUSIC THERAPY; PHOBIA; PREMEDICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SEDATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; PSYCHOLOGY; THERAPY;

ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY; ADULT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DENTAL ANXIETY; HUMANS; HYPNOSIS; RELAXATION THERAPY;

EID: 84879793328     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Aartman I.H.A., de Jongh A., Makkes P.C., Hoogstraten J. Dental anxiety reduction and dental attendance after treatment in a dental fear clinic: a follow-up study. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2000, 28:435-442. 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.028006435.x.
2. Aartman I.H., de Jongh A., van der Meulen M.J. Psychological characteristics of patients applying for treatment in a dental fear clinic. European Journal of Oral Sciences 1997, 105:384-388. Retrieved from. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libproxy.temple.edu/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0722/issues%3FactiveYear=1997.
3. Agdal M.L., Raadal M., Skaret E., Kvale G. Oral health and oral treatment needs in patients fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for dental phobia: possible influence on the outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2008, 66:1-6. 10.1080/00016350701793714.
4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
5. Armfield J.S., Stewart J.F., Spencer A.J. The vicious cycle of dental fear: exploring the interplay between oral health, service utilization and dental fear. BMC Oral Health 2007, 7:1. 10.1186/1472-6831-7-1.
6. Armitage C.J., Reidy J.G. Evidence that process simulations reduce anxiety in patients receiving dental treatment: randomized exploratory trial. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal 2012, 25:155-165. 10.1080/10615806.2011.604727.
7. Berggren U. Psychosocial effects associated with dental fear in adult dental patients with avoidance behaviours. Psychology and Health 1993, 8:185-196. 10.1080/08870449308403178.
8. Berggren U., Hakeberg M., Carlsson S.G. Relaxation vs. cognitively oriented therapies for dental fear. Journal of Dental Research 2000, 79:1645-1651. 10.1177/00220345000790090201.
9. Berggren U., Meynert G. Dental fear and avoidance: causes, symptoms, and consequences. Journal of the American Dental Association 1984, 109:247-251. Retrieved from. http://jada.ada.org/content/109/2/247.short.
10. Brown T.A., Di Nardo P.A., Barlow D.H. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV 1994, Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Choy Y., Fyer A.J., Lipsitz J.D. Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clinical Psychology Review 2007, 27:266-286. 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.002.
12. Cohen S., Fiske J., Newton J. Behavioral dentistry: the impact of dental anxiety on daily living. British Dental Journal 2000, 189:385-390. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800777.
13. Corah N.L. Development of a dental anxiety scale. Journal of Dental Research 1969, 48:596. 10.1177/00220345690480041801.
14. Craske M.G. Anxiety disorders: psychological approaches to theory and treatment 1999, Westview Press, Boulder. CO.
15. Dailey Y.-M., Humphris G.M., Lennon M.A. Reducing patients' state anxiety in general dental practice: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research 2002, 81:319-322. 10.1177/154405910208100506.
16. Davey G.C.L. Dental phobias and anxieties: evidence for conditioning processes in the acquisition and modulation of a learned fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989, 27:51-58. 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90119-8.
17. de Jongh A., Muris P., Schoenmakers N., Ter Horst G. Negative cognitions of dental phobics: reliability and validity of the Dental Cognitions Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 5:507-515. 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00081-T.
18. de Jongh A., Muris P., Ter Horst G., Van Zuuren F., Schoenmakers N., Makkes P. One-session cognitive treatment of dental phobia: preparing dental phobics for treatment by restructuring negative cognitions. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:947-954. 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00027-U.
19. de Jongh A., van den Oord H.J.M., ten Broeke E. Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of specific phobias: four single-case studies on dental phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58:1489-1503. 10.1002/jclp.10100.
20. Doerr P.A., Lang W.P., Nyquist L.V., Ronis D.L. Factors associated with dental anxiety. Journal of the American Dental Association 1998, 129:1111-1119. Retrieved from. http://www.adajournal.com/content/129/8/1111.short.
21. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders - patient edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0) 1996, Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
22. Gatchel R.J. Effectiveness of two procedures for reducing dental fear: group-administered desensitization and group education and discussion. Journal of the American Dental Association 1980, 101:634-637.
23. Getka E.J., Glass C.R. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches to the reduction of dental anxiety. Behavior Therapy 1992, 23:433-448. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80168-6.
24. Hägglin C., Hakeberg M., Hallstrom T., Berggren U., Larsson L., Waern M., et al. Dental anxiety in relation to mental health and personality factors: a longitudinal study of middle-aged and elderly women. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2001, 109:27-33. 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00946.x.
25. Hakeberg M., Berggren U., Carlsson S.G., Grøndahl H.-G. Long-term effects on dental care behavior and dental health after treatments for dental fear. Anesthesia Progress 1993, 40:72-77. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148740/%3Ftool=pubmed.
26. Hammarstrand G., Berggren U., Hakeberg M. Psychophysiological therapy vs. hypnotherapy in the treatment of patients with dental phobia. European Journal of Oral Sciences 1995, 103:399-404. 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1995.tb01864.x.
27. Haukebø K., Skaret E., Öst L.-G., Raadal M., Berg E., Sundberg H., et al. One- vs. five-session treatment of dental phobia: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2008, 39:381-390. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.09.006.
28. Heaton L.J., McNeil D.W., Milgrom P. Propranolol and d-cycloserine as adjunctive medications in reducing dental fear in sedation practice. Society for the Advancement of Anaesthesia in Dentistry Digest 2010, 26:27-35. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893885/.
29. Hofmann S.G., Sawyer A.T., Witt A.A., Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010, 78:169-183. 10.1037/a0018555.
30. Hooper N., Davies N., Davies L., McHugh L. Comparing thought suppression and mindfulness as coping techniques for spider fear. Consciousness and Cognition 2001, 20:1824-1830. 10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.013.
31. Humphris G., Dyer T., Robinson P. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: UK general public population norms in 2008 with further psychometrics and effects of age. BMC Oral Health 2009, 9:20-28. 10.1186/1472-6831-9-20.
32. Humphris G.M., Freeman R., Campbell J., Tuutti H., D'Souza V. Further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. International Dental Journal 2000, 50:367-370. 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00570.x.
33. Humphris G., King K. The prevalence of dental anxiety across previous distressing experiences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25:232-236. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.007.
34. Humphris G.M., Morrison T., Lindsay S.J. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dental Health 1995, 12:143-150. Retrieved from. http://www.cdhjournal.org/journals/.
35. Jacobson N.S., Truax P. Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991, 59:12-19. 10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12.
36. Jerremalm A., Jansson L., Öst L.-G Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of dental phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986, 24:587-596. 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90040-9.
37. Karst M., Winterhalter M., Münte S., Francki B., Hondronikos A., Eckardt A., et al. Auricular acupuncture for dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007, 104:295-300. 10.1213/01.ane.0000242531.12722.fd.
38. Kaufman E., Bauman A., Lichtenstein T., Garfunkel A., Hertz D.G. Comparison between the psychopathological profile of dental anxiety patients and an average dental population. International Journal of Psychosomatics 1991, 38:52-57.
39. Kent G., Rubin G., Getz T., Humphris G. Development of a scale to measure the social and psychological effects of severe dental anxiety: social attributes of the Dental Anxiety Scale. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1996, 24:394-397. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00886.x.
40. King K., Humphris G.M. Evidence to confirm the cut-off for screening dental phobia using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Social Science and Dentistry 2010, 1. Retrieved from. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/dentalanxiety/.
41. Kleinknecht R.A., Bernstein D.A. The assessment of dental fear. Behavior Therapy 1978, 9:626-634. 10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80138-5.
42. Kleinknecht R.A., Klepac R.K., Alexander L.D. Origins and characteristics of fear of dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association 1973, 86:842-848. Retrieved from. http://jada.ada.org/content/86/4/842.short.
43. Kritsidima M., Newton T., Asimakopoulou K. The effects of lavender scent on dental patient anxiety levels: a cluster randomized-controlled trial. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2010, 38:83-87. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00511.x.
44. Kulich K.R., Berggren U., Hakeberg M., Gustafsson J.-E Factor structure of the Dental Beliefs Survey in a dental phobic population. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2001, 109:235-240. 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00118.x.
45. Kvale G., Berg E., Nilsen C.M., Raadal M., Nielsen G.H., Johnsen T.B., et al. Validation of the Dental Fear Scale and the Dental Beliefs Survey in a Norwegian sample. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1997, 25:160-164. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00915.x.
46. Kvale G., Berggren U., Milgrom P. Dental fear in adults: a meta-analysis of behavioral interventions. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2004, 32:250-264. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00146.x.
47. Lahmann C., Schoen R., Henningsen P., Ronel J., Muehlbacher M., Loew T., et al. Brief relaxation versus music distraction in the treatment of dental anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Dental Association 2008, 139:317-324. Retrieved from. http://jada.ada.org.libproxy.temple.edu/content/139/3/317.full.pdf+html.
48. Liddell A., Di Fazio L., Blackwood J., Ackerman C. Long-term follow-up of treated dental phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994, 32:605-610. 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90014-0.
49. Locker D., Liddell A., Dempster L., Shapiro D. Age of onset of dental anxiety. Journal of Dental Research 1999, 78:790-796. 10.1177/00220345990780031201.
50. Locker D., Liddell A., Shapiro D. Diagnostic categories of dental anxiety: a population-based study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:25-37. 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00105-3.
51. Locker D., Shapiro D., Liddell A. Who is dentally anxious? Concordance between measures of dental anxiety. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1996, 24:346-350. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00874.x.
52. Marteau T.M., Bekker H. The development of a six item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1992, 31:301-306. 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x.
53. Mathews A., Rezin V. Treatment of dental fears by imaginal flooding and rehearsal of coping behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1977, 15:321-328. 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90063-8.
54. McNaughton N., Corr P.J. The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: a foundation for reinforcement sensitivity theory. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality 2008, 44-94. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. P.J. Corr (Ed.).
55. Meichenbaum D., Turk D. The cognitive-behavioral management of anxiety, anger, and pain. The behavioral management of anxiety, depression, and pain 1976, Brunner/Mazel, New York. P.O. Davidson (Ed.).
56. Milgrom P., Fiset L., Melnick S., Weinstein P. The prevalence and practice management consequences of dental fear in a major US city. Journal of the American Dental Association 1988, 116:641-647. Retrieved from. http://adajournal.com/content/116/6/641.short.
57. Milgrom P., Weinstein P., Kleinknecht R.A., Getz T. Treating fearful dental patients: a clinical handbook 1985, Reston Publishing Company, Reston, VA.
58. Moore R., Berggren U., Carlsson S.G. Reliability and clinical usefulness of psychometric measures in a self-referred population of odontophobics. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1991, 19:347-351. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00185.x.
59. Moore R., Brødsgaard I., Berggren U., Carlsson S.G. Generalization of effects of dental fear treatment in a self-referred population of odontophobics. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1991, 22:243-253. 10.1016/0005-7916(91)90040-C.
60. Moore R., Brødsgaard I., Rosenberg N. The contribution of embarrassment to phobic dental anxiety: a qualitative research study. BMC Psychiatry 2004, 4. 10.1186/1471-244X-4-10.
61. Moses A.N., Hollandsworth J.G. Relative effectiveness of education alone versus stress inoculation training in the treatment of dental phobia. Behavior Therapy 1985, 16:531-537. 10.1016/S0005-7894(85)80031-9.
62. Ng S.K.S., Chau A.W.L., Leung W.K. The effect of pre-operative information in relieving anxiety in oral surgery patients. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2004, 32:227-235. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00161.x.
63. Ng S.K.S., Leung W.K. A community study on the relationship of dental anxiety with oral health status and oral health-related quality of life. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2008, 36:347-356. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00412.x.
64. Ning L., Liddell A. The effect of concordance in the treatment of clients with dental anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991, 29:315-322. 10.1016/0005-7967(91)90066-C.
65. Otto M.W., Basden S.L., Leyro T.M., McHugh R.K., Hofmann S.G. Clinical perspectives on the combination of d-cycloserine and cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Spectrums 2007, 12. 51-56, 59-61.
66. Poulton R., Waldie K.E., Thomson W.M., Locker D. Determinants of early- vs. late-onset dental fear in a longitudinal-epidemiological study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001, 39:777-785. 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00060-7.
67. Schwarz E., Birn H. Dental anxiety in Danish and Chinese adults: a cross-cultural perspective. Social Science and Medicine 1995, 41:123-130. 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00288-5.
68. Schuurs A.H.B., Hoogstraten J. Appraisal of dental anxiety and fear questionnaires: a review. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1993, 21:329-339. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1993.tb01095.x.
69. Shaw D.W., Thoresen C.E. Effects of modeling and desensitization in reducing dentist phobia. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1974, 21:415-420. 10.1037/h0037102.
70. Smith T., Heaton L. Fear of dental care: are we making progress?. Journal of the American Dental Association 2003, 134:1101-1108. Retrieved from. http://jada.ada.org/content/134/8/1101.full.pdf+html.
71. Sohn W., Ismail A. Regular dental visits and dental anxiety in an adult dentate population. Journal of the American Dental Association 2005, 136:58-66. Retrieved from. http://jada.ada.org/content/136/1/58.full.pdf.
72. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R., Vagg P.R., Jacobs G.A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y) 1983, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
73. Sylvers P., Lilienfeld S.O., LaPrairie J.L. Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: implications for psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review 2011, 31:122-137. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.004.
74. Thom A., Sartory G., Jöhren P. Comparison between one-session psychological treatment and benzodiazepine in dental phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000, 68:378-387. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.378.
75. Thomson W.M., Locker D., Poulton R. Incidence of dental anxiety in young adults in relation to dental treatment experience. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2000, 28:289-294. 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280407.x.
76. Thomson W.M., Stewart J.F., Carter K.D., Spencer A.J. Dental anxiety among Australians. International Dental Journal 1996, 46:320-324. Retrieved from. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1875-595X/issues.
77. Uguz S., Seydaoglu G., Dogan C., Inanc B.Y., Yurdagul E., Diler R.S. Short-term antidepressant treatment of comorbid dental anxiety in patients with panic disorder. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2005, 63:266-271. 10.1080/00016350510020007.
78. Vassend O. Anxiety, pain and discomfort associated with dental treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 31:659-666. 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90119-F.
79. Vassend O., Røysamb E., Nielsen C.S. Dental anxiety in relation to neuroticism and pain sensitivity: a twin study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25:302-308. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.015.
80. Vika M., Skaret E., Raadal M., Öst L.-G., Kvale G. One- vs. five-session treatment of intra-oral injection phobia: a randomized clinical study. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2009, 117:279-285. 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00628.x.
81. Weiner A., Sheehan D. Etiology of dental anxiety: psychological trauma or CNS chemical imbalance?. General Dentistry 1990, 22:39-43.
82. Willumsen T., Vassend O. Effects of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and nitrous oxide sedation: a five-year follow-up study of patients treated for dental fear. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2003, 61:93-99. 10.1080/00016350310001442.
83. Willumsen T., Vassend O., Hoffart A. A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, and nitrous oxide sedation in the treatment of dental fear. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2001, 59:290-296. Retrieved from. http://www.sv.uio.no/psi/english/people/aca/ovassend/index.html.
84. Wolpe J. The practice of behavior therapy 1969, Pergamon, New York. 1st ed.
85. Wolpe J. The practice of behavior therapy 1973, Pergamon, New York. 2nd ed.