Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Natural History

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 125-133

  Aggarwal, Rakesh ^a  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Endemic; Epidemiology; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Natural history

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS E VACCINE;

CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; EPIDEMIC; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MOLECULAR CLOCK; NONHUMAN; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; SEROPREVALENCE; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; VIRUS CARRIER; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER SUPPLY; ZOONOSIS;

EID: 84879783431     PISSN: 09736883     EISSN: 22133453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.05.010     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Holla R.P., Ahmad I., Ahmad Z., Jameel S. Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis 2013, 33:3-14.
2. Ahmad I., Holla R.P., Jameel S. Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 2011, 161:47-58.
3. Khuroo M.S. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 1980, 68:818-824.
4. Viswanathan R. Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): a critical study: epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957, 45(suppl 1):1-29.
5. Wong D.C., Purcell R.H., Sreenivasan M.A., Prasad S.R., Pavri K.M. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet 1980, 2:876-879.
6. Balayan M.S., Andjaparidze A.G., Savinskaya S.S., et al. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology 1983, 20:23-31.
7. Wu J.C., Sheen I.J., Chiang T.Y., et al. The impact of traveling to endemic areas on the spread of hepatitis E virus infection: epidemiological and molecular analyses. Hepatology 1998, 27:1415-1420.
8. Schwartz E., Jenks N.P., Van Damme P., Galun E. Hepatitis E virus infection in travelers. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:1312-1314.
9. Kwo P.Y., Schlauder G.G., Carpenter H.A., et al. Acute hepatitis E by a new isolate acquired in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 1997, 72:1133-1136.
10. Schlauder G.G., Dawson G.J., Erker J.C., et al. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the United States. JGen Virol 1998, 79(Pt 3):447-456.
11. Erker J.C., Desai S.M., Schlauder G.G., Dawson G.J., Mushahwar I.K. Ahepatitis E virus variant from the United States: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques. JGen Virol 1999, 80(Pt 3):681-690.
12. Meng X.J., Purcell R.H., Halbur P.G., et al. Anovel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:9860-9865.
13. Meng X.J. Zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis 2013, 33:41-49.
14. Kamar N., Selves J., Mansuy J.M., et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. NEngl J Med 2008, 358:811-817.
15. Teo C.G. Fatal outbreaks of jaundice in pregnancy and the epidemic history of hepatitis E. Epidemiol Infect 2012, 140:767-787.
16. Purdy M.A., Khudyakov Y.E. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. PLoS One 2010, 5:e14376.
17. Panda S.K., Varma S.P.K. Hepatitis E: molecular virology and pathogenesis. JClin Exp Hepatol 2013, 3:114-124.
18. Meng X.J., Anderson D.A., Arankalle V.A., et al. Hepeviridae. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2011, 1021-1028. Elsevier, San Diego. A.M.Q. King, M.J. Adams, E.B. Carstens, E.J. Lefkowitz (Eds.).
19. Meng X.J. From barnyard to food table: the omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. Virus Res 2011, 161:23-30.
20. Purdy M.A., Khudyakov Y.E. The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res 2011, 161:31-39.
21. Okamoto H. Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 2007, 127:216-228.
22. Haqshenas G., Shivaprasad H.L., Woolcock P.R., Read D.H., Meng X.J. Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus relatedto human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. JGen Virol 2001, 82:2449-2462.
23. Batts W., Yun S., Hedrick R., Winton J. Anovel member of the family Hepeviridae from cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). Virus Res 2011, 158:116-123.
24. Aggarwal R. The Global Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Susceptibility: a Systematic Review 2010, World Health Organization, Geneva. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_IVB_10.14_eng.pdf.
25. Aggarwal R. Hepatitis E: historical, contemporary and future perspectives. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 26(suppl 1):72-82.
26. Aggarwal R., Naik S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E: current status. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 24:1484-1493.
27. Velazquez O., Stetler H.C., Avila C., et al. Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1986-1987. JAMA 1990, 263:3281-3285.
28. Naik S.R., Aggarwal R., Salunke P.N., Mehrotra N.N. Alarge waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. Bull World Health Organ 1992, 70:597-604.
29. Zhuang H., Cao X.-Y., Liu C.-B., Wang G.-M. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in China. Viral Hepatitis C, D and E 1991, 277-285. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. T. Shikata, R.H. Purcell, T. Uchida (Eds.).
30. Corwin A.L., Tien N.T., Bounlu K., et al. The unique riverine ecology of hepatitis E virus transmission in South-East Asia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999, 93:255-260.
31. Sailaja B., Murhekar M.V., Hutin Y.J., et al. Outbreak of waterborne hepatitis E in Hyderabad, India, 2005. Epidemiol Infect 2009, 137:234-240.
32. Guthmann J.P., Klovstad H., Boccia D., et al. Alarge outbreak of hepatitis E among a displaced population in Darfur, Sudan, 2004: the role of water treatment methods. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:1685-1691.
33. Teshale E.H., Howard C.M., Grytdal S.P., et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:126-129.
34. Teshale E.H., Grytdal S.P., Howard C., et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:1006-1010.
35. Aggarwal R. Hepatitis E virus and person-to-person transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:477-478. author reply 8-9.
36. Aggarwal R. Clinical presentation of hepatitis E. Virus Res 2011, 161:15-22.
37. Khuroo M.S., Teli M.R., Skidmore S., Sofi M.A., Khuroo M.I. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 1981, 70:252-255.
38. Bhatia V., Singhal A., Panda S.K., Acharya S.K. A20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse?. Hepatology 2008, 48:1577-1585.
39. Pal R., Aggarwal R., Naik S.R., Das V., Das S., Naik S. Immunological alterations in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 20:1094-1101.
40. Bose P.D., Das B.C., Kumar A., Gondal R., Kumar D., Kar P. High viral load and deregulation of the progesterone receptor signaling pathway: association with hepatitis E-related poor pregnancy outcome. JHepatol 2011, 54:1107-1113.
41. Navaneethan U., Al Mohajer M., Shata M.T. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis. Liver Int 2008, 28:1190-1199.
42. Kar P., Jilani N., Husain S.A., et al. Does hepatitis E viral load and genotypes influence the final outcome of acute liver failure during pregnancy?. Am J Gastroenterol 2008, 103:2495-2501.
43. Khuroo M.S., Kamili S., Khuroo M.S. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers. JViral Hepat 2009, 16:519-523.
44. Arankalle V.A., Chobe L.P., Jha J., et al. Aetiology of acute sporadic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in India. JMed Virol 1993, 40:121-125.
45. Kar P., Budhiraja S., Narang A., Chakravarthy A. Etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in north India. Indian J Gastroenterol 1997, 16:43-45.
46. Chadha M.S., Walimbe A.M., Chobe L.P., Arankalle V.A. Comparison of etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant viral hepatitis in hospitalized patients in Pune, India during 1978-81 and 1994-97. Indian J Gastroenterol 2003, 22:11-15.
47. Khuroo M.S., Duermeyer W., Zargar S.A., Ahanger M.A., Shah M.A. Acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in India. Am J Epidemiol 1983, 118:360-364.
48. Aggarwal R., Naik S.R. Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. JHepatol 1994, 21:718-723.
49. Somani S.K., Aggarwal R., Naik S.R., Srivastava S., Naik S. Aserological study of intrafamilial spread from patients with sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. JViral Hepat 2003, 10:446-449.
50. Khuroo M.S., Kamili S., Yattoo G.N. Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 19:778-784.
51. Khuroo M.S., Kamili S., Jameel S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet 1995, 345:1025-1026.
52. Aggarwal R. Diagnosis of hepatitis E. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013, 10:24-33.
53. Arankalle V.A., Tsarev S.A., Chadha M.S., et al. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. JInfect Dis 1995, 171:447-450.
54. Fix A.D., Abdel-Hamid M., Purcell R.H., et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E in two rural Egyptian communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000, 62:519-523.
55. Khuroo M.S., Kamili S., Dar M.Y., Moecklii R., Jameel S. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993, 341:1355.
56. Myint K.S., Endy T.P., Shrestha M.P., et al. Hepatitis E antibody kineticsin Nepalese patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006, 100:938-941.
57. Tei S., Kitajima N., Ohara S., et al. Consumption of uncooked deer meat as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection: an age- and sex-matched case-control study. JMed Virol 2004, 74:67-70.
58. Said B., Ijaz S., Kafatos G., et al. Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15:1738-1744.
59. Borgen K., Herremans T., Duizer E., et al. Non-travel related hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infections in the Netherlands; a case series 2004-2006. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8:61.
60. Mansuy J.M., Peron J.M., Abravanel F., et al. Hepatitis E in the south west of France in individuals who have never visited an endemic area. JMed Virol 2004, 74:419-424.
61. Brost S., Wenzel J.J., Ganten T.M., et al. Sporadic cases of acute autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Southwest Germany. JClin Virol 2010, 47:89-92.
62. Ohnishi S., Kang J.H., Maekubo H., et al. Comparison of clinical features of acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 in Sapporo, Japan. Hepatol Res 2006, 36:301-307.
63. Dalton H.R., Bendall R., Ijaz S., Banks M. Hepatitis E: an emerging infection in developed countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:698-709.
64. Dalton H.R., Stableforth W., Thurairajah P., et al. Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 20:784-790.
65. Ijaz S., Arnold E., Banks M., et al. Non-travel-associated hepatitis E in England and Wales: demographic, clinical, and molecular epidemiological characteristics. JInfect Dis 2005, 192:1166-1172.
66. Meng X.J., Halbur P.G., Shapiro M.S., et al. Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus. JVirol 1998, 72:9714-9721.
67. Dong X., Hu J.Y., Xie T.H., Sun M.S., Dai C.B., Ma Y.B. Construction of a recombinant human adenovirus expressing the ORF2 antigen of HEV and immunization of mice by mucosal system. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2003, 25:324-328.
68. Takahashi K., Kitajima N., Abe N., Mishiro S. Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer. Virology 2004, 330:501-505.
69. Yazaki Y., Mizuo H., Takahashi M., et al. Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be food-borne, as suggested by the presence of hepatitis E virus in pig liver as food. JGen Virol 2003, 84:2351-2357.
70. Colson P., Borentain P., Queyriaux B., et al. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. JInfect Dis 2010, 202:825-834.
71. Feagins A.R., Opriessnig T., Guenette D.K., Halbur P.G., Meng X.J. Detection and characterization of infectious hepatitis E virus from commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the USA. JGen Virol 2007, 88:912-917.
72. Mizuo H., Yazaki Y., Sugawara K., et al. Possible risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis E virus and for the severe form of hepatitis E acquired locally in Hokkaido, Japan. JMed Virol 2005, 76:341-349.
73. Crossan C., Baker P.J., Craft J., Takeuchi Y., Dalton H.R., Scobie L. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in shellfish, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2012, 18:2085-2087.
74. Donia D., Dell'Amico M.C., Petrinca A.R., et al. Presence of hepatitis E RNA in mussels used as bio-monitors of viral marine pollution. JVirol Methods 2012, 186:198-202.
75. Kuniholm M.H., Purcell R.H., McQuillan G.M., Engle R.E., Wasley A., Nelson K.E. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, 1988-1994. JInfect Dis 2009, 200:48-56.
76. Meng X.J., Wiseman B., Elvinger F., et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries. JClin Microbiol 2002, 40:117-122.
77. Aggarwal R.A. Hepatitis E: clinical presentation in disease-endemic areas and diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis 2013, 33:30-40.
78. Kumar A., Aggarwal R., Naik S.R., Saraswat V., Ghoshal U.C., Naik S. Hepatitis E virus is responsible for decompensation of chronic liverdisease in an endemic region. Indian J Gastroenterol 2004, 23:59-62.
79. Jagadisan B., Srivastava A., Yachha S.K., Poddar U. Acute on chronic liver disease in children from the developing world: recognition and prognosis. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012, 54:77-82.
80. Kumar Acharya S., Kumar Sharma P., Singh R., et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death. JHepatol 2007, 46:387-394.
81. Pavio N., Mansuy J.M. Hepatitis E in high-income countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010, 23:521-527.
82. Dalton H.R., Stableforth W., Hazeldine S., et al. Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: a comparison with hepatitis A. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27:579-585.
83. Chen E.Y., Baum K., Collins W., et al. Hepatitis E masquerading as drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2012, 56:2420-2423.
84. Davern T.J., Chalasani N., Fontana R.J., et al. Acute hepatitis E infection accounts for some cases of suspected drug-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 2011, 141:1665-1672. e1-9.
85. Dalton H.R., Fellows H.J., Stableforth W., et al. The role of hepatitis E virus testing in drug-induced liver injury. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 26:1429-1435.
86. Kamar N., Rostaing L., Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus infection in immunosuppressed patients: natural history and therapy. Semin Liver Dis 2013, 33:62-70.
87. Kamar N., Izopet J., Dalton H.R. Chronic hepatitis E virus Infection and treatment. JClin Exp Hepatol 2013, 3:134-140.
88. Kamar N., Bendall R.P., Peron J.M., et al. Hepatitis E virus and neurologic disorders. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17:173-179.
89. Kamar N., Izopet J., Cintas P., et al. Hepatitis E virus-induced neurological symptoms in a kidney-transplant patient with chronic hepatitis. Am J Transplant 2010, 10:1321-1324.
90. Rein D.B., Stevens G.A., Theaker J., Wittenborn J.S., Wiersma S.T. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology 2012, 55:988-997.
91. Lozano R., Naghavi M., Foreman K., et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2095-2128.
92. Shrestha M.P., Scott R.M., Joshi D.M., et al. Safety and efficacy of arecombinant hepatitis E vaccine. NEngl J Med 2007, 356:895-903.
93. Zhu F.C., Zhang J., Zhang X.F., et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010, 376:895-902.